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National September 11 Memorial & Museum

Coordinates: 40°42′42.1″N 74°0′49.0″W / 40.711694°N 74.013611°W / 40.711694; -74.013611
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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 24.3.239.108 (talk) at 09:02, 27 January 2012 (→Memorial design: {{main|World Trade Center Memorial}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"9/11 Memorial" redirects here. For other uses, see 9/11 Memorial (disambiguation).

National September 11 Memorial & Museum
The completed memorial with the museum still under construction.
Map
General information
StatusOpen (Memorial)
Under Construction (Museum)
TypeMemorial & Museum
LocationWorld Trade Center site
(New York City)
Coordinates40°42′42.1″N 74°0′49.0″W / 40.711694°N 74.013611°W / 40.711694; -74.013611
Construction startedMarch 2006
OpeningSeptember 12, 2011 (Memorial)[1]
September 11, 2012 (Museum)
Height
RoofThe footprints of the Twin Towers will be underground, the museum pavilion will be between 20 or 23 meters.
Design and construction
Architect(s)Michael Arad, Peter Walker and Partners, Davis Brody Bond Snøhetta
Structural engineerWSP Cantor Seinuk
World Trade Center
Towers
Other elements
Artwork
History

The National September 11 Memorial & Museum (branded as 9/11 Memorial and 9/11 Memorial Museum) is the principal memorial and museum commemorating the September 11 attacks of 2001.[2][3] The memorial is located at the World Trade Center site, on the former location of the Twin Towers destroyed during the attacks. The World Trade Center Memorial Foundation was renamed the National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center in 2007.

The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design which calls for a forest of trees with two square pools in the center, where the Twin Towers once stood.[4]

In August 2006, the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began heavy construction on the memorial and museum.[5] The design is consistent with the original Daniel Libeskind master plan that called for the memorial to be 30 feet below street level (originally 70 feet) in a piazza. The design was the only finalist to throw out Libeskind's requirement that buildings overhang the footprints.

A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center to remember both the victims and those involved in rescue. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center is a non-profit corporation with the mission to raise funds for, program, own and operate the memorial and museum at the World Trade Center site. On September 11, 2011, a dedication ceremony was held at the memorial, commemorating the tenth anniversary of the attacks. The memorial officially opened to the public on September 12, 2011, while the museum will open one year later, on or around September 11, 2012. Three months after opening, the memorial has been seen by over 1 million visitors.[6]

Organization

National tour

In September 2007, the Memorial & Museum launched a four-month national awareness tour that stopped at 25 cities in 25 states where thousands participated in the tour’s activities. The tour began at Finlay Park in Columbia, South Carolina and ended at Steinbrenner Field in Tampa, Florida. Highlights from the tour included: an exhibition of photographs, artifacts from the site and a short film featuring firsthand accounts from individuals who had experienced 9/11 directly.[7] At the opening ceremony in South Carolina, White Knoll Middle School’s students, who raised more than half a million dollars in 2001 to buy a new truck for New York City's Fire Department, were honored. Also at the ceremony, retired New York City Police Officer Marcelo Pevida presented the City of Columbia with an American flag that had flown over Ground Zero.[8] As the main attraction of the 2007 National Tour, steel beams that are to be used in the construction of the memorial was made available to visitors who wanted to sign their names onto it.[9]

Fundraising

The budget for the Memorial and Museum project, funded by private and public funds, is $530 million, with an additional $80 million grant from New York State for the construction of the museum pavilion. Of the $530 million, $350 million has been raised by the National September 11 Memorial & Museum through private donations and the remainder consists of federal grants through the LMDC.

Cobblestone campaign

The National September 11 Memorial & Museum began a donation campaign where a contributor can sponsor a cobblestone or paver that will line the Memorial Plaza. Once the Memorial is completed, a donor will be able to locate his/her cobblestone or paver by entering his/her name at a kiosk on the Memorial Plaza.[10]

Federal legislation

Sen. Daniel Inouye from Hawaii has proposed S.1537 (National September 11 Memorial and Museum Act of 2011) which would provide $20 million in Federal funds toward the Memorial's annual operating budget. The legislation was presented to the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy & Natural Resources on October 19, 2011.[11] This is approximately one third of the Memorial's total annual operating budget.

Memorial history

Founding

Formerly the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation, Inc., the National September 11 Memorial & Museum was formed as a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation to raise funds and manage the planning and construction of the memorial. Its board of directors had its inaugural meeting on January 4, 2005. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum reached its first phase capital fundraising goal of US$350 million in April 2008. This money, along with additional amounts raised, will be used to build the memorial and museum and to create an endowment for the museum.

Design competition

Main article: World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition

In 2003, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation launched an international competition to design a memorial at the World Trade Center site to commemorate the lives lost in the September 11 terrorist attacks.

Individuals and teams from around the world contributed design proposals.

On November 19, 2003, the thirteen-member jury – which included Maya Lin, designer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and deputy mayor Patricia Harris – selected eight finalists. "Reflecting Absence" was chosen as the winning design on January 6, 2004.[12] On January 14, 2004, the final design for the World Trade Center site memorial was revealed in a press conference at Federal Hall in New York.

Mission statement

The non-profit corporation that will manage the memorial states its goals as the following:

The Memorial Mission:

  • Remember and honor the thousands of innocent men, women, and children murdered by terrorists in the horrific attacks of February 26, 1993 and September 11, 2001.
  • Respect this place made sacred through tragic loss.
  • Recognize the endurance of those who survived, the courage of those who risked their lives to save others, and the compassion of all who supported us in our darkest hours.
  • May the lives remembered, the deeds recognized, and the spirit reawakened be eternal beacons, which reaffirm respect for life, strengthen our resolve to preserve freedom, and inspire an end to hatred, ignorance and intolerance.

Fundraising

The Foundation has fundraising responsibilities because of the tasks assigned to it by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). The Foundation is to own, operate and finance:

  • National September 11 Memorial, the formal "Reflecting Absence" memorial designed by Michael Arad and Peter Walker.
  • National September 11 Memorial Museum, a museum to tell the story of the events.

John C. Whitehead was chairman of both LMDC and the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation. He announced his resignation in May 2006. Former LMDC President Kevin Rampe will become chairman of the LMDC. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg replaced Whitehead as chairman of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.

Thomas S. Johnson, chairman of the foundation's executive committee announced on May 9, 2006:

The decision was made to not actively pursue new fund-raising efforts until complete clarity can be achieved with respect to the design and costs of the project. Cost concerns emerged publicly last week with the disclosure of an estimate by the construction manager, Bovis Lend Lease, that the memorial and museum would cost $672 million and that it would take a total of at least $973 million to fully develop the memorial setting with a cooling plant, roadways, sidewalks, utilities and stabilized foundation walls. An estimate earlier this year put the cost of the memorial and memorial museum at $494 million.[13]

On May 26, 2006, Gretchen Dykstra resigned as president and chief executive officer of the World Trade Center Foundation.[14] The current president and CEO of the Foundation, Joseph C. Daniels, was appointed in October 2006.[15]

The memorial projects were eventually toned down, and the budget was cut to $530 million.[16] Heavy construction for the memorial began in August 2006, and despite delays, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum was still confident that the memorial would be complete by September 11, 2011.[17] The memorial was indeed completed by this date, but the museum will not open until September 2012.

Memorial

Memorial design

In January 2004, the design, Reflecting Absence, by architect Michael Arad and landscape architect Peter Walker was selected as the winner of the LMDC's design competition that had 5,201 entrants from 63 nations.

Two pools with the largest manmade waterfalls in the United States cascading down their sides will be located within the footprints of the Twin Towers. Each pool will be 1-acre (4,000 m2), and together they are intended to symbolize the loss of life and the physical void left by the terrorist attacks. The sound of the water falling is supposed to drown out the sounds of the city, making the site a contemplative sanctuary. Almost 400 Sweet Gum and Swamp White Oak trees will fill the remaining 6 acres (24,000 m2) of the Memorial Plaza, furthering the reflective nature of the site.[18]

Map displaying the results of simulating pedestrian traffic at the National September 11 Memorial & Museum site, based on modeling by the Louis Berger Group

In addition, cutting-edge pedestrian simulations were conducted to test the design of the memorial site. The pedestrian modeling software Legion was used to simulate how visitors would utilize the space, and the design was subsequently tweaked to prevent potential bottlenecks.[19]

Arrangement of the victims’ names

The names of the 2,977 who were killed in the September 11th attacks in New York City, Washington, DC, and Pennsylvania and the names of the 6 victims killed in the February 1993 World Trade Center bombing will be inscribed around the edges of the Memorial pools. The names of the victims who were in Tower 1 and on Flight 11, which hit Tower 1, will be located around the perimeter of the North Pool. The names surrounding the South Pool will include: those killed in Tower 2, the victims on Flight 175, which hit Tower 2, the victims who were in the immediate vicinity of the Towers, the first responders, the passengers on Flight 93, which crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the passengers on Flight 77, which hit the Pentagon, those killed at Pentagon, and the victims of the February 26, 1993, World Trade Center bombing. It was decided that the names of companies would not be included; however, company employees and their visitors will be listed together. Passengers of the four flights will be listed together under their flight numbers, and first responders will be listed together with their units.[20]

Memorial construction

On March 13, 2006, construction workers arrived at the WTC site to commence work on the Reflecting Absence design. On that same day, relatives of the victims and other concerned citizens gathered to protest the new memorial, stating that the memorial should be built above ground. The president of the memorial foundation, however, stated that family members were consulted and formed a consensus in favor of the current design, and that work will continue as planned.[21][22]

In May 2006, it was disclosed that the estimated construction costs for the Memorial had risen to over US$1 billion.[23][dead link‍]

Mayor Michael Bloomberg said the costs of building the Sept. 11 memorial are skyrocketing and must be capped at $500 million. 'There's just not an unlimited amount of money that we can spend on a memorial,' Bloomberg said. Any figure higher than $500 million to build the memorial to the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks would be "inappropriate", even if the design has to be changed, he said.'

In 2006, at the request of Governor George Pataki and Mayor Michael Bloomberg, builder Frank Sciame performed a month-long analysis, which considered input from victims' families, the Lower Manhattan business and residential communities, members of the memorial jury, architects and others. The analysis recommended design changes that kept the memorial and museum within the $500 million budget.

The Empire State Building lit up with blue lights on September 12, 2011, in honor of the opening of the Memorial.

In July 2008, the Survivors' Staircase was lowered to bedrock, marking the first artifact to be moved into the museum. By the end of August 2008, construction on the footings and foundations had been completed. On September 2, 2008, construction workers erected the 7,700-pound first column for the memorial, near the footprint of the north tower.[24] By then, approximately 70 percent of the construction trade contracts had been bid or were ready to award. In total, 9,100 tons of steel were installed at the site for the memorial.[25] By April 2010, the reflecting pools were fully framed in steel, and 85% of the concrete had been poured. By April 22, 2010, workers had begun installation of the granite coating for the reflecting pools. By June 2010, the north pool's granite coating had been fully completed, and workers had begun installation of the granite in the south pool. In July 2010, the first shipments of soil arrived at the memorial site. In August 2010, workers started to plant trees on the memorial plaza. The trees, all swamp white oaks, can reach 60 to 80 feet at maturity, live as long as 300 to 350 years, and are golden-leafed in the fall. The "Survivor Tree" is a callery pear that survived the devastation and was preserved for re-planting.[26] In September 2010, workers reinstalled two tridents from the former twin towers.

In November 2010, workers started testing the north pool's waterfall. Construction progressed significantly through the spring of 2011. In March 2011, the installation of glass panels on the museum pavilion's façade began, and in May 2011, workers started testing the south pool's waterfall. Most of the memorial was finished in time for the 10th anniversary of the terrorist attacks, with the museum slated for completion one year later. By September 2, 2011, more than 242 trees had been planted at the site, while 8 more were planted before the memorial opened. By then, both pools had been completed, and were tested daily to ensure that the waterfalls were working. On September 12, 2011, one day after the 10th anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks, the memorial officially opened to the public. Work continues on the museum, which will be completed by September 2012.

The Museum at the September 11 Memorial

Museum design

Designed by Davis Brody Bond, LLP, the museum will be located approximately 70 feet (21 m) below ground, and will be accessed through an entry pavilion designed by Snøhetta, a Norwegian architectural firm.[27] Two of the original tridents from the Twin Towers will be located in this pavilion. One of the walls of the underground museum will be an exposed side of the slurry wall, which is the retaining wall that holds back the Hudson River and that had remained un-breached during and after September 11.[28][29]

Museum construction

The Museum is going to be a underground museum which will have some of the artifacts on 9/11/01, and pieces of steel from the Twin Towers; like the final steel, which was the last piece of steel to leave Ground Zero in May 2002. The estimated completion of the museum will be on or around September 11, 2012. As of December 2011, the construction of the museum has come to a temporary halt. According to the Associated Press, there is some financial disputes between the Port Authority of New York, New Jersey, and the National September 11 Memorial and Museum foundation, deciding on who should be responsible for infrastructure costs.

  • Construction progress, as of January 21, 2008
    Construction progress, as of January 21, 2008
  • Construction progress, as of September 2010
    Construction progress, as of September 2010
  • Construction progress, as of August 22, 2011
    Construction progress, as of August 22, 2011
  • The North Tower Fountain with visitors. Its hand pillars bears the names of victims of the attacks.
    The North Tower Fountain with visitors. Its hand pillars bears the names of victims of the attacks.
  • The completed fountain on the site of the North Tower.
    The completed fountain on the site of the North Tower.
  • The completed fountain and the museum (under construction), October 2011.
    The completed fountain and the museum (under construction), October 2011.
  • Nighttime shot of the North Pool, showing the name of Berry Berenson on panel N-76.
    Nighttime shot of the North Pool, showing the name of Berry Berenson on panel N-76.
  • Closeup of Panel S-68, showing the name of Todd Beamer, after the pool's lights have been turned on, but before the sun has gone down.
    Closeup of Panel S-68, showing the name of Todd Beamer, after the pool's lights have been turned on, but before the sun has gone down.
  • The park at the memorial in November 2011.
    The park at the memorial in November 2011.

Withdrawn proposals

Two centers were proposed and withdrawn from the World Trade Center Memorial plan in 2005:

  • The International Freedom Center – a "think tank" which was intended to draw attention to the battles for freedom through the ages. World Trade Center Memorial Foundation member Deborah Burlingame wrote in The Wall Street Journal that the center would have a mission that had nothing to do directly with the events of September 11 and could potentially criticize American policies.[30] Blogs and commentators heavily criticized the center until Governor George Pataki withdrew support for it.
  • The Drawing Center Art Gallery at the World Trade Center – Plans called for the Freedom Center to share its space with the Drawing Center in a building called the "Cultural Center." The Daily News ran a series of articles questioning whether its exhibits would be appropriate at Ground Zero based on the gallery's previous exhibits in its small SoHo quarters.

Other 9/11 memorials

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References

  1. ^ NY1 News (September 12, 2011). "Public Gets First Glimpse Of 9/11 Memorial". Retrieved September 12, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ http://www.underconsideration.com/brandnew/archives/memorial_period.php
  3. ^ http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/name-misspelled-on-911-memorial-20110912-akd
  4. ^ The politics of remembering Ground Zero – Haaretz – Israel News
  5. ^ Trade Center Memorial Name Changes, Gets Longer | The New York Observer
  6. ^ CNN Wire Staff (December 29, 2011). "Visitors to New York's 9/11 memorial top 1 million". CNN. Retrieved December 29, 2011. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  7. ^ National September 11 Memorial & Museum, National Tour
  8. ^ National 9/11 Memorial & Museum Tour Kicks Off in South Carolina
  9. ^ National September 11 Memorial & Museum, National Tour
  10. ^ National September 11 Memorial & Museum, Cobblestone Donations
  11. ^ Bill Text 112th Congress (2011-2012) S.1537.IS
  12. ^ National September 11 Memorial & Museum
  13. ^ Dunlap, David W. (May 9, 2006). "9/11 Group Suspends Fund-Raising for Memorial". New York Times.
  14. ^ "Gretchen Dykstra Resigns As Head Of WTC Memorial Foundation". NY1 News. May 26, 2006.
  15. ^ "WTC Memorial Foundation Names Joseph C. Daniels as President & CEO of the Foundation" (PDF). October 31, 2006.
  16. ^ "9/11 memorial plans scaled down". BBC. June 21, 2006.
  17. ^ "Sept. 11 memorial head wants to open by 9/11/11". July 1, 2008. [dead link‍]
  18. ^ National September 11 Memorial & Museum, Build the Memorial
  19. ^ http://www.cssnationaldialog.org/documents/NewBrunswick/CSS-National-Dialog-World-Trade-Center-.pdf
  20. ^ National September 11 Memorial & Museum, Arrangement of Names
  21. ^ Perez, Luis (March 14, 2006). "WTC memorial construction underway". Newsday. [dead link‍]
  22. ^ Laura Trevelyan (March 13, 2006). "Work commences on 9/11 memorial". BBC. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
  23. ^ Amy Westfeldt (May 6, 2006). "Sept. 11 Memorial Cost Estimate Rises". London: The Guardian (UK). [dead link‍]
  24. ^ "Steel column for 9/11 memorial rises at Ground Zero". Newsday. Melville, New York: Newsday Inc. Associated Press. August 17, 2008.
  25. ^ "Steel Installation Begins for National September 11 Memorial & Museum at WTC Site". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. September 2, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
  26. ^ Sudol, Valerie. "9/11 MEMORIAL TREES STAND TALL". nj.com. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  27. ^ Erlanger, Steven (October 15, 2011). "Again in Norway, Events Provide Test for a King's Mettle". New York Times. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  28. ^ National September 11 Memorial & Museum, Build the Memorial
  29. ^ James Glanz (November 23, 2003). "The World; Ahead of Any 9/11 Memorial, a Wall Bears Witness". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
  30. ^ Debra Burlingame (June 8, 2005). "The Great Ground Zero Heist". Wall Street Journal.
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