Entamoeba
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| Genus: | Entamoeba
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E. coli | |
Entamoeba is a genus of Amoebozoa found as internal parasites or commensals of animals.
In 1875, Fedor Lösch described the first proven case of amoebic dysentery in St Petersburg, Russia. He referred to the amoeba he observed microscopically as 'Amoeba coli'; however it is not clear whether he was using this as a descriptive term or intended it as a formal taxonomic name.[1] The genus Entamoeba was defined by Casagrandi and Barbagallo for the species Entamoeba coli, which is known to be a commensal organism.[2] Lösch's organism was renamed Entamoeba histolytica by Fritz Schaudinn in 1903; he later died, in 1906, from a self inflicted infection when studying this amoeba. For a time during the first half of the 20th century the entire genus Entamoeba was transferred to Endamoeba, a genus of amoebas infecting invertebrates about which little is known. This move was reversed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in the late 1950s, and Entamoeba has stayed 'stable' ever since.
Species
Several species are found in humans. Entamoeba histolytica is the pathogen responsible for 'amoebiasis' (which includes amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscesses), while others such as Entamoeba coli (not to be confused with Escherichia coli) and E. dispar [3] are harmless. With the exception of Entamoeba gingivalis, which lives in the mouth, and E. moshkovskii, which is frequently isolated from river and lake sediments, all Entamoeba species are found in the intestines of the animals they infect. Entamoeba invadens is species that can cause a disease similar to E. histolytica but in reptiles. In contrast to other species, E. invadens forms cysts in vitro in the absence of bacteria and is used as a model system to study this aspect of the life cycle. Many other species of Entamoeba have been described and it is likely that many others remain to be found.
Structure
Entamoeba cells are small, with a single nucleus and typically a single lobose pseudopod taking the form of a clear anterior bulge. They have a simple life cycle. The trophozoite (feeding-dividing form) is approximately 10-20 μm in diameter and feeds primarily on bacteria. It divides by simple binary fission to form two smaller daughter cells. Almost all species form cysts, the stage involved in transmission (the exception is E. gingivalis). Depending on the species, these can have one, four or eight nuclei and are variable in size; these characteristics help in species identification.
Classification
Entamoeba belongs to the lacking mitochondria. This group also includes Endolimax, which also lives in animals and is similar in appearance to Entamoeba, although this may partly be due to convergence. Certain other genera of symbiotic amoebae, such as Endamoeba, might prove to be synonyms of Entamoeba but this is still unclear.
Fission
Studying Entamoeba invadens, David Biron of the Weizmann Institute of Science and coworkers found that about one third of the cells are unable to separate unaided and recruit a neighboring amoeba (dubbed the "midwife") to complete the fission.[4] He writes:
- When an amoeba divides, the two daughter cells stay attached by a tubular tether which remains intact unless mechanically severed. If called upon, the neighbouring amoeba midwife travels up to 200 μm towards the dividing amoeba, usually advancing in a straight trajectory with an average velocity of about 0.5 μm/s. The midwife then proceeds to rupture the connection, after which all three amoebae move on.
They also reported a similar behavior in Dictyostelium.[5]
Since E.histolytica does not form cysts in the absence of bacteria, E.invadens has become used as a model for encystation studies as it will form cysts under axenic growth conditions, which simplifies analysis. After inducing encystation in E.invadens, DNA replication increases initially and then slows down. On completion of encystation, predominantly tetra-nucleate cysts are formed along with some uni-, bi- and tri-nucleate cysts.[6]
References
- ^ Lösch, F. (1875) Massenhafte Entwickelung von Amöben im Dickdarm. Virchow's Archiv 65: 196-211.
- ^ Casagrandi O & Barbagallo P (1895) Ricerche biologiche e cliniche suli' Amoeba coli (Lösch). (Nota preliminare). Bull. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania 39: 4.
- ^ Diamond LS and Clark CG (1993). "A redescription of Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903 (emended Walker, 1911) separating it from Entamoeba dispar Brumpt, 1925". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 40 (3): 1340–344. PMID 8508172.
- ^ Biron D, Libros P, Sagi D, Mirelman D, Moses E (2001). "Asexual reproduction: 'Midwives' assist dividing amoebae". Nature. 410 (6827): 430. doi:10.1038/35068628. PMID 11260701.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Nagasaki, A and Uyeda, T., Q., P.; Chemotaxis-Mediated Scission Contributes to Efficient Cytokinesis in Dictyostelium, Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton; Vol. 65; Issue 11; Article first published online: 7 AUG 2008
- ^ Singh N, Bhattacharya S, Paul J (2010). "Entamoeba invadens: Dynamics of DNA synthesis during differentiation from trophozoite to cyst". Experimental Parasitology. 127 (2): 329. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2010.08.013. PMID 20727884.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
