Real estate benchmarking
Real Estate Benchmarking is the standard of measurement used to analyze the financial characteristics of a real estate investment property. In the general sense, real estate benchmarking refers to the comparison of potential real estate investment properties against a predetermined framework of measurement. In a narrow sense, the term real estate benchmarking refers to the specific real estate indicators used to measure the real estate properties.
Overview
Real Estate Benchmarking consists of a group of real estate financial indicators and their benchmarks. Indicators in general allow investors remove emotions and speculation out of investing; this is true not just in real estate investing, but on any other investment types such as stock or currency trading. Indicators are particularly important in real estate since it deals with a physical entity- a bricks and mortar structure, which might trigger emotions on the investor based on its architecture and beauty.
The process starts by setting benchmarks for each indicator based on their accept/reject criteria; which subsequently is used to compare the desirability of the real estate properties; thus providing context and point of reference on the properties' financial characteristics and profitability standing.
Types of real estate benchmarking indicators
There are many real estate financial indicators, however the ones that provide the most value for benchmarking (especially for income producing real estate investments) are:
- Gross_Rent_Multiplier: Calculates the market value of the property.
- Cash_on_cash_return: Measures the return on cash invested.
- Profitability_index: Measures the cost-benefit for the property investment.
- Internal_rate_of_return: Measures the financial efficiency and desirability of the investment property.
- Debt_coverage_ratio: Finds out whether the property generates enough money to cover the debt.
- Break Even Ratio: Estimates how vulnerable a property is to defaulting on its debt should rental income decline.
- Loan_To_Value_Ratio: Calculates the ratio between the loan balance and the market value of a property expressed as a percentage.
- Capitalization_Rate: Measures the Earning Ability of an income-producing property.
- Net_cash_flow: Calculates the net cash flow of the property after expenses.
Real estate indicator benchmarks
The accept/reject benchmark value for each indicator varies from investor to investor, investors adjust the accept/reject benchmark values according to risk tolerance levels and investment goals.
The following table provides a point of reference about typical accept/reject benchmarking settings for each indicator.
| Benchmarking Indicator | Example Accept Criteria | ExampleReject Criteria | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gross Rent Multiplier | Less than 9 | Greater or equal 9 | The lower the better |
| Cash on Cash Return | Greater or equal 10% | Less than 10% | The higher the better |
| Profitability Index | Greater or equal 1.0 | Less than 1.0 | The higher the better |
| Internal Rate of Return | Greater or equal 10% | Less than 10% | The higher the better |
| Debt Coverage Ratio | Greater or equal 1.2 | Less than 1.2 | The higher the better |
| Break Even Ratio | Less than or equal 85% | Greater than 85% | The lower the better |
| Loan To Value Ratio | Less than or equal 70% | Greater than 70% | The lower the better |
| Capitalization Rate | Greater or equal 7% | Less than 7% | The higher the better |
| Net Cash Flow | Greater or equal 10% | Less than 10% | The higher the better |
There is no magic accept/reject criteria for the benchmarking indicators, each investor needs to make the determination on which criteria is appropriate for each particular situation.
Historical context
Benchmarking indicators have been applied for many years to other financial markets, namely stock market, currency trading, and bond market among others. The speculation of average investors into the real estate investment markets during 2002 through 2005 contributed to the problems that led to the United_States_housing_bubble. Such speculative investment activities arouse the importance of real estate benchmarking indicators as a way to measure the fundamentals of prospect real estate investments.
References
- Sampson, Sabrina (2009). Real estate areas that are profitable.
- Cabrera, Juan (2009). Real Estate Risk Management and Metrics.