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This article is about the book series. For the TV Series, see Goosebumps (TV series).
This article is about the book series. For the bumps on human skin, see Goose bumps.

Goosebumps
First edition cover of Welcome to Dead House, the first Goosebumps book.
First edition cover of Welcome to Dead House, the first Goosebumps book.
AuthorR. L. Stine
Cover artistTim Jacobus
Craig White
Mark Nagata
Steve Scott
Brandon Dorman
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
GenreHorror, thriller, children's literature,
PublisherScholastic Publishing
PublishedOriginal series: July 1992 – December 1997
Spin-off series: October 1994 – present
Media typePrint
No. of books164 (List of books)

Goosebumps is a series of children's horror fiction novels written by American author R. L. Stine and first published by Scholastic Publishing.[1][2] It is a collection of stories that feature semi-homogenous plot structures, with fictional children being involved in scary situations. Themes in the series include horror, humor and the supernatural.

Sixty-two books were published under the Goosebumps umbrella title from 1992 to 1997. Various spin-off series were written by Stine: Goosebumps Series 2000, Give Yourself Goosebumps, Tales to Give You Goosebumps, Goosebumps Triple Header, and Goosebumps HorrorLand. Another series, Goosebumps Gold, was never released.

Since the release of its first novel, Welcome to Dead House in July 1992, the books have gained immense popularity and commercial success worldwide.[3][4] As of 2008, the series has sold over 350 million books worldwide in thirty-five languages and has been listed in many bestseller lists, including the New York Times Best Seller list for children. The series has spawned a television series and numerous merchandise.[5]

Structure and genre

An illustration of R. L. Stine with some of his creations. This illustration was from the cover of Stine's autobiography, It Came From Ohio!: My Life As A Writer.

The Goosebumps series falls under the children's fiction, horror and thriller genre, although R. L. Stine characterizes the series as "scary books that are also funny."[5] Goosebumps books feature different characters[6] and settings in each book.[7] The central characters in each book are middle class. Protagonists can be either male or female.[8]

The primary protagonists of a Goosebumps story are often situated in a remote location or somehow isolated from typical societal conventions. This can range anywhere from comfortable suburban areas to boarding schools, foreign villages or campsites.[9] Books typically feature characters who either recently moved to a new neighborhood or are sent to stay with relatives.[8]

"I think everyone loves a good scare --- especially when you know you're safe at the same time. I like to think of GOOSEBUMPS as safe scares. You know everything is going to turn out okay in the end. Or maybe not...."

R. L. Stine[10]

The books in the Goosebumps series feature semi-homogenous plot structures[11] with fictional kids being involved in scary situations.[12] The books are mostly written in first person narrative, often concluding with twist endings.[13] They contain surreal horrors,[8] with characters encountering the strange and supernatural.[14] R. L. Stine explained the success of his books by their absence of drugs, depravity and violence.[15]

Inspiration and themes

Books and characters in the series were inspired by books and movies. For example, the character Slappy the Dummy was inspired by the literary classic The Adventures of Pinocchio.[16] Some of R. L. Stine's ideas for the books also came from real life; Stine got the idea for the book The Haunted Mask after his son, Matt, had a Halloween mask that he had trouble getting off.[17]

Two common themes in the series are children triumphing over evil and kids facing horrid or frightening situations and using their own wit and imagination to escape them.[18] Other themes include horror, the supernatural[19] and humor.[20] Stine had stated "I think there is a very close connection between humor and horror."[21]

Origins and publishing history

See also: List of Goosebumps books
R. L. Stine, the author of the Goosebumps series.

Original Goosebumps series

Main article: Goosebumps (Original series)

Following the success of R. L. Stine's young adult horror novels, the co-founder of Parachute Press (the company that developed the series),[22] Joan Waricha, persuaded him to write scary books for younger children.[23] R. L. Stine says the name for the book series came to him after he saw a TV station's ad in TV Guide that stated "It’s goosebumps week on Channel 11."[24][25] He originally signed a six-book deal with the publisher Scholastic,[10] but went on to write sixty-two books in the original series, the first book being Welcome to Dead House, which was released in July 1992.

The Goosebumps books in this series were written in chronological order,[6] featuring one main story in every book. The cover illustrations for this series were first done by Tim Jacobus.[26]

A comic book series, titled Goosebumps Graphix was written based on books from the original series. There were three books published in the series; the first one, Creepy Creatures, was published on September 1, 2006.[27]

"So one day I was walking the dog in the park and this title pops into my head: Say Cheese and Die. So then I let the title lead me to a story. It has to be about a camera, maybe there's this evil camera and some kids discover it. Maybe the camera shows bad things that are going to happen a few minutes later, that kind of thing. And that's sort of my trick – start with the title and then let it lead me to a story."

R. L. Stine[28]

Tales to Give You Goosebumps

Six Tales to Give You Goosebumps books were published from 1994 to 1997. The books in this series were written as short story anthologies,[29] featuring a collection of stories in each book.Thirty tales to give you goosebumps was also published later

Give Yourself Goosebumps

Main article: Give Yourself Goosebumps

There were fifty Give Yourself Goosebumps books published from 1995 to 2000, beginning with Escape from the Carnival of Horrors. The books in this series were written as gamebooks, featuring multiple endings.[30] Many of the cover illustrations for this series were done by Mark Nagata,[31] while the rest were done by Craig White.

Goosebumps Triple Header

Two Goosebumps Triple Header books were published from 1997 to 1998, beginning with Three Shocking Tales of Terror: Book 1. As with the Tales to Give You Goosebumps series, the books featured a collection of stories in each book.

Goosebumps Series 2000

Main article: Goosebumps Series 2000

There were twenty-five Goosebumps Series 2000 books published from 1998 to 2000, beginning with Cry of the Cat. The books in this series were written in a similar format and featured similar content to the original series,[32] but R. L. Stine classified them as being "much scarier."[10] The covers in this series were illustrated by Tim Jacobus.[26]

Goosebumps Gold

The books in the Goosebumps Gold series appeared on series illustrator Tim Jacobus's website[33] and marketing sites but were never released. In this series, Stine intended to write a sequel to The Haunted Mask II (The Haunted Mask Lives!), a sequel to Welcome to Dead House (Happy Holidays from Dead House) and a sequel to Slappy's Nightmare (Slappy New Year). It was one of the two book series by R. L. Stine that was planned to be released in 2000 (the other was The Nightmare Room).[34]

Goosebumps HorrorLand

Main article: Goosebumps HorrorLand

The series was renewed in 2008 following the release of the first book in the Goosebumps HorrorLand series: Revenge of the Living Dummy, published on April 1, 2008.[35] Books in this series mainly feature two stories.[21]

In September 1997, following a dispute between Scholastic and Parachute Press, Scholastic charged Parachute Press with breach of contract. Scholastic claimed that Parachute Press had been making merchandising deals and issuing press releases without Scholastic's required consent, and had begun withholding payments from them. On November 1997, Parachute responded by alleging Scholastic had repudiated its financial obligations, claiming Scholastic had voided its rights to publish fifty-four books. Parachute Press filed a lawsuit, which followed with numerous other suits and counter lawsuits[36] over who controls certain rights to the series. In 2003, the two sides reached an agreement, with Scholastic acquiring the Goosebumps trademark and all other rights to the series for 9.65 million dollars.[22]

Achievements, reception and controversy

Achievements

See also: List of best-selling books

"The first 27 paperback backlist titles on our list are all Goosebumps. The phenomenon is even more astounding when the sales figures are added up. Scholastic sold 19,125,700 copies of Goosebumps frontlist titles in 1995, and 12,906,800 backlist titles, for a grand total of 32,032,500 copies sold."

Diane Roback[37]

Following the release of the first novel in the series, the books quickly became popular, selling a million copies a month soon after they first appeared,[6] and four million copies a month by the mid-1990s.[38] The books appeared in many bestseller lists, such as the New York Times Best Seller list for children,[39] USA Today bestseller list[40] and Publishers Weekly bestseller list.[41] Individual books in the series appeared on USA Today's bestseller list for over 115 weeks,[40][42] while forty-seven books in the series appeared on Publishers Weekly list of bestselling children's books of all-time in 2001.[41] The book series was a bestseller in many countries, including the United States,the United Kingdom, France and Australia[43] and has been translated into thirty-five languages,[3][44] including Chinese, Czech, Spanish and Hebrew.[43]

In 1996, the Goosebumps series accounted for almost 15% of Scholastic's annual revenue. Following the decline of Goosebumps sales in 1997, Scholastic's sales had plunged 40%.[45] The decline in Goosebumps book sales had made front page news, which Patrick Jones stated "demonstrates the impact and importance of R. L. Stine. One writer, it seems, influences the fate of an entire company."[46]

By 1997, the Goosebumps fan club had established 75,000 members,[47] and as of 2008, the series has sold over 350 million copies.[18][48][49] In 2009, about a year after it was first published, Goosebumps HorrorLand had over 3.5 million books in print.[50] The Goosebumps series maintains an 82% brand awareness among kids 7–12,[51] and as of 2008, it is listed as the number two bestselling children's book series of all time[52] and as Scholastic's bestselling children's book series of all time.[4] The book series sells millions of copies annually.[23]

Three books from the Goosebumps series have won the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Book; Deep Trouble in 1995 (the award categories first year),[53] the book Tales to Give You Goosebumps in 1996[54] and Deep Trouble II in 1998.[55] In 2000, the series was ranked as the number two children's book by the NEA, as chosen by children.[56] At one point, the Goosebumps series was listed as the bestselling book series of all time.[5][57]

Literary criticism and reception

"I'm sure that the popularity of Goosebumps and Point Horrors is due to the fact that you get more rewards as a reader. You get thrills and spills. It can be incredibly subtly written, but you get emotional rewards for reading it. It's exciting, scary, it pushes your buttons."

James Carter[58]

Monessa Tinsley-Crabb from Pittsburgh Post-Gazette stated ""Goosebumps" is an excellent distraction for the middle-school mind."[59] Margaret Smykla commented that the stories were guaranteed to give goose bumps.[60] Following the release of the first Goosebumps HorrorLand book, Publishers Weekly stated in a starred review that the new Goosebumps series was "deliciously chilling."[61]

James Carter stated "regarding Point Horrors and Goosebumps, I feel that anything that children read avidly is a good thing."[58] Patrick Jones pointed out "[t]he real horror is a culture where kids, especially boys, don‘t read—and Stine has done his best to stop that turn of the screw from happening in his lifetime."[62] Stine takes pride in his reputation for getting kids excited about reading, stating "parents come up now and say, 'My kid never read a book in his life, and last night I caught him reading with a flashlight under the blankets.' I am very proud of that."[63]

However, Jessie and Susan Bauer objected to the books, arguing that the stories "develop a child's taste for short sentences, simple sentence structure, easy vocabulary, uncomplicated paragraphs, and shallow, simple plots."[64] Nicole Tanner argued that "the level at which they are written is intended to interest and engage young readers, not bore them with long-winded passages and confuse them with words that they cannot understand" and that "Stine understands his audience."[19] Roderick McGillis described the books as "camp," stating "[the Goosebumps books] are so artificial, so formulaic, so predictable, so repetitive."[65] Jones stated that the books "are widely read and, in the context of genre, well-written."[66] Kenneth and Sylvia Marantz stated the books are "okay to read; not great literature, but they have a place. Joe. B says "there are several Goosebumps books in the series that can teach young readers good morals, such as (The Haunted Mask) teaches that there is nothing more important than the love of your family and friends." Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). Sandra Soares and Julia Tiede however, argued that although the books contain supernatural elements and put "children in a position of fright, danger, and loss of control," they do not contain any real violence.[67] In regards to the books, Soares and Tiede also stated "the sources of the scares are so patently unreal that they cause more frisson than fear."[68]

Book challenges

Goosebumps was listed fifteenth in the list of most frequently challenged books during 1990–1999[69] and ninety-fourth in the list of top banned/challenged books during 2000–2009[70] by the ALA. The series was challenged for being too frightening for young people and depicting occult or satanic themes.[71]

Television adaptation

Main article: Goosebumps (TV series)

In the 1990s, Goosebumps was adapted for television. Produced in Canada by Protocol Entertainment in association with Scholastic Productions,[72] the TV anthology series ran for four seasons from 1995 to 1998,[4] beginning on October 27, 1995.[73] The series mainly featured plots based on the Goosebumps books, among them The Haunted Mask and Cuckoo Clock of Doom. The TV series was very popular; it aired in over 100 countries[74] and it aired on YTV in Canada, and it was the number one rated TV show for four years for the Fox Kids Network in the United States.[75] A book series, titled Goosebumps Presents, was based on the TV series.[76] In 2011, The Hub channel released a new series called "The Haunting Hour". Stine wrote every episode; due to popularity it has been announced that 3 more series will come.

Film adaptation

Columbia Pictures acquired rights to create a Goosebumps film. Carl Ellsworth will write the screenplay, while Neal Moritz and Deborah Forte, the latter of which developed the TV series, will produce the film.[77] On January 14th 2012, it was reported that a new draft of the screenplay will be written by Darren Lemke; Lemke co-wrote the screenplays for Shrek Forever After and Bryan Singer's Jack the Giant Killer.[78]

Video games

See also: Attack of the Mutant (video game) and Goosebumps Horrorland (video game)

There are three Goosebumps video games, two of which have been created for the PC by DreamWorks Interactive.[79][80][81] A 1996 game entitled Escape from HorrorLand is an interactive sequel to the book One Day at HorrorLand,[82] and a 1997 game entitled "Attack of the Mutant" was based on the book Attack of the Mutant. Scholastic released a new Goosebumps video game on October 2008 titled Goosebumps HorrorLand based on the series of the same name.[83][84]

In other media

Goosebumps has spawned numerous merchandise, including T-shirts, board games, puzzles,[5] hats, fake skulls, dolls,[85] bike helmets, fake blood and boxer shorts.[86] Goosebumps was also adapted into a stage play by Rupert Holmes[87] and a Disney World attraction.[88] Goosebumps has an official website, which garners 1.5[75] to 2 million page views each month, making it one of the most highly-trafficked kids' websites.[3] In 2008, it was announced that Sally Corporation would market Goosebumps rides.[48][49]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Goosebumps Official Site". Scholastic. Retrieved December 25, 2010. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lasts= (help)
  2. ^ Saillant, Catherine (October 30, 1995). "Popularity of Scary Stories Pleases Some, Perturbs Others". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 27, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ a b c "Scholastic Launches Bone-Chilling New Book Series by World-wide Bestselling Author R.L. Stine – Goosebumps HorrorLand". Scholastic. January 21, 2008. Retrieved December 25, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ a b c Gunelius (2008), p. 58
  5. ^ a b c d Foerstel (2002), p. 222
  6. ^ a b c Rosenberg, Joyce M. (October 27, 1996). "Goosebumps: So successful they're scary". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved December 25, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  7. ^ Westfahl (2000), p. 44
  8. ^ a b c Morris (2000), p. 69
  9. ^ "Get Goosebumps with R.L. Stine". ChennaiOnline. Retrieved December 30, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  10. ^ a b c "The nightmare room by R. L. Stine". KidsReads.com. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
  11. ^ Morris (2000), p. 68
  12. ^ Morris (2000), p. 71
  13. ^ Coats (2004), p. 170
  14. ^ Cullinan; Person (2005), p. 707
  15. ^ Moore, Frazier (July 20, 1997). "TV special aims to give kids goosebumps". Beaver County Times. Retrieved December 29, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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  18. ^ a b Alberge, Dalya (September 20, 2008). "A new movie adventure to give children goosebumps". The Sunday Times. Retrieved December 30, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  19. ^ a b Tanner, Nicole. "Thrills, Chills, and Controversy: The Success of R. L. Stine's Goosebumps" (PDF). DJIM. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
  20. ^ Wooten; Cullinan (2009), p. 59
  21. ^ a b Orndorff, Amy (May 19, 2008). "Goosebumps series takes a trip to HorrorLand". The Providence Journal. Retrieved January 8, 2011. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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  25. ^ Cohen (2000), p. 39
  26. ^ a b "Biography". TimJacobus.com. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
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  28. ^ Kemble, Gary (October 18, 2006). "Q & A: R L Stine". ABC Online. Retrieved December 30, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  29. ^ Marcovitz (2006), p. 117
  30. ^ Westfahl (2000), p. 46
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  32. ^ Morris (2000), p. 67
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  39. ^ Tabor, Mary B. W. (September 7, 1995). "At home with: R. L. Stine; Grown-Ups Deserve Some Terror, Too". New York Times. Retrieved December 25, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  40. ^ a b "Best-Selling Books Database". USA Today. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
  41. ^ a b "All-Time Bestselling Children's Books". Publishers Weekly. December 17, 2001. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
  42. ^ "Best-Selling Books Database". USA Today. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
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  46. ^ Jones (1998), p. xxi
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  48. ^ a b "Sally Corp. to develop, market "Goosebumps" rides". Orlando Sentinel. October 3, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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  53. ^ "KCA: Fun Facts". Nickelodeon. March 12, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
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  68. ^ Karolides (2002), p. 176
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  75. ^ a b "Columbia Pictures Gets Goosebumps; Scholastic's Bestselling Book Series to be Adapted into Feature Film by Columbia Pictures". PR Newswire. May 15, 2008. Retrieved December 25, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  76. ^ Gellene, Denise (August 7, 1996). "Column one; Scaring Up Scads of Young Readers; 'Goosebumps' books are a monster hit with the under-12 set. Unlike other children's fads, the marketing empire was built without a blast of TV ads". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 25, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  77. ^ "Writer Carl Ellsworth Gets Goosebumps". ComingSoon.net. September 16, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  78. ^ http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Jack-Giant-Killer-Scribe-Give-Goosebumps-Movie-Fresh-Start-28858.html
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  82. ^ Kent, Steve (November 22, 1996). "The hottest new games". The Item. Retrieved October 27, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  83. ^ Siegel, Tatiana (May 14, 2008). "Stine gives Columbia 'Goosebumps'". Variety. Retrieved October 27, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  84. ^ Paramchuk, Jeff. "Goosebumps HorrorLand". Common Sense Media. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  85. ^ Jones (1998), p. 163
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  87. ^ Ciampa, Linda (October 30, 1998). "cnn Goosebumps series a frightening success". CNN. Retrieved December 27, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  88. ^ "Stine discusses 'Goosebumps'". Sun Journal. October 19, 1998. Retrieved December 27, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

Bibliography

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  • Coats, Karen. Looking glasses and Neverlands: Lacan, Desire, and Subjectivity in Children's Literature. University of Iowa Press: 2004. ISBN 0-87745-882-0
  • Cohen, Joel H. R. L. Stine. Lucent Books: 2000. ISBN 1-56006-608-3
  • Cullinan, Bernice E.; Person, Diane G. The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children's Literature. The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc.: 2005. ISBN 0-8264-1516-4
  • Foerstel, Herbert N. Banned in the U.S.A.: A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries. Greenwood Press: 2002. ISBN 0-313-31166-8
  • Gunelius, Susan. Harry Potter: The Story of a Global Business Phenomenon. Palgrave Macmillan: 2008. ISBN 0-230-20323-X
  • Jones, Patrick. What's So Scary About R.L. Stine?. The Scarecrow Press, Inc.: 1998. ISBN 0-8108-3468-5
  • Karolides, Nicholas J. Censored Books II: Critical Viewpoints, 1985–2000. The Scarecrow Press: 2002. ISBN 0-8108-4147-9
  • Marantz, Kenneth; Marantz, Sylvia. Creating Picturebooks: Interviews with Editors, Art Directors, Reviewers, Booksellers, Professors, Librarians and Showcasers. McFarland & Company: 2006. ISBN 0-7864-2734-5
  • Marcovitz, Hal. R.L. Stine. Chelsea House Publishers: 2006. ISBN 0-7910-8659-3
  • McGillis, Roderick. R. L. Stine and the World of Child Gothic. Bookbird: 1995–96.
  • Morris, Tim. You're Only Young Twice. University of Illinois Press: 2000. ISBN 0-252-02532-6
  • Westfahl, Gary. Science Fiction, Children's Literature, and Popular Culture: Coming of Age in Fantasyland. Greenwood Press: 2000. ISBN 0-313-30847-0
  • Wooten, Deborah A.; Cullinan, Bernice E. Children's Literature in the Reading Program: An Invitation to Read. International Reading Association: 2009. ISBN 978-087207-699-0
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