IX Troop Carrier Command
| IX Troop Carrier Command | |
|---|---|
 World War II Emblem of the IX Troop Carrier Command | |
| Active | 16 October 1943 - 31 March 1946 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Army Air Forces |
| Type | Troop Carrier |
| Role | parachute and glider air assault |
| Size | 14 groups, 1400 aircraft |
| Part of | Ninth Air Force |
| Engagements | Operation Neptune Operation Market Operation Varsity |
The IX Troop Carrier Command was a United States Army Air Forces unit. Its last assignment was with the Ninth Air Force, based at Greenville Army Air Base, South Carolina. It was inactivated on 31 March 1946. As a component command of the Ninth Air Force, based in the United Kingdom.
Overview
The mission of IX Troop Carrier Command was air transport for the Allied airborne divisions in the European Theater of Operations.
The primary aircraft of IX TCC was the C-47 Skytrain and its variant, the C-53 Skytrooper, but in 1945 IX Troop Carrier Command equipped one group with 117 C-46 Commando aircraft to determine their viability in the ETO. As a result of a 28% loss ratio during Operation Varsity resulting from the C-46's high inflammability, IX TCC did not convert to the Commando, even though its cargo-carrying capacity was twice that of the C-47. IX TCC also had 1,922 CG-4A Waco and 20 Waco CG-13 gliders just prior to its last major operation in March 1945.
IX Troop Carrier Command consisted of three troop carrier wings, 14 troop carrier groups, and one pathfinder group , totalling approximately 1380 operational aircraft including spares, and 2,000 gliders at its maximum strength in March 1945.
IX Troop Carrier Command conducted three multi-divisional combat air assaults:
- Operation Neptune: the invasion of France in June 1944,
- Operation Market: the airborne invasion of Holland in September 1944, and
- Operation Varsity: the airborne crossing of the Rhine River in March 1945.
It also conducted relief operations for isolated units during the German counter-offensive in the Ardennes in December 1944.
History
All U.S. tactical air support units in Great Britain were consolidated into the Ninth Air Force on 16 October 1943, under the command of Maj. Gen. Lewis H. Brereton. At the same time the IX Troop Carrier Command was activated, having been constituted by USAAF Headquarters five days before the headquarters of IX TCC transferred to Grantham where it remained until 20 September 1944, when it transferred to Ascot, Berkshire, its final location in Europe. Its first headquarters was located at RAF Cottesmore, where it took control of a provisional headquarters established by the Eighth Air Force in September.
The original cadre came from "Headquarters 1st Troop Carrier Command" established as a provisional headquarters by the Eighth Air Force in September with six officers and three aircraft of the 315th Troop Carrier Group (the remainder of the group's aircraft and squadrons were on detached service in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations). On 1 October 1943 the 434th Troop Carrier Group became part of the provisional command and was the only group assigned. Twelve airfields were designated for the new command, each to house 40 C-47s and a like number of gliders: RAF Fulbeck, RAF Langar, RAF Bottesford, RAF Wakerley, RAF Balderton, RAF North Witham, RAF Barkston Heath, RAF Cottesmore, RAF North Luffenham, RAF Saltby, RAF Folkingham, and RAF Woolfox Lodge.
In November the 435th TCG and RAF Welford were assigned, and IX TCC Headquarters were moved to Grantham. RAF Ramsbury, RAF Aldermaston, and RAF Greenham Common also became available as landing areas for tactical training with the 101st Airborne Division and later became troop carrier bases.
Its first wing, the 50th TCW, became operational on 17 October 1943. A second wing, the 52nd TCW, arrived from Sicily on 17 February 1944. Its five groups had participated in the large airborne assault during the Allied invasion of Sicily and had flown combat jumps on a smaller scale in Italy. On 11 March 1944 the final troop carrier wing assigned to the command, the 53rd TCW, arrived from the United States along with five groups that had just completed their operational training. The wings were realigned to provide the 53rd TCW, tasked as the primary unit for glider operations, with the four groups already operational in February 1944 (434th through 437th), while the least experienced groups were assigned to the 50th Wing. The command grew to a total of 14 groups in April 1944 when the 315th TCG was taken off transport duties in the Mediterranean and assigned two additional squadrons to bring it up to full TO&E, and when the newly created 442d TCG arrived from the United States.
These groups went into training for the invasion of France as they arrived in Britain. The groups of the 50th and 52nd Wings began intensive night formation training that included practice jumps with the airborne divisions assigned to them, which continued through April, when the division commanders decided to stop further unit jump training. The 53rd TCW began training at the beginning of March but had virtually no troop experience until mid-May, when they began a series of mock night operations to raise their level of training. Both the 315th and 442nd groups continued formation training until the end of May. Five groups also conducted training in night glider assaults during both April and May. By 1 June IX TCC had approximately 1,200 C-47s and 1,400 gliders assigned, and 950 crews for each.
At the end of February 1944, using equipment and personnel from the 52nd TCW, the command established a training unit for airborne division pathfinders and the air crews that would deliver them. The Command Pathfinder School was redesignated the 1st Pathfinder Group (Provisional) in August 1944.
IX TCC delivered both the 82nd Airborne and 101st Airborne Divisions in the American airborne landings in Normandy on 6–7 June 1944. In August the command was assigned to the First Allied Airborne Army, which from 17–25 September 1944, landed both American divisions, the British 1st Airborne Division, and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade in Holland during Operation Market. The 50th TCW moved to bases in France in September as well.
In February and March 1945 the 52d and 53rd wings also deployed to bases in France, except for two groups of the 52nd assigned to support British airborne operations. The command carried out extensive formation training for Operation Varsity, an airborne assault across the Rhine River, and executed it on 24 March 1945, delivering the U.S. 17th Airborne Division. The groups of the 52nd TCW based in France returned to England to carry the British 6th Airborne Division in the assault.
IX Troop Carrier Command transferred from the UK to the United States without equipment or personnel on 5 September 1945 to Stout Field, Indiana, where it was reconstituted. On 1 February 1946 command headquarters shifted to Greenville Army Air Base, South Carolina, in preparation for inactivation, which took place 31 March 1946. On 8 October 1948 the United States Air Force, now a separate military service, disbanded the command permanently.
Lineage
- Constituted as IX Troop Carrier Command on 11 October 1943
- Activated on 16 October 1943.
- Inactivated on 31 March 1946
- Disbanded on 8 October 1948
Assignments
- Ninth Air Force, 16 October 1943-31 March 1946
Stations
- RAF Cottesmore (AAF-489), England, 16 October 1943
- Grantham, England, 1 December 1943
- Ascot, England, 20 September 1944-5 September 1945
- Stout Field, Indiana, 5 September 1945
- Greenville Army Air Base, South Carolina, 1 February-31 March 1946
Components
- 50th Troop Carrier Wing, 17 October 1943-29 September 1945; 29 September 1945-31 July 1946
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- 52d Troop Carrier Wing, 17 February 1944-July 1945
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- 53d Troop Carrier Wing, 11 March 1944-12 August 1945
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Support units
- 1st Tactical Air Deport / IX Troop Carrier Service Wing (Provisional)
- Located at: RAF North Witham (AAF-479), August 1943-May 1945
- Command Pathfinder School/1st Pathfinder Group (Provisional)
- Located at: RAF North Witham (AAF-479) (March 1944); Chartres Airfield (A-40), France (March-April 1945)
Sources
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4
- Johnson, David C. (1988), U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO), D-Day to V-E Day; Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center, Maxwell AFB, Alabama.
- Warren, Dr. John C (1956). USAF Historical Study 97: Airborne Operations in World War II, European Theater, Air University.
- IX Troop Carrier Command Order of Battle
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