Anti-nutritional factor
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Anti-nutritional factors are natural or synthetic substances found in the human diet or animal feed that have the potential to adversely affect health and growth by preventing the absorption of nutrients from food.
Classes of Anti-nutrients
Protease Inhibitors are substances that inhibit the actions of trypsin, pepsin and other proteases in the gut, preventing the digestion and subsequent absorption of protein. Bowman-Birk Trypsin Inhibitor found in soybeans. [1] Lipase Inhibitors interfere with enzymes such as Human Pancreatic Lipase that catalyze the hydrolysis of lipids. Lipase inhibitors have been approved and commercials sold in many diet pills because they cause a percentage of fat to pass through the digestive tract undigested. [2] Amylase Inhibitors prevent the action of enzymes that break the glycosidic bonds of starches and other complex carbohydrates, preventing the release of simple sugars and absorption by the body. Amylase inhibitors, like lipase inhibitors, have been used as a diet aide and obesity treatment. Amylase inhibitors are present in many types of beans; commercially available amylase inhibitors are extracted from white kidney beans.[3] Phytic acid has a strong binding affinity to minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc; this results in precipitation, making the minerals unavailable for absorption in the intestines. [4] Phytic acids are common in the hulls of nuts, seeds and grains.
Glucosinolates prevent the uptake of iodine, affecting the function of the thyroid and thus are considered goitrogens.[Cornell University: Department of Animal Science 1] They are found in broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage and cauliflower.
Excessive intake of required nutrients can also result in them having an anti-nutrient action. Excessive intake of fiber can reduce the transit time through the intestines to such a degree that other nutrients cannot be absorbed. Because calcium, iron, zinc and magnesium share the same transporter within the intestine excessive consumption of one of these minerals can lead to saturation of the transport system and reduced absorption of the other minerals[5] .
References
- ^ "Soybean Bowman-Birk trypsin isoinhibitors: classification and report of a glycine-rich trypsin inhibitor class". J. Agric. Food Chem. 35 (6). 1987. doi:10.1021/jf00078a028.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Orlistat, a New Lipase Inhibitor for the Management of Obesity". Pharmacotherapy. 20 (3). 2000. PMID 10730683.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Bean amylase inhibitor and other carbohydrate absorption blockers: effects on diabesity and general health". J Am Coll Nutr. 28 (3): 266–76. 2009. PMID 20150600.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "The effect of phytic acid and some natural chelating agents on the solubility of mineral elements in oat bran". Food Chemistry. 80 (2): 165–170. 2003. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00249-2.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Nutrition: A Functional Approach, Canadian Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 2007.
See also Antinutrient.
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