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"SUV" redirects here. For other uses, see SUV (disambiguation).
1995-1998 Ford Explorer built on a light-truck chassis

A sport utility vehicle (SUV) is a generic marketing term for a vehicle similar to a station wagon, but built on a light-truck chassis.[1] It is usually equipped with four-wheel drive for on- or off-road ability, and with some pretension or ability to be used as an off-road vehicle. Not all four-wheel drive vehicles are termed as SUV. Some SUVs include the towing capacity of a pickup truck with the passenger-carrying space of a minivan or large sedan. Since SUVs are considered light trucks and often share the same platform with pick-up trucks, they are regulated less strictly than passenger cars under the two laws in the United States, the Energy Policy and Conservation Act for fuel economy, and the Clean Air Act for emissions.[2]

The term is not used in all countries, and outside North America the terms "off-road vehicle", "four-wheel drive" or "four-by-four" (abbreviated to "4WD" or "4x4") or simply use of the brand name to describe the vehicle like "Jeep" or "Land Rover" are more common. However, not all SUVs have four-wheel drive capabilities. Conversely, not all four-wheel-drive passenger vehicles are SUVs. Off-road vehicle is a broad class of vehicles, built primarily for off-road use. However, this distinction is often not made by the general public and the media. Although some SUVs have off-road capabilities, they often play only a secondary role, and SUVs often do not have the ability to switch among two-wheel and four-wheel-drive high gearing and four-wheel-drive low gearing. While auto makers tout an SUV's off-road prowess with advertising and naming, the daily use of SUVs is largely on paved roads and in urban areas.

Extremely popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the SUV's popularity has since declined due to high oil prices and a declining economy. The traditional truck-based SUV is gradually being supplanted by the crossover SUV, which uses an automobile platform for lighter weight and better fuel efficiency, as a response to much of the criticism of sport utility vehicles.

Designs

Although designs vary, SUVs have historically been mid-size passenger vehicles with a body-on-frame chassis similar to that found on light trucks. Early SUVs were mostly two door models, and were available with removable tops. However, with market and regulatory forces pushing the SUV market towards four doors, by 2002 all full-size two door SUVs were gone from the market. As of 2011, only the Jeep Wrangler remains as a two door SUV, although Jeep also offers a four door variant. Since the mid 90s, the two door SUV market was cannibalized by the four door SUV. Two door SUVs were mostly carry-over models, and they were not viewed as viable enough to redesign at the end of their design cycle. They generally were not promoted heavily during this time, leading to even hardcore off-roaders purchasing four door models. The 2-door SUV would return to impact for the 2010s with the release of the Range Rover Evoque and the Nissan Murano convertible, although both vehicles are still considered unibody.

Most SUVs are designed with an engine compartment, a combined passenger and cargo compartment, and no dedicated trunk such as in a station wagon body. Most mid-size and full-size SUVs have three rows of seats with a cargo area directly behind the last row of seats. Cargo barriers are often fitted to the cargo area to protect the vehicles occupants from injury from unsecured cargo in the event of sudden deceleration or collision.

SUVs are known for high ground clearance, upright, boxy body, and high H-point. This can make them more likely to roll over due to their high center of gravity. Bodies of SUVs have recently become more aerodynamic, but the sheer size and weight keeps their fuel economy poor.

History

Origins

Jeep Cherokee: SUV trend-setter as designed by AMC

Early SUVs were descendants from commercial and military vehicles such as the World War II Jeep[3] and Land Rover.[4] SUVs have been popular for many years with rural buyers due to their off-road capabilities.

The earliest examples of longer-wheelbase wagon-type SUVs were the Chevrolet Carryall Suburban (1935, RWD only), GAZ-61 (1938, 4x4), Willys Jeep Wagon (1948), Pobeda M-72 (GAZ-M20/1955), which Russian references credit as possibly being the first modern SUV (with unitary body rather than body-on-frame), International Harvester Travelall (1953), Land Rover Series II 109 (1958), and the International Harvester Scout 80 (1961). These were followed by the more 'modern' Jeep Wagoneer (1963), International Harvester Scout II (1971), Ford Bronco (1966), Toyota Land Cruiser FJ-55 (1968), the Chevrolet Blazer / GMC Jimmy (1969), and the Land Rover Range Rover (1970). The actual term "sport utility vehicle" did not come into wide popular usage until the late 1980's (see below); many of these vehicles were marketed during their era as station wagons.

According to the transportation curator at the Henry Ford Museum, Robert Casey, the Jeep Cherokee (XJ) was the first true sport utility vehicle in the modern understanding of the term.[5] Marketed to urban families as a substitute for a traditional car (and especially station wagons, which were still fairly popular at the time), the Chrerokee had four-wheel drive in a more manageable size (compared to the full-size Wagoneer), as well as a plush interior resembling a station wagon.[5] With the introduction of more luxurious models and a much more powerful 4-liter engine, sales of the Cherokee increased even higher as the price of gasoline fell, and the term "sport utility vehicle" began to be used in the national press for the first time.[5] "The advent and immediate success of AMC/Jeep's compact four-door Cherokee turned the truck industry upside down."[6]

The corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standard was ratified in the 1970s to regulate the fuel economy of passenger vehicles. Car manufacturers evaded the regulation by selling SUVs as work vehicles.[7] The popularity of SUV increased among urban drivers in the last 25 years, and particularly in the last decade. Consequently, modern SUVs are available with luxury vehicle features, and some crossover models adopt lower ride heights to accommodate on-road driving.

Keith Bradsher explained the rise of the SUV with American Motors' (AMC) lobbying the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for a waiver of the United States Clean Air Act. The EPA subsequently designated AMC's compact Cherokee as a "light truck", and the company marketed the vehicle to everyday drivers.[8] AMC's effort to affect rulemaking changing the official definition of their new model then led to the SUV boom when other auto makers marketed their own models in response to the Cherokee taking sales from their regular cars.[9]

Popularity

SUVs became popular in the United States, Canada, and Australia in the 1990s and early 2000s. U.S. automakers could enjoy profit margins of $10,000 per SUV, while losing a few hundred dollars on a compact car.[10] For example, the Ford Excursion could net the company $18,000, while they could not break even with the Ford Focus unless the buyer chose options,[11][12] leading Detroit's big three automakers to focus on SUVs over small cars.

Small cars were sold mainly to attract young buyers with inexpensive options and to increase their fleet average fuel economies to meet federal standards. The relatively high wages of unionized auto workers in the U.S. and Canada (members of the UAW and CAW, respectively), compared to the low wages of non-union workers at non-U.S. companies like Toyota, made it unprofitable for the U.S. auto makers to build small cars.[13] For example, the General Motors factory in Arlington, Texas where rear-wheel drive cars were built, such as the Chevrolet Caprice, Buick Roadmaster, and Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham was converted to truck and SUV production, putting an end to full-size family station wagon and overall terminating production of rear-wheel drive full-size cars. Due to the shift in the Big Three's strategy, many long-running cars like the Ford Taurus, Buick Century and Pontiac Grand Prix fell behind their Japanese competitors in features and image (relying more on fleet sales instead of retail and/or heavy incentive discounts); some were discontinued.[14] [15] [16] [17]

A crash test by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety shows the damage to a compact Ford Focus struck by a Ford Explorer SUV

Buyers were drawn to SUVs' large cabins, higher ride height, and perceived safety. Full-size SUVs often offered features such as three-row seating, to effectively replace full-size station wagons and minivans. Wagons were seen as old-fashioned. Additionally, full-size SUVs have greater towing capabilities than conventional cars, and can haul trailers, travel trailers (caravans) and boats. Increased ground clearance is useful in climates with heavy snowfall. The very low oil prices of the 1990s helped to keep down running costs. The SUV's image of utility may partly explain its popularity, not least among some women, who constitute more than half of SUV drivers in the U.S. The SUV was one of the most popular choices of vehicle for female drivers in the U.S.[18][19]

Social scientists have drawn on popular folklore such as urban legends to illustrate how marketers have been able to capitalize on the feelings of strength and security offered by SUVs.[20] Popular tales include narratives where mothers save the family from armed robbery and other incidents by taking the automobile off road, for example.

In Australia, SUV sales were helped by the fact that SUVs had much lower import duty than passengers cars did, so that they cost less than similarly equipped imported sedans. However, this gap was gradually narrowed, and in January 2010 the import duty on cars was lowered to match the 5 percent duty on SUVs.[21][22]

Sales of SUVs and other light trucks fell in the mid-2000s because of high oil prices and declining economy. In June 2008, General Motors announced plans to close four truck and SUV plants, including the Oshawa Truck Assembly.[13] The company cited decreased sales of large vehicles in the wake of rising fuel prices.[23] The business model of focusing on SUVs and light trucks, at the expense of more fuel-efficient compact and midsized cars, is blamed for declining sales and profits among Detroit's Big Three automakers since the mid-late 2000s. The Big Three were slower to adapt than their Japanese rivals in producing small cars to meet growing demand due to inflexible manufacturing facilities, which made it unprofitable to build small cars.[24][25]

Criticism

SUVs have been the subject of criticism, particularly in the areas of safety and environmental friendliness.

Safety

Despite a general perception that SUVs are safer than sedans, SUVs have come under criticism for some safety issues. While results from studies into the safety of SUVs have been mixed, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration released results in 2004 that indicated drivers of SUVs were 11% more likely to die in an accident than people in sedans.[26] These figures however were not not inherently driven by vehicle safety, but instead by the fact that SUV drivers in the United States were more likely to exhibit reckless behavior such as not wearing their seatbelts or being more likely to drive under the influence.[27] Additionally, SUVs have been criticized for the following safety concerns:

  • Rollover risk- Figures from the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration indicate that most passenger cars have about a 10% chance of rollover, while SUVs have between a 14% and 23% chance of rollover (varying from a low of 14% for the AWD Ford Edge and a high of 23% for the FWD Ford Escape).[citation needed] Many modern SUVs are equipped with electronic stability control (ESC) to prevent rollovers on flat surfaces, however 95% of rollovers are caused by the vehicle striking an object that is low to the ground, such as a curb or shallow ditch, which ESC is unable to defend against.[28] This risk extends to single-vehicle accidents, which comprise 43% of fatal accidents. While heavier vehicles such as SUVs and pickup tracks are at an advantage in multi-vehicle accidents, they have been shown to be at a significant disadvantage in single-vehicle accidents, due to their increased risk of rollover and their reduced agility and handling (compared to a sedan).[29]
  • Psychology/Exaggerated sense of security- An article by Malcolm Gladwell cites G. C. Rapaille, a psychological consultant to automakers, as stating that many consumers feel safer in SUVs simply because their ride height makes "[their passengers] higher and dominate and look down [sic]. That you can look down [on other people] is psychologically a very powerful notion." Gladwell argues that when a driver feels unsafe when driving a vehicle, it makes the vehicle safer; however when a driver feels safe when driving, the vehicle in fact becomes less safe.

Fuel economy and pollution

Average data for vehicle types sold in the USA indicate that SUVs have the lowest combined fuel economy as compared to minivans and sedans:[30]

Type Width Height Curb weight Combined fuel economy
in cm in cm lb kg mpg (US) l/100 km mpg (imp)
SUVs 70.5 187 69.7 180 4442 1924 19.19 12.26 23.05
Minivans 75.9 193 67.2 178 4075 1939 20.36 11.55 24.45
Family sedans 70.3 179 57.3 146 3144 1426 26.94 8.731 32.35

Use in remote areas

SUVs are often driven off-road in places such as farmland and countryside and in countries such as the Australian Outback, Africa, the Middle East, Alaska, northern Canada, western United States, Iceland, South America, and parts of Asia which have limited paved roads and require a vehicle to have all-terrain handling, increased range, and storage capacity. The scarcity of spare parts and the need to carry out repairs quickly resulted in the popularity of vehicles with the bare minimum of electric and hydraulic systems, such as the basic versions of the Land Rover, Jeep Wrangler, and Toyota Land Cruiser. SUVs for urban driving have traditionally been developed from their more rugged all-terrain counterparts. For example, the Hummer H1 was developed from the HMMWV, originally developed for the military of the United States.[citation needed]

As many SUV owners never used the off-road capabilities of their vehicle, newer SUVs (including crossovers) now have lower ground clearance and suspension designed primarily for paved roads.[31]

SUVs are also chosen by some buyers as they have more interior space than sedans of similar sizes. In areas with gravel roads in summer and snow and ice in winter, four-wheel drives offer a safety advantage due to their traction advantages under these conditions.[citation needed]

The sport utility vehicles have also gained popularity in some areas of Mexico, specially where there is desert or in cities where drivers easily find potholes, detours, high water and rough roads. Their increasing use is also due to the fact that when traveling out of major populations, a high number of roads are dirt, washboard and mud in the rainy seasons.[32]

Use in recreation and motorsport

Some highly modified SUVs, together with their more rugged off-road counterparts, are also used to explore places otherwise unreachable by other vehicles. In Australia, China, Europe, South Africa, South America and the United States at least, 4WD clubs have been formed for this purpose. Modified SUVs also take part in races, including the Paris-Dakar Rally, the Baja racing series, TREC events, King of the Hammers in California and the Australian Outback.[citation needed]

The Trophee Andros ice-racing series is another competition where SUVs participate as well.

Many 4x4 mud racing events and other activities take place throughout the US organized by clubs and associations. Some of them are the MN4WDA and the Stompers 4x4 Club.[33]

A 4x4 driving adventure is offered in Bahrain where people can drive a Hummer in the Bahrain International Circuit's off-road 4x4 course. This course has been built in the desert landscape of Sakhir. The adventure comprises obstacles that are designed to test both the 325 bhp Hummer H2 and the 220 bhp Hummer H3. Among the obstacles are 80-degree slopes as well as water and rocks.[34]

The sport utility vehicles are used in many different kinds of tours around the world to reach places otherwise the tourist would not be able to enjoy and no matter what the weather conditions are in those locations. Since these models feature an elevated level of comfort for driving long distances [35] they are perfect for many tours otherwise would be impossible to design. In the Palm Desert, Palm Springs, California, for instance, there are tours to visit the San Andreas Fault in which the tourist can also enjoy the views of the rugged California desert landscape.[36]

Some places may be reached by airplane, however, when driving, the experience may vary a great deal as the sightseeing experience broadens. Some tourists visiting Lhasa, for example, prefer to drive up the mountains on a SUV in order to have a closer look at the valleys, canyons, glaciers and landscape in general.[37]

Desert safari tours in SUVs are the most popular excursion in the United Arab Emirates. This off-road Arabian adventure is described as a roller coaster drive. It is also known as dune bashing, meaning desert driving. Experienced drivers take the tourists to the sand dunes.[38] This kind of 4x4 desert safari adventure is also available in the Merzouga Desert, Marrakesh; in the Kalahari Desert, Namibia; and in the Rajasthan Desert, India, just to mention some.

The 4x4 has also made it possible for tourists to explore Nordic adventures and to get to the less visited sights in Europe such as the Iceland interior. Exploring many of the wild sites in Iceland such as beaches, uninhabited highlands, volcanic craters, and glaciers with their terrain and climate conditions is only possible with a 4x4 vehicle, not with SUV's.[39]

Luxury SUV

Numerous luxury vehicles in the form of SUVs and pickup trucks are being produced. Luxury SUV is principally a marketing term to sell fancier vehicles which may have higher performance, comfort, technology, or brand image. The term lacks both measurability and verifiability, and it is applied to a broad range of SUV sizes and types. [citation needed]

Nevertheless, the marketing category was created in 1966 with Kaiser Jeep's luxurious Super Wagoneer.[40][41] It was the first SUV to offer a V8 engine, automatic transmission, and luxury car trim and equipment in a serious off-road model. It came with bucket seating, air conditioning, sun roof, and even a vinyl roof. Land Rover followed suit in 1970 by releasing the Range Rover. The trend continued with other competitors adding comfort features to their rudimentary and truck-based models.

The production of luxury models increased in the late 1990s as they generated higher profit margins than ordinary automobiles did.[42][43] For some auto makers, luxury SUVs were the first SUV models they produced. Some of these models are not traditional SUVs based on light truck as they are classified as crossovers.

Luxury SUVs are proving to be popular in India[citation needed] where the road infrastructure is often poor even in big cities. The expensive luxury cars have low ground clearance which results in the scraping of the car in broken sections of roads and speed breakers. Models like the Audi Q7 and BMW X5 often sell more than the sibling models. Another example is the Volvo XC90, which has sold almost twice their other model offered in India, the S80.

The luxury SUV class encompasses both smaller 5 passenger SUVs and larger 7 passenger SUVs. All of them provide luxurious amenities and cutting edge technology. These features can be found not only in the inside of the cabin but also in the outside. People who look for a luxury vehicle that offers more cargo capacity than a sedan can prefer a luxury SUV class. This is also a vehicle aimed for those who prefer an SUV with a little more style.[44]

Luxury SUVs typically offer the most expected safety features including side airbags, ABS and traction control, and many of them also come with electronic stability control, crash resistant door pillars, dynamic head restraints and back-up sensing systems.[44]

The U.S. News and World Report Rankings and Reviews ranks premium midsize SUVs and crossovers based on an in-depth analysis by its editors of published auto ratings, reviews and test drives.[45] Ranking is based on the score on performance, exterior, interior, safety, and reliability obtained by the vehicles. Currently the 2010 Acura MDX appears in the first place followed by the 2010 Lexus RX 350.

Other names

Luxury SUVs such as the Range Rover are sometimes referred to as "Toorak tractors" in Australia, referencing the affluent Melbourne suburb of Toorak.

In Europe there is a difference in designation between 4x4 and an SUV. 4x4 is used to designate the vehicles that still have some serious off-road capability. SUV is used as a designation for the luxury and more road oriented ones, sometimes the term is also used as a pejorative. For example a Land Rover Defender will be defined as a 4x4 while a Toyota RAV4 will be called an SUV. However the distinction is not always made in the media or by environmentalists.

In countries such as the United Kingdom, the classification in the U.S. between cars and "light trucks" is not used, so SUVs are classified as cars, like almost all consumer motor vehicles. Popular terms include "Land Rover" and "Jeep" to describe the vehicle class, and not just a single manufacturer's product. This practice was actively discouraged by owners of the Jeep trademark, but this terminology is still in wide use, even in Germany, Russia, and Nigeria for example, due to the pioneering and defining influence of these first products.

In Australia and New Zealand, the term "SUV" is not widely used, except by motoring organisations[46] the press,[47] and industry bodies.[48] Passenger class vehicles designed for off-road use are known as 'four wheel drives', '4WDs', or '4X4s'. Some manufacturers do refer to their products as SUVs, but others invented names such as XUV,[49] (see HSV Avalanche XUV or GMC Envoy XUV) or action utility vehicles (AUVs).[50] The term 'AWD', or all wheel drive, is used for any vehicle which drives on all four wheels, but may not be designed for off-road use. 'Crossover' is a marketing term for a vehicle which is both four-wheel-drive and primarily a road car.

The pejorative term "Toorak Tractor" is used in Australia to describe vehicles such as Range Rovers used in wealthy urban areas with fine roads, fine dining, and exclusive designer shopping precincts where off-road ability is not required. The term alludes to the affluent Melbourne suburb of Toorak and was used at least as early as the late 1980s. The equivalent term "Chelsea Tractor" became prominent in the United Kingdom around 2004 to describe vehicles such luxury SUVs used in urban areas such as Chelsea, London, where their four-wheel-drive capabilities are not required and the car is believed to be a status symbol rather than a necessity.[51] The term "4X4" (four-by-four) is also common even for vehicles not used in urban areas, and "AWD" is not common in the UK.

In Finland the term "katumaasturi" is commonly used to designate SUVs. It roughly translates to street-off-roader, or street-4x4. This marks the difference with what is called "maasturi" which is a vehicle with definite off-road capability.

See also

References

  1. ^ "sport-utility vehicle". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
  2. ^ Yacobucci, Brent D. (2003-04-17). "Sport Utility Vehicles, Mini-Vans, and LightTrucks: An Overview of Fuel Economy and Emissions Standards" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
  3. ^ "sport utility vehicle". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on August 08, 2008.
  4. ^ Bradsher, Keith (2004). High and Mighty: SUVs—The World's Most Dangerous Vehicles and How They Got That Way. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586482039.
  5. ^ a b c Bradsher, p. 40.
  6. ^ Ludel, Moses (1995). Toyota truck & Land Cruiser owner's bible. Robert Bentley. p. 18. ISBN 9780837601595. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  7. ^ "From the Battlefield to the Soccer Field" Traffic Safety Center Online Newsletter, Volume 2, Number 4 Summer 2005. Retrieved on August 08, 2008.
  8. ^ Powell's Books website: "High and Mighty: SUVs: The World's Most Dangerous Vehicles and How They Got That Way". Retrieved on May 27, 2008.
  9. ^ Bradsher, p. 41.
  10. ^ Schoenberger, Robert (2008-06-06). "As buyers shun SUVs, expect to pay more for that small car". Cleveland Business News. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
  11. ^ USA Today. 2008-10-16 http://content.usatoday.com/community/tags/topic.aspx?req=tag&tag=Escape%20SUV. Retrieved 2010-05-23. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ^ White, Jerry (2000-05-27). "GM, Ford idle 1,365 workers-auto industry layoffs signal coming downturn in US economy". Wsws.org. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
  13. ^ a b Caw Girds For War[dead link‍]
  14. ^ "Storied Ford Taurus reaches end of line". Detroit News. 2006–10–23. Retrieved 2007–08–14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  15. ^ Final Ford Taurus interview. ABC News. 2007–07–26. {{cite AV media}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ "So long, friend. Ford producing last Taurus next week". Autoblog. Retrieved 2007–07–26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  17. ^ "Ford Taurus: Oedipus Wrecks". The Truth About Cars. Retrieved 2008–04–05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  18. ^ Bradsher, 2001
  19. ^ "The 50 Worst Cars Of All Time". Time. 2007-09-07. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  20. ^ Robin Croft (2006), Folklore, families and fear: understanding consumption decisions through the oral tradition, Journal of Marketing Management, 22:9/10, pp1053-1076, ISSN 0267-257X
  21. ^ "Tariff reduction will soften price rises". Blog.autopeople.com.au. 2008-11-18. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
  22. ^ "Matters of great import". Carpoint.com.au. 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
  23. ^ "GM: Trucks out, cars in", CNN Money, retrieved on 2008–06–06.
  24. ^ Krisher, Tom (2008-07-03). "Why Honda is growing as Detroit falls behind / No. 2 Japanese automaker opted to focus on small, popular cars - not gas guzzlers". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  25. ^ Toyota's auto sales tumble 21.4 percent; Ford down 27.9 percent[dead link‍]
  26. ^ Hakim, Danny (2004-08-17). "Safety Gap Grows Wider Between S.U.V.'s and Cars". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  27. ^ "Overview of vehicle compatibility". National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1998. Retrieved 2011-09-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  28. ^ U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. "Types of Rollovers". Safercar.gov. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  29. ^ Halvorson, Bengt (2007-07-26). "Top 20 Most Dangerous Vehicles". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  30. ^ "Source The Auto Channel". Theautochannel.com. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  31. ^ "The Unstoppable SUV", Keith Naughton. Newsweek, July 2, 2001
  32. ^ "Sport Utility Vehicles - The Car for Desert Roads in Baja California". Retrieved 2010-08-06. [dead link‍]
  33. ^ "4x4 Mud Racing Events and Activities". Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  34. ^ "4x4 Off Road Course". Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  35. ^ "SUV Trucks Tires, Parts and Models". Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  36. ^ "The San Andreas Fault SUV Tour from Palm Desert California". Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  37. ^ "Yunnan and Tibet by SUV". Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  38. ^ "Full Day Adventure Safari". Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  39. ^ "The Road Less Travelled". Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  40. ^ Gunnell, John (2005). American Cars of the 1960s: A Decade of Diversity. Krause Publications. p. 213. ISBN 9780896891319.
  41. ^ Foster, Patrick (2008). "1963 Jeep Wagoneer - Landmark Vehicle". 4 Wheel Drive & Sport Utility Magazine. Retrieved 2010-11-16. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  42. ^ Frankel, Ernst G. (2006). Challenging American Leadership: Impact of National Quality on Risk of Losing Leadership. Springer-Verlag. p. 35. ISBN 9781402048920.
  43. ^ Fonda, Daren (2004-08-30). "The Shrinking SUV". Time. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
  44. ^ a b "Buying Guide to New Luxury SUVs". Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  45. ^ "SUV Rankings: Luxury Midsize SUVs". Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  46. ^ "rising costs hit motorists_ hip pockets - RACV". Motoring.racv.com.au. 2007-05-29. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
  47. ^ Betts, Alyssa (2009-09-30). "Fire heroes pull boy from burning car &#124". Herald Sun. News.com.au. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
  48. ^ "VFACTS Sales Reports". FCAI. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
  49. ^ "HSV's Mr Versatility". Hsv.com.au. 2004-02-19. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
  50. ^ "Toyota Hilux AUV". Toyota.com.au. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
  51. ^ Campbell, Denis (2004-09-26). "Terminator guns for the Chelsea Tractor". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-07-19.

Further reading

  • Keith Bradsher. High and Mighty: SUVs—The World's Most Dangerous Vehicles and How They Got That Way. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-203-3.
  • Josh Lauer. "Driven to Extremes: Fear of Crime and the Rise of the Sport Utility Vehicle in the United States", Crime, Media, Culture, vol. 1, no. 2 (2005), OCLC 201726443 pp. 149–168.
  • Adam Penenberg. Tragic Indifference: One Man's Battle with the Auto Industry over the Dangers of SUVs. HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-06-009058-8.
  • Gladwell, M. "Big and bad." (2004, January 12). The New Yorker, LXXIX, 28–30. Retrieved on 2008–05–12.
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