XXI Bomber Command
| XXI Bomber Command | |
|---|---|
| Active | 1944-16 July 1945 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Army Air Force |
| Role | Command and Control |
| Engagements |  
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The XXI Bomber Command (XXI BC) was a unit of the Twentieth Air Force in Guam for strategic bombing during World War II.
Overview
The XXI Bomber Command was established at Smoky Hill AAF, Kansas on 1 March 1944. After a period of organization and its assigned groups receiving their B-29 Superfortress aircraft, the command transferred first to Peterson Field, Colorado, the deployed to the southwest Pacific, being headquartered at Harmon Field, Guam, in the Mariana Islands.
The unit was the main operational component of Twentieth Air Force in the Pacific War. Its assigned units engaged in very-long range bombardment operations primarily against Japan until mid-Jul 1945. Although each wing of the command conducted general bombardment operations, the wings did have specific areas on which their units concentrated:
History
The Marianas chain of islands, consisting primarily of Saipan, Tinian, and Guam, were considered as being ideal bases from which to launch B-29 Superfortress operations against Japan. The islands were about 1500 miles from Tokyo, a range which the B-29s could just about manage. Most important of all, they could be put on a direct supply line from the United States by ship. The XXI Bombardment Command had been assigned the overall responsibility of the B-29 operations out of the Marianas bases. It was activated at Smokey Hill Army Airfield, Kansas on 1 March 1944. In August 1944, Major General Haywood S. Hansell, Jr was directed to take over command of the organization.
Serious planning for the movement of the XXI Bomber Command's B-29s from their Second Air Force training bases in Kansas to newly constructed combat airfields on Saipan, Tinian and Guam began in April 1944. The construction and defense of the airfields would be the United States Navy's responsibility, as would logistical support. Before the B-29s could begin operating against Japan from the Marianas, the islands first had to be taken away from the Japanese.
This began with Saipan on 11 June 1944 when a four-day naval and air bombardment of the island began. On 15 June United States Marine units stormed ashore, followed a day later by Army units. After several weeks of heavy fighting, during which over 3000 American and 24,000 Japanese lives were lost, the island was finally declared secure on July 9.
The seizure of Saipan enabled invasions of Guam and Tinian to proceed, which were attacked on July 20 and July 23 respectively. Marine Corps and the United States Army 77th Infantry Division's 305th Regimental Combat Team landed on Guam. By August 10 the island was secured. Tinian was assaulted on July 24, and by August 1st it was secured.
Airfield construction
Construction of the B-29 airfields on Saipan began almost immediately, even while the fighting was still going on. Naval Construction Battalions (N-C-B), the "SeaBees" began construction at a former Japanese airstrip called Aslito. This was later renamed Isley Field, after Navy Commander Robert H. Isely (unfortunately his name was misspelled and the incorrect version stuck). The SeaBees did not meet their schedule but came very close. In a little over tires months they had built a support base and air field on Saipan capable of supporting the 240 B-29s of the 73d Bombardment Wing and their logistical support units.
On Tinian, the SeaBees built the largest bomber base ever, North Field. The 6th Naval Construction Brigade built four 8500-foot runways for the 313th Bombardment Wing, and all required infrastructure; then went to the west end of the island and at West Field laid down two 8500-foot runways for the 58th Bombardment Wing.
On Guam the 5th NCB built North Field for the 314th Bombardment Wing and Northwest Field for the 315th Bombardment Wing.
Initial B-29 Operations
The 73d Bombardment Wing was ordered to the Marianas rather than to the CBI Theater after it's training with Second Air Force in Kansas. The first B-29 arrived at Isley Field, Saipan on 12 October 1944. By November 22, over 100 B-29s were at Isely Field. The XXI Bomber Command was assigned the mission of destroying the aircraft industry of Japan in a series of high-altitude, daylight precision attacks. However, General Hansell was fully aware that his crews still lacked the necessary experience to carry out such missions.
In late October and early November 1944, a series of tactical raids were carried out as training exercises for the crews. On October 27, 18 B-29s attacked Japanese lightly defended Japanese installations on Truk. The submarine pens at Truk were the target, and four Superfortresses had to abort because of the usual engine problems, and combat formations were scrappy. The bombing results were mediocre, with only nine planes bombing the primary target and only a few bombs hitting it. The same two groups returned to Truk on October 30 with even fewer bombs landing on the target. The third try, on November 2, was briefed as a radar bombing mission. Again the results were indifferent, with bombs scattered all over the general target area.
Aware that there was now a new threat, Japanese aircraft based on Iwo Jima staged a low-level raid on Isley Field on November 2, damaging several B-29s on the ground. Retaliatory strikes were ordered against the two enemy airfields on Iwo Jima on November 5 and 11 with the 497th and 498th Bombardment Groups dispatched to bomb airfields there, however again the results were again poor. As in the XX Bomber Command Operation Matterhorn bombing campaign from India, the B-29s were in danger of being dissipated in tactical missions and even these were not all that successful.
In order to properly plan missions to Japan, up-to-date reconnaissance photos of the proposed targets were needed. Other than information which was used during the Doolittle Raid in 1942, there was scant information about the locations of Japanese industry, especially the aircraft industry. On 1 November 1944, two days after arriving on Saipan, A 3d Photo Reconnaissance Squadron F-13A Superfortress (photo reconnaissance-configured B-29) took bound for Tokyo. The 3d PRS was attached to the 73d Bomb Wing. The aircraft flew over Tokyo at 32,000 feet for 35 minutes taking picture after picture. A few fighters made it up to the camera plane's altitude but did not attack. This was the first land-based American plane over Tokyo since 1942. These photos, along with other intelligence gave the XXI Bomber Command the locations of the Japanese aircraft manufacturing plants and enabled mission planners to plan missions for the combat crews to attack. In honor of his mission, the aircraft was named "Tokyo Rose".
The 3d PRS continued to fly single plane missions to Japan, taking high altitude pre-strike target planning photos and poststrike damage assessment photos. The losses incurred by the 3d in this type of activity were relatively light. Seldom were the Japanese able to get fighters up to 30,000 feet in time to intercept the photo ships.
All four groups of the 73d Bomb Wing were sent on their first mission to Japan on November 24 with 111 planes airborne. The target was the Nakajima Aircraft Engine Plant at Musashino in the arsenal sector of Tokyo. Also, for the first time, the B-29 encountered the jet stream, which was a high-speed wind coming out of the west at speeds as high as 200 mph at precisely the altitudes at which the bombers were operating. This caused the bomber formations to be disrupted and made accurate bombing impossible. Because of the jet stream winds and bad weather, only 24 planes attacked the primary target; the majority dropped their bombs on the secondary target of the Tokyo Docks.
The group returned to Musashino on the 27th and closed out November with a raid on the Tokyo Industrial Area and Docks. The pace picked tip the next month with a return to Musashino on December 3. Again, poor bombing results were achieved, with the high speed jet stream winds scattering the bomb drops and the aircraft in the formation, with the result of not much damage to the enemy being done. December 8 saw 82 planes attacking the Iwo Jima Air Fields (Motoyama Nos 1 and 2). Then it was back to attacking Japan, hitting Nagoya on December 18 and 22. The airfields on Iwo Jima were revisited on December 24 and Tokyo the final target of the month on December 27.
In addition to the wing strikes, December saw the initiation of another type of single plane mission: the weather strike. These were missions to Japan to collect weather data and drop nuisance bombs on Japanese cities. Again, these were high altitude missions with surprisingly low losses. The 3d PRS lost two planes in December. Out of the 75 weather strike missions flown in December, there were only three losses. During the same time period the 73rd Wing lost 21 planes to all causes on the six multi-plane raids by the wing as a whole.
The pace continued to quicken for the 73d in January. Musashino on January 9 cost six planes; Nagoya on January 14, another five. One weather strike, out of 83 flown, was lost on January 10. But help was on the way. New B-29s from the United States were arriving almost daily and and new groups were arriving in the Marianas. The 313th Bombardment Wing, operating from Tinian, sent 44 planes to Pagan Island on January 16, another 33 to Truk on January 21, and 28 to attack the Japanese airfields on Iwo Jima Air fields on January 24. Thirty-thrre more returned to Iwo Jima on January 29. The 313th's 504th and 505th groups joined in the attack on Kobe on February 4, while on February 9 their sister groups, the Gth and 9th, made their initial training mission against the Moen Island Air Field on Truk.
United States Marines landed on Iwo Jima 19 February 1945 with a mission to seize the island and for Navy SeaBees to utilize the Japanese airfields to build emergency landing airfields for XXIst Bomber Command as well as fighter airfields for VII Fighter Command. On 25 March the Battle of Iwo Jima was declared over and the island secured, although mopping up continued until June. Construction Batallions extended and transformed the former Japanese fields to accommodate B-29s and the first AAF units moved in during the beginning of March.
B-29 Incendiary Operations
The high-altitude bombing raids on Japan carried out by the command were not causing a large amount of damage to the targets, primarily due to the jet stream winds over the islands. The failure of far of the command to carry out its mission was causing severe problems, both with the War Department in Washington, which had planned to eliminate the Japanese industrial base by the same strategic bombing techniques which were being carried out in Europe. Also General Hap Arnold and the AAF command staff which were aware of the Manhattan Project, which had planned on using the B-29 to drop Atomic Bombs, were concerned that the B-29 would be unable to carry out that highly secret mission.
Since little progress in the bombing campaign was being made, General Arnold recalled General Hansell and moved General Curtiss LeMay from the inactivating XX Bomber Command in India to take over XXI Bomber Command on Saipan. Command LeMay arrived in the Marianas on 20 January 1945. General LeMay issued a new directive on 19 February. He had analyzed the structure of the Japanese economy, which depended heavily on cottage industries housed in cities close to major industrial areas. His plan was to destroy the feeder industries, that would slow or halt the flow of vital components to the central manufacturing plants, and disorganizing the production of weapons vital to Japan. LeMay decided to do this by using incendiary bombs rather than purely high-explosive bombs, which would, it was hoped, cause general conflagrations in large cities like Tokyo or Nagoya, spreading to some of the priority targets. In addition, LeMay had concluded that the effects of the jet stream, cloud cover, and high operating altitudes were to blame for the failure of the B-29 raids to do any significant damage to the Japanese war industry. The initial raids against Japan had taken place at high altitudes in order to stay above anti-aircraft fire and the effective altitude of defending fighters. LeMay suggested that high-altitude, daylight attacks be phased out and replaced by low-altitude, high-intensity incendiary raids at nighttime. The aircraft would attack individually, which meant that no assembly over the base at the start of the mission or along the way would be needed.
The 6th and 9th Bombardment Groups joined in the attack on Tokyo on February 25, as did the 314th Bombardment Wing's 19th Bombardment Group, flying out of North Field, Guam. With these new tactics, on the night of 9–10 March against Tokyo a total of 302 B-29s participated in the raid, with 279 arriving over the target. The raid was led by special pathfinder crews who marked central aiming points. It lasted for two hours. The raid was a success beyond General LeMay's wildest expectations. The individual fires caused by the bombs joined to create a general conflagration known as a firestorm. When it was over, sixteen square miles of the center of Tokyo had gone up in flames and nearly 84,000 people had been killed. Fourteen B-29s were lost. The B-29 was finally beginning to have an effect.
On the night of 13 March–14, eight square miles of Osaka went up in flames. On 16–17 March, three square miles of Kobe were destroyed, and on 19–20 March in a return visit to Nagoya, three more square miles were destroyed. This destructive week had killed over 120,000 Japanese civilians at the cost of only 20 B-29s lost.
A month later, on April 12, the 314th Bombardment Wing's remaining two groups, the 39th and 330th, joined in the attack on the Hodagaya Chemical Works in Koriyama. With the addition of the 39th and 330th, the XXI Bomber Command now had three wings, twelve groups, thirty-six squadrons of 15 B-29s each at their disposal. In May, the 58th Bombardment Wing completed its move from India to Tinian, adding four more groups to the XXI Bomber Command.
In April 1945, General LeMay gave new orders for more incendiary raids. This time, aircraft engine factories at Musashi and Nagoya were to be hit, but urban areas in Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, Kawasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama were also to be attacked. On 7 April 153 B-29s struck the aircraft-engine complex at Nagoya, destroying about 90 percent of that facility. Five days later, 93 B-29s destroyed the Nakajima factory at Musashi. The Japanese aircraft engine industry essentially ceased to exist after this time. On 13 April 327 B-29s burned out eleven more square miles of Tokyo. Seven more B-29s were lost.
On 5 June, the B-29s attacked Kobe with such effectiveness that the city was crossed off the target list as not worth revisiting. By the end of the month, the six major cities on LeMay's list had all been effectively destroyed.
Late May saw the arrival of the first of the 315th Bombardment Wing, whose B-29B planes were equipped with the new AN/APQ Fagle radar. The antenna for this radar was an 18-foot, wing-shaped unit mounted under the fuselage. The antenna swept a 60-degree arc along the flight path of the plane, and a higher frequency signal gave a much-improved radarscope picture. The 315th had been trained for low-altitude, nighttime pathfinder missions. Between 26 June and 10 August, they carried out a series of strikes against oil production facilities which essentially shut down the Japanese oil industry. The B-29Bs were also stripped of much defensive gunnery, adding capacity for additional incendiary or high-explosive bombs.
By now, the B-29 raids were essentially unopposed by Japanese fighters. In late June, B-29 crews felt sufficiently confident that they began to drop leaflets warning the population of forthcoming attacks, followed three days later by a raid in which the specified urban area was devastated by mass carpet bombing. By the end of June, the civilian population began to show signs of panic, and the Imperial Cabinet first began to consider negotiating an end to the war. However, at that time, the Japanese military was adamant about continuing on to the bitter end.
In June 1945, the XX and XXI Bombardment Commands were grouped under the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific (USASTAF), under the command of General Carl A. Spaatz. The history of XXI Bomber Command terminated on 16 July 1945. On that date the command was redesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, Twentieth Air Force. This redesignation brought to an end the XXI Bomber Command as a separate establishment, as it was absorbed into the internal organizational structure of Twentieth Air Force and was placed under the command of USASTAF.
Lineage
- Constituted as XXI Bomber Command on 1 Mar 1944, and activated the same day.
- Inactivated 16 Jul 1945
Assignments
- Second Air Force, 1 Mar - 4 Dec 1944
- Twentieth Air Force, 4 Dec 1944 - 16 Jul 1945
Bases Assigned
- Smoky Hill AAF, Kansas, 1 Mar - 11 Jun 1944
- Peterson Field, Colorado, 11 Jun - 20 Oct 1944
- Harmon Airfield, Guam, Marianas Islands, 4 Dec 1944 - 16 Jul 1945
Units assigned
- 58th Bombardment Wing, Based at West Field, Tinian, 29 March-16 July 1945
- The 58th was the first B-29 Superfortress Wing, initially based in India with XX Bomber Command in April 1944.
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- 73d Bombardment Wing, Based at Isley Field, Saipan, 9 November 1944–16 July 1945
- The 73d was the second B-29 wing, used as a training organization by Second Air Force until deployed to the Pacific Theater. The primary mission of the 73d was the firebombing of Japan, flying low-level night missions dropping incendiary bombs over wide areas to destroy Japanese industry and military capability.
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- 313th Bombardment Wing, Based at North Field, Tinian, 8 June 1944–16 July 1945
- The 313th participated in the fire-bombing raids, but its primary mission was the mining of Japanese sea lanes. The mining operation was conceived by the United States Navy. At the time, it was considered a secondary mission, but later analysis revealed that it had a devastating effect. Japan was an island nation highly dependent on imports, especially fuel and food. The operation resulted in imports being reduced by almost 95%. This caused enormous shortages.
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*Note: 509th Composite Group reported directly to 20th Air Force CC
- 314th Bombardment Wing, Based at North Field, Guam, 8 June 1944–16 July 1945
- The 314th began operations from Guam in February 1945. It participated in the fire bombing, but the first ten day blitz resulting in the Army Air Forces running out of incendiary bombs. Like her sister wings, the 314th then flew conventional strategic bombing missions using high explosive bombs.
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- 315th Bombardment Wing: Based at Northwest Field, Guam, 5 April 1945-16 July 1945
- The fifth and last B-29 wing to be assigned to XXI Bomber Command, the groups of the 315th were equipped with the fast B-29B Superfortress variant armed only with a radar controlled tail turret and fitted with Eagle radar. Its mission was the destruction of the Japanese petroleum industry.
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References
- Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
External links
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