Fiddle

For the Indian film, see Fiddle (film).

"Fiddler" redirects here. For other uses, see Fiddler (disambiguation).

Fiddle

A standard modern violin shown from the front and the side
String instrument
Hornbostel–Sachs classification	321.322-71 (Composite chordophone sounded by a bow)
Developed	Early 16th century
Playing range
Related instruments
Violin family (viola, cello) Viol family (includes double bass) Byzantine lira
Musicians
List of fiddlers
Builders
Luthiers
More articles or information

The term fiddle may refer to any bowed string musical instrument, most often the violin. It is also a colloquial term for the instrument used by players in all genres, including classical music. Fiddle playing, or fiddling, refers to various styles of music.

History

The medieval fiddle emerged in 10th-century Europe, deriving from the Byzantine lira (Greek:λύρα, Latin:lira, English:lyre), a bowed string instrument of the Byzantine Empire and ancestor of most European bowed instruments. The first recorded reference to the bowed lira was in the 9th century by the Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih (d. 911); in his lexicographical discussion of instruments he cited the lira (lūrā) as a typical instrument of the Byzantines and equivalent to the rabāb played in the Islamic Empires. Lira spread widely westward to Europe; in the 11th and 12th centuries European writers use the terms fiddle and lira interchangeably when referring to bowed instruments (Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009).

Over the centuries, Europe continued to have two distinct types of fiddles: one, relatively square-shaped, held in the arms, became known as the lira da braccio (arm viol) family and evolved into the violin; the other, with sloping shoulders and held between the knees, was the lira da gamba (leg viol) group. During the Renaissance the gambas were important and elegant instruments; they eventually lost ground to the louder (and originally less aristocratic) lira da braccio family.

The fiddle or violin family

Fiddle, when used as a noun signifying an instrument, can have a more generalized meaning than violin. For example Chicken Fiddle, refers to a viola used as a fiddle, while a Turkey Fiddle, refers to the cello.

Contemporary viol

It can refer to a larger instrument of the viol family: * the double bass ("bull fiddle" or "bass fiddle")

Bowed string instruments, generally

Fiddle may also be used (loosely) to refer to any stringed instrument played with a bow. Examples of this usage are:

• Hardanger fiddle

• Stroh violin or phonofiddle is a violin that amplifies its sound through a metal resonator and metal horns rather than a wooden sound box as on a standard violin.

• Byzantine lira

• Chinese erhu

• Welsh crwth

• Apache Tzii'edo' a 'tl

• cello as played in the context of a Scottish violin/cello duo ("wee fiddle and big fiddle")

Etymology

The etymology of fiddle is uncertain: the Germanic fiddle may derive from the same early Romance word as does violin, or it may be natively Germanic. The name seems however to be related to Icelandic Fiðla. A native Germanic ancestor of fiddle may even be the ancestor of the early Romance form of violin. Historically, fiddle also referred to a predecessor of today's violin. Like the violin, it tended to have four strings, but came in a variety of shapes and sizes. Another family of instruments which contributed to the development of the modern fiddle are the viols, which are held between the legs and played vertically, and have fretted fingerboards.

Musical style

Common distinctions between violins and fiddles reflect the differences in the instruments used to play classical and folk music. However, it is not uncommon for classically trained violinists to play folk music, and today many fiddle players have some classical training. A lot of traditional (folk) styles are aural traditions, so are taught 'by ear' rather than with written music.

Construction and setup

In construction, fiddles and violins are essentially identical (with the Norwegian Hardanger fiddle excepted as a special case). The medieval fiddle had rear tuning pegs set in a flat headstock similarly to the Byzantine lyra and unlike the rabāb and rebec.

Soundpost

Since some genres of fiddling favor different tone than what most violinists might prefer, soundpost position and tension will vary according to the use of the instrument.

Strings and tuners

Fiddle is more likely to be used than violin if the instrument's strings are steel rather than gut or synthetic, as the sound of steel strings better suits some fiddling styles. Tuning steel strings is easier with fine tuners (small screw mechanisms attached or built into the tailpiece) so fiddlers may favor instruments with fine tuners on all four strings; it is very uncommon to see four fine tuners on full-size instruments played by classical musicians. Strings are subject to regular replacement, fine tuners may be added or removed, and tailpieces may be changed, so, like flattened bridges, they do not make an irreversible difference.

Fiddle playing in ensemble

In performance, a solo fiddler, or one fiddler or two with a group of other instrumentalists, is the norm, though twin fiddling is represented in some North American, Scandinavian, Scottish and Irish styles. Violins, on the other hand, are commonly grouped in sections. These contrasting traditions may be vestiges of historical performance settings: large concert halls in which violins were played required more instruments, before electronic amplification, than did more intimate dance halls and houses fiddles were played in. The difference was likely compounded by the different sounds expected of violin music and fiddle music. Historically, the majority of fiddle music was dance music, while violin music had either grown out of dance music or was something else entirely. Violin music came to value a smoothness which fiddling, with its dance-driven clear beat, did not always follow - in situations that required greater volume, a fiddler (as long as they kept the beat) could push their instrument harder than could a violinist. (Different fiddle traditions had different values, as detailed below; these explanations are meant to present the differences between fiddle music and violin music generally.)

Following the folk revivals of the second half of the 20th century, however, it has become common for less formal situations to find large groups of fiddlers playing together—see for example the Calgary Fiddlers, and Swedish Spelmanslag folk-musician clubs, and the worldwide phenomenon of Irish sessions.

Scottish fiddle with cello

In the very late 20th century, a few artists have successfully attempted a reconstruction of the Scottish tradition of violin and "big fiddle," or cello. Notable recorded examples include Iain Fraser and Christine Hanson, Amelia Kaminski and Christine Hanson's Bonnie Lasses and Alasdair Fraser and Natalie Haas' Fire and Grace.

Bows used in fiddling

Most fiddling styles that use the standard violin also use the standard violin bow, the same as classical players; the bow stick may be usually made from wood, but bows made from fiberglass and other materials are becoming more common, as they are much cheaper and less fragile. However, there are a few styles which use other bows. One notable example is the folk music from Hungary and Transylvania used in the táncház tradition. While the violinist uses a standard bow, both the kontra and bass are played with heavy and crude "folk bows", consisting of a stout stick, usually hand-hewn, with the hank of horsehair attached at the tip and tied around the frog. Some players tension the hair by squeezing it when playing.

Scottish fiddlers emulating 18th century playing styles sometimes use a replica of the type of bow used in that period, which is a few inches shorter, and weighs significantly more.

Fiddling styles

To a greater extent than classical violin playing, fiddle playing is characterized by a huge variety of ethnic or folk music traditions, each of which has its own distinctive sound, including, but not limited to:

• American fiddling, including
  • Blues fiddling
  • Bluegrass music fiddling
  • Cajun fiddling
  • Country fiddling
  • Rock fiddling
  • Jazz fiddling
  • Worldbeat fiddling
  • Folk dance fiddling, including square dance and contra dance fiddling
  • Old-time fiddling
  • Western swing style fiddling
  • Zydeco style fiddling
• Forró, a type of music from Brazil
• Balkan music, including Táncház (Hungarian music), Romanian music, Gypsy music
• Canadian fiddling, including

  

  Newfoundland fiddle player Patrick Moran

  • Cape Breton fiddling, with a distinct Scottish and Acadian influence
  • French Canadian fiddling, influenced from the Brittany area of northern France
  • Métis fiddling, of central and western Canada, with French influence
  • Newfoundland and Labrador fiddling, with a strong Irish Sliabh Luachra style of playing
  • Maritimes, Acadian or Downeast style of fiddling which has many similarities to Cape Breton fiddling
  • English-Canadian fiddling or Anglo-Canadian fiddling, which is a combination of English, Scottish, Irish, French, Ukrainian and German fiddling styles
• Eastern European Jewish Klezmer fiddling
• English Folk music fiddling
• French fiddling (including a rich Breton music fiddling tradition)
• Irish Folk music fiddling including, among others,
  • Clare fiddling, from the central west
  • Donegal fiddling, from the northwest
  • Sliabh Luachra fiddling, from the southwest
  • Sligo fiddling, from a bit south of the northwest
• Mexican fiddling, including mariachi, huapango, son huasteco and son calentano
• Middle Eastern and Mediterranean fiddling
• Norwegian fiddling (including Hardanger fiddling; see also Bygdedans and Gammaldans)
• Peruvian violin
• Scottish fiddling
• Shetland fiddling, which includes trowie tunes said to come from peerie folk.
• Slovenian fiddling
• Swedish fiddling (including, but not limited to, the Spelmanslag and Gammaldans traditions)
• South Indian Carnatic fiddling
• Welsh Fiddling (Welsh Ffidil; see Ar Log)

See also

• List of fiddlers
• Irish fiddle
• Donegal fiddle tradition
• List of All-Ireland Champions
• American fiddle
• Old time fiddle
• Rock violin
• Blues fiddle
• Canadian fiddle
• African fiddle
• Metis fiddle
• Cajun fiddle
• Western swing fiddle
• Bluegrass fiddle

Instruments

• Lira, the medieval bowed instrument of the Byzantine Empire
• Erhu
• Gadulka
• Gusle
• Gudok
• Huqin family of Chinese fiddles
• Kamancheh
• Kemenche
• Kobyz
• K'ni
• Lijerica
• The lyra of Crete
• Rebab
• Rebec
• Rubab

Bibliography

• The Fiddle Book, by Marion Thede, (1970), Oak Publications. ISBN 0-8256-0145-2.
• The Fiddler's Fakebook, by David Brody, (1983), Oak Publications. US ISBN 0-8256-0238-6; UK ISBN 0-7119-0309-3.
• Oldtime Fiddling Across America, by David Reiner and Peter Anick (1989), Mel Bay Publications. ISBN 0-87166-766-5. Has transcriptions (standard notation) and analysis of tunes from multiple regional and ethnic styles.
• The Portland Collection, by Susan Songer, (1997), ISBN 0-9657476-0-3 (Vol. 2 ISBN 0-9657476-1-1)

External links

• Faroese fiddle
• Fiddle and Alternative Strings Forum
• Fiddle Fork
• Fiddle Hangout
• Kimberley Fraser's Fiddle Blog - Cape Breton Fiddler Kimberley Fraser discusses issues relevant to traditional fiddle music.
• Voyager Records' catalog,organized by region, has clips of many North American styles.
• A French Violin fiddle method website - video, text, and forum with explanation (with tablatures).
• The Fiddler's Companion, an encyclopedia of historical notes on tunes from British, Celtic, and American traditions.
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Fiddling
• Traditional Irish fiddle Players