Jump to content

Arain

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 203.124.30.29 (talk) at 06:48, 30 December 2011 (→See also). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Arain
Regions with significant populations
•  Pakistan •  India
Languages
• Punjabi • Seraiki • Sindhi • Urdu • English
Religion
• Islam
Related ethnic groups
• Malik • Mian •Miah • Ramays

The Arain (Punjabi, Template:Lang-ur), are a Muslim agricultural caste settled mainly in the Punjab, with significant numbers also in Sindh.[2] They are chiefly associated with farming, traditionally being landlords or zamindars.[3][4][5]

Origin

In the Punjab Census Report (1911), Pandit Harikishan Kaul points out that members of the Arain tribe are “mostly Muhammadans,” (in the Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province, Denzil Ibbetson also refers to the Arains as, “Almost to a man Muhammadans”), and as a corollary, reference is also made to Hindu and Sikh sections of the tribe which make up 3% of Arains, with 97% Sunni Muslims.[6]

Kaul also states that the term ‘Arain’ is, “derived probably from Rain or Rahin, equivalent to Rahak (tiller of soil).” This is consistent with the Arains traditionally being chiefly associated with market-gardening.

The census reports of 1883 and 1892 record their Hindu origins and kinship with the Kamboh and Saini caste groups.

Almost to a man Muhammadans and strongly inclined to orthodoxy the Arains came to be immigrants from Uch and have some affinities with the Kambohs. On the other hand some of the Arain and Hindu Saini clan names are identical, and those not always merely names of other and dominant tribes. From Uch they migrated to Sirsa and thence into the Punjab.[7]

In Sirsa the Sutlej Arains meet those of the Ghaggar. The two do not intermarry, but the Arains of the Ghaggar valley say they were Rajputs living on the Panjnad near Multan who were ejected some four centuries ago by Sayad Jalal-ul-din of Uch. They claim some sort of connection with Jaisalmer.[7]

The Sutlej Arains in Sirsa say they are, like the Arains of Lahore and Montgomery, connected by orign with the Hindu Kambohs. Mr Wilson thinks it probable that both classes are really Kambohs who have become Musalmans.[7] However, other British writers discounted this viewpoint since many Kambohs are also Muslims.[8][9] Lt. Col. J. M. Wikeley, in 1915, wrote a handbook for the Indian Army, Punjabi Musalmans, which described the history of the people of Punjab and in which he rejected "any supposed relationship between the Kambohs and the Arains".[10]

The nucleus of this caste was probably a body of Hindu Saini or Kamboh cultivators who were converted to Islam at an early period . Thus in Jullundur the Arains say they came from Sirsa, Rania, and Delhi and claim descent from Rai Jaj (grandson of Lau, founder of Lahore), who ruled Sirsa: that they were converted in the 12th century and migrated to the Jullundar Doab about 300 years ago. But the Bhuttas claim descent from Raja Bhutta, fifth in descent from Raja Karn and say they were forcibly converted even earlier - by Mahmud of Ghazni – and driven from Uch.[11]

Most Arain however propose descent from Arabs belonging to Muhammad bin Qasim's expeditionary force to India. Such claims are given credance by how nearly all Arain are, and have been, Sunni Muslim, much like the early Arabs accompanying Muhammad bin Qasim. This assertion is supported by numerous references made in several Urdu language texts; Tareekh-e-Arain, Sham Ta Multan, Tareekh Frishta, Tohfa Tul Ikram and Aina-e-Haqeekat Numa, that reliably trace the lineage of many notable Arain including Zia Ul-Haq and the famous Mian Family of Bhaghbanpura. According to these sources, the word Arain is derived from Areeha which is the Arabic name for the city of Jericho in the West Bank, Palestinian Territory, the place from where they allegedly came.[12][13]

Genetics

Genetic datasets taken from 25 Pakistani Punjabi Arain by Xing et al's Human genome variation study paints an intriguing picture. Preliminary studies by the Harappa Ancestry Project of the data of the Arain group show an almost identical profile to Sindhi's (without African admixture), however there appears to be little West Asian contribution, indicating any recent descent from an Arab population is unlikely. [14]

Interestingly this does back up the idea that Arain and Sindhi groups are related, so tales of Arain migration from Sindh to Punjab may hold some truth, as well as the idea that Arain converted to Islam under the rule of Muhammad bin Qasim.

There are some flaws in this data, it is most likely that Arain genetic profiles vary according to the region and economic class of the Arains involved. This is backed up by the observation that Western Punjab Arain often have coloured eyes and fairer skin than their Eastern Punjab counterparts. However since the creation of Pakistan there has been increased intermarriage between the two groups creating a more complex genetic picture. The ancestral background of the subjects is not stated beyond classing the probands as Arain.

The Arain during the British Raj

The British considered the Arain as a landholding 'agricultural' caste. When the British wanted land developed in the Punjab after its annexation, Arain were brought in to cultivate lands around the cities, and alongside the Jats were preferred to assist with the opening up of the new agrarian frontier in canal colonies of the Punjab between 1906 – 1940. The Arain, all of whom were Muslims, received 86% of the land that was allotted to Muslim agricultural castes, and were thus the largest Muslim land holders in Punjab during British rule.[15][16]

The Arain land holders should not be confused with the more gentrified zamindars such as the feudal Rajput landlords of vast holdings. Polo, partridge shoots and tea parties were therefore not associated attributes. Neither were the more negative and profligate practises such as "...dancing girls, drunken evenings listening to poetry, or numerous marriages..".[17]

The British considered the Arain the best cultivators amongst all the castes, and were favoured for their "hard work, frugality and sense of discipline".[17][18] Subsequent development of towns and cities and increasing urbanisation resulted in the value of the land settled by Arain to rise significantly, and Arain families thus flourished.[17] Education was prioritised with the new found wealth[19] and the Arain came to dominate the legal profession amongst urban Punjabi Muslims. Many used law to enter politics.[20]

The Arain were classified as a "non-martial race" by the British,[21] a classification deemed arbitrary and based on prejudices prevalent at the time (see Martial Race).

It is important to note however Arain contributions to military service predating and during British rule in India. Lt. Col. J. M. Wikely acknowledged Arain presence in the military; "They (Arains) may be designated as a fighting race which has produced many Civil and Military officers who have rendered good services to the nation."[22] Their lack of classification as a martial race was most probably a consequence of rebellions against British rule. One notable rebellion occurred in the Revolt of 1857, when the Arain Shah Abdul Qadir Ludhianvi led an inter-communal uprising in Ludhiana against the British East India Company.[23]

There are a number of communities in North India, that claim kinship with the Arain of Punjab. The Arain of Delhi claim to be descended from Arains, who settled in Delhi during the rule of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.[24]

Another community that claims a connection with the Arain are the Rayeen are Muslim tribe found in Bareilly, Pilibhit, Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, Rampur,Bijnor and Saharanpur districts of Uttar Pradesh, India.[25]

Arain Migration

Like many other Punjabis, a significant number of Arain migrated after the India/Pakistan partition. With incomes mainly based on zamindari many Arain Punjabis from the Indian Punjab struggled financially on substandard land in Pakistan choosing instead to migrate.

Arain migrated more freely than other Punjabis mainly due to better education and communities can be found in many areas of Europe, Africa and North America. Countries with well known significant Arain populations include:

  • USA - with a significant numbers in Chicago and New York
  • Canada
  • UK - there is a small but active Arain community, mainly settled in the South of England and Scotland
  • Norway
  • South Africa
  • Kenya

Notable Arains

See also

Bibliography

  • Punjab Census Report, 1911, Pandit Harikishan Kaul
  • A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province, H. A. Rose
  • Kinship and Continuity: Pakistani Families in Britain, Alison Shaw
  • Tareekh-e-Arain, Asghar Ali Chaudhry
  • Sham Ta Multan, Muhammad Idrees Advocate

References

  1. ^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php
  2. ^ "...communities: 1. Acharaj. 2. Ad-Dharmi. 3. Aheri. 4. Ahir. 5. Ahluwalia. 6. Arain. 7. Arora. 8. Bahurupia...", "The land of the five rivers was known as panchanad in the ancient period, and as Punjab in the medieval period.", People of India: Punjab: Volume XXXVII, edited I J S. Bansal and Swaran Singh, New Delhi, ISBN 81-7304-123-7, https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no34962.htm
  3. ^ "Behind them an angry farmer brandished a bamboo pole. He was a market-gardener, Arain by caste, growing vegetables and flowers for Umballa city, and well Kim knew the breed." (Kim, Rudyard Kipling).
  4. ^ "...from other zamindar (landowning) categories: Arain (5), Jat (2), Gujar (2), ...", Kinship, cultural preference and immigration: consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis, Alison Shaw, Brunel University (http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/1467-9655.00065).
  5. ^ "The Arain were small peasant-proprietors...", Pakistan under Zia, 1977-1988, Shahid Javed Burki (http://www.jstor.org/view/00044687/di014466/01p0206e/2?frame=noframe&userID=a301f288@ox.ac.uk/01cce4405f00501b38b9c&dpi=3&config=jstor).
  6. ^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=16228&rog3=PK
  7. ^ a b c Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 13, Vol II,
  8. ^ A Glossary of the Tribes & Castes of the Punjab & North-west Frontier Provinces, 1911, p 14, H. A. Rose
  9. ^ Punjabi Musalmans, 1915, reprinted 1991, p 89, J. M. Wikeley - Ethnology
  10. ^ Punjabi Musalmans, 1915 edition, reprinted 1991, p 88-89, J. M. Wikeley - Ethnology; Punjabi Musalmans, 1968 edition, p 109, J. M. Wikeley, Rana Rehman Zafar - Ethnology
  11. ^ Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 15, Vol II,
  12. ^ Tareekh-e-Arain Asghar Ali Chaudhry, Publisher (Ilmi Khitab Khana) 1989
  13. ^ Aina-e-Haqeekat Numa by Moulana Akbar Shah Khan Najeebabadi
  14. ^ http://www.harappadna.org/?s=arain
  15. ^ Punjab Colony Manual (Lahore, 1936), p. 13; and Chenab Colony Settlement Report (1915)
  16. ^ "The Punjab Canal Colonies', 1885-1940", Ph.D thesis, Australian National University, 1980; and Imran Ali, The Punjab Under Imperialism, 1885-1947 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1988).
  17. ^ a b c Pakistan under Zia, 1977-1988, Shahid Javed Burki.
  18. ^ Castes The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir, by Sir James McCrone Douie. Printed in India at Deluxe Offset Press, Daya Basti, Delhi-110035 and Published by Seema Publications, Delhi-110007
  19. ^ "...the Arain families put their money into education and reaped quick rewards.", Pakistan under Zia, 1977-1988, Shahid Javed Burki.
  20. ^ "Soon they came to dominate the legal profession... ...and... ...spring into politics.", Pakistan under Zia, 1977-1988, Shahid Javed Burki.
  21. ^ "The army was an unusual career for an Arain youngster; the British had not regarded the community as one of India's "martial races"...", Pakistan under Zia, 1977-1988, Shahid Javed Burki.
  22. ^ Punjabi Musalmans, 1915, reprinted 1991, p 66, J. M. Wikeley - Ethnology
  23. ^ http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/news-33/
  24. ^ People of India Delhi Volume XX edited by T Ghosh & S Nath pages 49 to 52 Manohar Publications
  25. ^ A People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII
  26. ^ Title Justice Mian Shah Din by Bashir Ahmad (1962)
  27. ^ Ḥaqqānī, Husain (2005). Pakistan: between mosque and military. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 112. ISBN 0-87003-214-3. Retrieved 2010-05-23. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  28. ^ Pakistan under Zia 1977-1988 by Shahid Javed Burki. Asian Survey. Vol. 28, No. 10 (Oct., 1988), pp. 1082-1100
  29. ^ http://mianfamily.tripod.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arain&oldid=468514906"