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Starship Troopers

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This article is about the novel. For the 1997 film, see Starship Troopers (film).
For other uses, see Starship Troopers (disambiguation).

Starship Troopers
First edition cover
AuthorRobert A. Heinlein
LanguageEnglish
GenreScience fiction
Philosophical novel[1][2]
PublisherG. P. Putnam's Sons
Publication date
December 1959
Publication placeUnited States
Media typePrint (hardback & paperback)
Pages263 pp (paperback edition)
ISBN0-450-02576-4
OCLC2797649
[Fic]
LC ClassPZ7.H368 Su8

Starship Troopers is a military science fiction novel by Robert A. Heinlein, first published (in abridged form) as a serial in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction (October, November 1959, as "Starship Soldier") and published hardcover in December, 1959.

The first-person narrative is about a young soldier from the Philippines named Juan "Johnnie" Rico and his exploits in the Mobile Infantry, a futuristic military unit equipped with powered armor. Rico's military career progresses from recruit to non-commissioned officer and finally to officer against the backdrop of an interstellar war between mankind and an arachnoid species known as "the Bugs". Rico and the other characters discuss moral and philosophical aspects of suffrage, civic virtue, juvenile delinquency, capital punishment, and war.[3]

Starship Troopers won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1960.[4] The novel has attracted controversy and criticism for its social and political themes including fascism and militarism.[5]

Heinlein's military background and political views

Heinlein graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1929, and served on active duty in the U.S. Navy for five years. He served on the then new aircraft carrier USS Lexington in 1931, and as a naval lieutenant aboard the destroyer USS Roper between 1933 and 1934, until he was forced to leave the Navy because of pulmonary tuberculosis. Heinlein never served in active combat while a Navy officer and he was a civilian during World War II doing research and development at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.[6] Heinlein's non-combat Naval service would become a point of contention in later criticism of Starship Troopers.

According to Heinlein, his desire to write Starship Troopers was sparked by the publication of a newspaper advertisement placed by the National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy on April 5, 1958 calling for a unilateral suspension of nuclear weapon testing by the United States. In response, Robert and Virginia Heinlein created the small "Patrick Henry League" in an attempt to create support for the U.S. nuclear testing program. During the unsuccessful campaign, Heinlein found himself under attack both from within and outside the science fiction community for his views. Starship Troopers may therefore be viewed as Heinlein both clarifying and defending his military and political views of the time.[7]

Writing of the novel

Some time during 1958 and 1959, Heinlein ceased work on the novel that would become Stranger in a Strange Land and wrote Starship Troopers. It was first published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction in October and November 1959 as a serial called Starship Soldier. Although originally written as a juvenile novel for New York publishing house Scribner, it was rejected,[8] prompting Heinlein to cease writing juvenile fiction for Scribners, to end his association with them completely, and begin writing books with more adult themes.[9] The novel was eventually published as teenage fiction by G. P. Putnam's Sons.[10]

Plot

Cover of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction (November 1959), illustrating Starship Soldier.
Further information: [[:List of Starship Troopers characters]]

Starship Troopers takes place in the midst of an interstellar war between the Terran Federation of Earth and the Arachnids (referred to as "The Bugs") of Klendathu. It is narrated as a series of flashbacks by Juan Rico, and is one of only a few Heinlein novels set out in this fashion.[11] The novel opens with Rico aboard the corvette Rodger Young (presumably named after Rodger Wilton Young), serving with the platoon known as "Rasczak's Roughnecks" (named after the platoon leader, Lt. Rasczak) about to embark on a raid against the planet of the "Skinnies," who are allies of the Arachnids. We learn that he is a cap(sule) trooper in the Terran Federation's Mobile Infantry. The raid itself, one of the few instances of actual combat in the novel, is relatively brief: the Roughnecks land on the planet, destroy their targets, and retreat, suffering a single casualty in the process (Dizzy Flores, who dies in the retrieval boat of wounds received in action).

The story then flashes back to Rico's graduation from high school, and his decision to sign up for Federal Service over the objections of his father, who disowns him. This is the only chapter that describes Rico's civilian life, and most of it is spent on the monologues of two people: retired Lt. Col. Jean V. Dubois, Rico's school instructor in "History and Moral Philosophy," and Fleet Sergeant Ho, a recruiter for the armed forces of the Terran Federation.

Dubois serves as a stand-in for Heinlein throughout the novel, and delivers what is probably the book's most famous soliloquy on violence, and how it "has settled more issues in history than has any other factor."[12] Fleet Sergeant Ho's monologues examine the nature of military service, and his anti-military tirades appear in the book primarily as a contrast with Dubois. It is later revealed that his rants are calculated to scare off the weaker applicants.

Interspersed throughout the book are other flashbacks to Rico's high school History and Moral Philosophy course, which describe how in the Terran Federation of Rico's day, the rights of a full Citizen (to vote, and hold public office) must be earned through some form of volunteer Federal service. Those residents who have not exercised their right to perform this Federal Service retain the other rights generally associated with a modern democracy (free speech, assembly, etc.), but they cannot vote or hold public office. This structure arose ad hoc after the collapse of the 20th century Western democracies, brought on by both social failures at home (and by extension, the poor handling of juvenile delinquency) and military defeat by the Chinese Hegemony overseas.[13]

In the next section of the novel Rico goes to boot camp at Camp Arthur Currie, on the northern prairies. Five chapters are spent exploring Rico's experience entering the service under the training of his instructor, career Ship's Sergeant Charles Zim. Camp Currie is so rigorous that less than ten percent of the recruits finish basic training; the rest either resign, are expelled, or die in training. One of the chapters deals with Ted Hendrick, a fellow recruit and constant complainer who is flogged and expelled for striking a superior officer (he caught Sgt. Zim by surprise). Another recruit, a deserter who murdered a baby girl while AWOL, is hanged by his battalion. Rico himself is flogged for poor handling of (simulated) nuclear weapons during a drill; despite these experiences he eventually graduates and is assigned to a unit.

At some point during Rico's training, the 'Bug War' has begun to brew, and Rico finds himself taking part in combat operations. The war "officially" starts with an Arachnid attack that annihilates the city of Buenos Aires (which kills Juan's mother), although Rico makes it clear that prior to the attack there were plenty of "'incidents,' 'patrols,' or 'police actions.'"[14] Rico briefly describes the Terran Federation's loss at the Battle of Klendathu where his unit is decimated and his ship destroyed. Following Klendathu, the Terran Federation is reduced to making hit-and-run raids similar to the one described at the beginning of the novel (which, chronologically would be placed between Chapters 10 and 11). Rico meanwhile finds himself posted to Rasczak's Roughnecks. This part of the book focuses on the daily routine of military life, as well as the relationship between officers and non-commissioned officers, personified in this case by Rasczak and Sergeant Jelal.

Eventually, Rico decides to become a career soldier and attends Officer Candidate School, which turns out to be just like boot camp, only "squared and cubed with books added."[15] Rico is commissioned a temporary Third Lieutenant as a field-test final exam and commands his own unit during Operation Royalty; eventually he graduates as a Second Lieutenant and full-fledged officer.

There is also the account of a meeting between Rico and his father, who has joined up since Rico's mother was killed at Buenos Aires. The final chapter serves as more of a coda, depicting Rico aboard the Rodger Young as the lieutenant in command of Rico's Roughnecks, preparing to drop to Klendathu as part of a major strike, his father being his sergeant and a Native American Third Lieutenant-in-training (James Bearpaw, known as "Jimmie") of his own under his wing.

Major themes

Politics

Starship Troopers is a political essay as well as a novel. Large portions of the book take place in classrooms, with Rico and other characters engaged in debates with their History and Moral Philosophy teacher, who is often thought to be speaking in Heinlein's voice.[citation needed] The overall theme of the book is that social responsibility requires being prepared to make individual sacrifice. Heinlein's Terran Federation is a limited democracy with aspects of a meritocracy based on willingness to sacrifice in the common interest. Suffrage belongs only to those willing to serve their society by at least two years of volunteer Federal Service – "the franchise is today limited to discharged veterans", (ch. XII), instead of, as Heinlein would later note, anyone "...who is 18 years old and has a body temperature near 37 °C"[16] The Federation is required to find a place for anyone who desires to serve, regardless of his skill or aptitude (this also includes service ranging from teaching to dangerous non-military work such as serving as experimental medical test subjects).

There is an explicitly-made contrast to the democracies of the 20th century, which according to the novel, collapsed because "people had been led to believe that they could simply vote for whatever they wanted... and get it, without toil, without sweat, without tears."[17] Indeed, Colonel Dubois criticizes as unrealistic the famous U.S. Declaration of Independence line concerning "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness". No one can stop anyone from pursuing happiness, but life and liberty are said to exist only if they are deliberately sought and paid for.

Starship Troopers is also widely-regarded as a vehicle for Heinlein's anti-communist views. Characters attack Karl Marx (a "pompous fraud"), the labor theory of value ("All the work one cares to add will not turn a mud pie into an apple tart..."),[18] and Plato's The Republic ("ant-like communism" and "weird in the extreme").[19]

Military history, traditions, and military science

The Korean War ended only five years before Heinlein began writing Starship Troopers, and the book makes several direct references to it, such as the claim that "no 'Department of Defense' ever won a war."[20] Heinlein also refers to the American prisoners of war taken in that conflict, including the popular accusations of Communist brainwashing.[21] After the Korean War ended, there were rumors that the Chinese and North Koreans continued to hold a large number of Americans.[22] Rico's History and Moral Philosophy class at Officer Candidate School has a long discussion about whether it is moral to never leave a single man behind, even at the risk of starting a new war. Rico debates whether it was worth it to risk two nations' futures over a single man who might not even deserve to live, but concludes it "doesn't matter whether it's a thousand – or just one, sir. You fight."[23]

Several references are made to other wars: these include the name of the starship that collided with Valley Forge, Ypres, a major battleground in World War I, the starship Mannerheim, a reference to the World War II-era marshal of Finland, as well as Rico's boot camp, Camp Arthur Currie (named after Sir Arthur Currie who commanded the Canadian Corps during that war); a brief reference is also made to Camp Sergeant Smokey Smith, named after a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross in World War II. The airport was the location of the U.S. Army Air Corps' Walla Walla Army Air Base in World War II. The 91st Bomb Group lays claim to being the first Army Air Forces outfit to utilize that base. Another World War I reference was the phrase "Come on, you apes! You wanna live forever?", which comes from Gunnery Sergeant Dan Daly at the Battle of Belleau Wood (although instead of "apes", Daly said "sons of bitches"). This phrase, however, has been attributed to various people throughout military history, including perhaps the earliest documented citation by Frederick II of Prussia when he was meant to have said "Kerls, wollt ihr ewig leben?" (tr. "Men, would you live forever?") at the Battle of Kolín. The Rodger Young was named after the World War II Medal of Honor recipient, and the lines from the chorus of Frank Loesser's Ballad of Rodger Young is used as the ship's recognition signal. Another war reference, this one from the War of 1812, is the implications of the court-martial of Third Lieutenant William Sitgreaves Cox, which are discussed in some detail.

Military innovations

Further information: [[:Powered armor]]

In addition to Heinlein's political views, Starship Troopers popularized a number of military concepts and innovations, some of which have inspired real life research. The novel's most noted innovation is the powered armor exoskeletons used by the Mobile Infantry.[24] These suits were controlled by the wearer's own movements, but powerfully augmented a soldier's strength, speed, weight carrying capacity (which allowed much heavier personal armament), jumping ability (including jet and rocket boost assistance), and provided the wearer with improved senses (infrared vision and night vision, radar, and amplified hearing), a completely self-contained personal environment including a drug-dispensing apparatus, sophisticated communications equipment, and tactical map displays. Their powered armor made the Mobile Infantry a hybrid between an infantry unit and an armored one.

Another concept the book pioneered was that of "space-borne infantry". The heavily mechanized units of M.I. troops were attached to interstellar troop transport spacecraft, which then delivered them to planetary target zones, by dropping groups of Mobile Infantrymen onto the planet surface from orbit via individual re-entry capsules (hence the book's slang term "cap troopers" for M.I. troops). The uses for such a force—ranging from smash-and-burn raids, to surgical strikes, conventional infantry warfare, and holding beachheads—and the tactics that might be employed by such soldiers are described extensively within the novel. The tactics, training, and many other aspects of this futuristic elite force are carefully detailed: everything from the function of the armored suits themselves, to the need for multiple variants of powered armor, to the training of personnel in both suit operations and the specialized unit tactics that would be needed, to the operational use of the suits in combat.

Popularity with U.S. military

While powered armor is Starship Troopers' most famous legacy, its influence extends deep into contemporary warfare. Over half a century after its publication, Starship Troopers is on the reading lists of the United States Marine Corps,[25][26][27] and the United States Navy.[28] It is the first science fiction novel on the reading lists at three of the five United States military branches. When Heinlein wrote Starship Troopers the United States military was a largely conscripted force, with conscripts serving two-year hitches. Today the U.S. military has incorporated many ideas similar to Heinlein's concept of an all-volunteer, high-tech strike force. In addition, references to the book keep appearing in military culture. In 2002 a Marine general described the future of Marine Corps clothing and equipment as needing to emulate the Mobile Infantry.[29]

Controversy

To Heinlein's surprise,[30] Starship Troopers won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1960.[4] By 1980, twenty years after its release, it had been translated into eleven languages and was still selling strongly. However, Heinlein complained that, despite this success, almost all the mail he received about it was negative and he only heard about it "when someone wants to chew me out."[31]

Literary critiques

The main literary criticism against Starship Troopers is that it is nothing more than a vehicle for Heinlein's political views. John Brunner compared it to a "Victorian children's book"[32] while Anthony Boucher, founder of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, remarked that Heinlein had "forgotten to insert a story."[32] Alexei Panshin complained that the novel was overly simplistic—"[an] account of the making of a [Marine] ... and nothing more"[33]—and that the characters were simply mouthpieces for Heinlein: "At the end you know nothing of [Rico's] tastes, his likes and dislikes, his personal life. The course of the book changes him in no way because there is nothing to change – Rico remains first and last a voice reading lines about how nice it is to be a soldier.... The other characters are even more sketchy, or are simple expositions of an attitude."[33] Richard Geib adds "The real life 'warriors' I have known are all more multi-faceted than anyone we meet in Starship Troopers. And the ones I know who have killed are much more ambivalent about having done so."[34] He further complained about the almost complete lack of sexuality among the characters and the absence of any serious romance.[34]

In his review column for F&SF, Damon Knight selected the novel as one of the 10 best genre books of 1959.[35]

In a 2009 retrospective, Jo Walton finds Starship Troopers "military SF done extremely well."[36] "Heinlein was absolutely at his peak when he wrote this in 1959. He had so much technical stylistic mastery of the craft of writing science fiction that he could do something like this and get away with it." "It’s astonishing that [Starship Troopers is] still controversial now, fifty years after it was first published," and "Probably [Heinlein would] have been delighted at how much the book has made people think and argue."[36]

Allegations of militarism

Another complaint about Starship Troopers is that it is either inherently militaristic or pro-military. There was a two-year debate in the Proceedings of the Institute for Twenty-First Century Studies (PITFCS) that was sparked by a comparison between a quote in Starship Troopers that "the noblest fate that a man can endure is to place his own mortal body between his loved home and war's desolation"[37] (paraphrase of the fourth stanza of "The Star-Spangled Banner") and the anti-war poem "Dulce et Decorum Est" by Wilfred Owen.[32] Dean McLaughlin called it "a book-length recruiting poster."[32] Alexei Panshin, a veteran of the peacetime military, argued that Heinlein glossed over the reality of military life, and that the Terran Federation-Arachnid conflict existed simply because, "Starship troopers are not half so glorious sitting on their butts polishing their weapons for the tenth time for lack of anything else to do."[33] Joe Haldeman, a Vietnam veteran and author of the anti-war Hugo[38]- and Nebula[39]-winning science fiction novel The Forever War, similarly complained that Starship Troopers unnecessarily glorifies war.[40]

Defending Heinlein, George Price argued that "[Heinlein] implies, first, that war is something 'endured,' not enjoyed, and second, that war is so unpleasant, so desolate, that it must at all costs be kept away from one's home."[32] In a commentary on his essay "Who Are the Heirs of Patrick Henry?", Heinlein agreed that Starship Troopers "glorifies the military ... Specifically the P.B.I., the Poor Bloody Infantry, the mudfoot who places his frail body between his loved home and the war's desolation – but is rarely appreciated... he has the toughest job of all and should be honored."[41] The book's dedication also reads in part "... to all sergeants everywhere who have labored to make men out of boys."[42] Heinlein also received some complaints about the lack of conscription in Starship Troopers (the military draft was the law in the United States when he wrote the novel).[43]

Allegations of fascism

Another accusation is that the Terran Federation is a fascist society, and that Starship Troopers is therefore an endorsement of fascism. These allegations have become so popular that Sircar's Corollary of Godwin's Law states that once Heinlein is brought up during online debates, "Nazis or Hitler are mentioned within three days."[44] The most visible proponent of these views is probably Paul Verhoeven, whose film version of Starship Troopers portrayed the Terran Federation's personnel wearing uniforms strongly reminiscent of those worn by the Third Reich-era Wehrmacht; but Verhoeven admits that he never finished reading the actual book.[45] Most of the arguments for this view cite the idea that only veterans can vote and non-veterans lack full citizenship; moreover, only veterans are permitted to teach the course "History & Moral Philosophy", children are taught that moral arguments for the status quo are mathematically correct, and both capital and corporal punishment are accepted as methods of teaching morality and reducing crime. Federal Service is not necessarily military, although it is suggested that hardship and strict discipline are pervasive. According to Poul Anderson, Heinlein got the idea not from Nazi Germany or Sparta, but from Switzerland.[13]

Defenders of the book usually point out that although the electoral franchise is limited, the government of the Terran Federation is democratically elected. There is freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of conscience for non-citizens ("residents"). The military service is entirely volunteer, with no conscription: infantrymen can even resign just before being sent into combat, with no sanction other than discharge without the right to citizenship and the vote. The political system described in the book is multiracial, multi-religious, and multi-ethnic. The protagonist Juan Rico is Filipino and others in his training group are American, Armenian, Japanese, German, Australian, and Turkish, or Arab, and one or two have recognizably Jewish last names. Women play a prominent role in the military, especially as pilots and ships' captains. Many also argue that Heinlein was simply discussing the merits of a "selective versus nonselective franchise."[32] [volume & issue needed] Heinlein made a similar claim in his Expanded Universe and further noted that 95% of "veterans" were not military personnel but members of the civil service and that only retired veterans could vote or hold office. [46][volume & issue needed]

However, this issue is still controversial, even among the book's defenders. James Gifford[8] points to several quotes as indications that the characters assume Federal Service is military; for instance, when Rico tells his father he is interested in Federal Service, his father immediately explains his belief that Federal Service is a bad idea because there is no war in progress, indicating that he sees Federal Service as military in nature, or not necessary to a businessman during peacetime. Some Federal Service recruiters wear military ribbons, and a term of service "is either real military service... or a most unreasonable facsimile thereof." Moreover, the history of Federal Service describes it as being started by military veterans who did not originally allow civilians to join and are not described as allowing them to join later. Gifford decides, as a result, that although Heinlein's intentions may have been that Federal Service be 95% non-military, in relation to the actual contents of the book, Heinlein "is wrong on this point. Flatly so."

Allegations of utopianism

More recently, the book has been analyzed as a utopia (in the sense of a society that does not, and cannot, exist), and that while Heinlein's ideas sound plausible, they have never been put to the test and are, actually, impractical or utopian. This criticism has been leveled by writers such as Robert A. W. Lowndes, Philip José Farmer, and Michael Moorcock. The latter wrote an essay entitled "Starship Stormtroopers" in which he attacked Heinlein and other writers over similar "Utopian fiction."[47] Lowndes accused Heinlein of using straw man arguments, "countering ingenuous half-truths with brilliant half-truths."[32] Lowndes further argued that the Terran Federation could never be as idealistic as Heinlein portrays it to be because he never properly addressed "whether or not [non-citizens] have at least as full a measure of civil redress against official injustice as we have today".[32] Farmer also agreed, arguing that a "world ruled by veterans would be as mismanaged, graft-ridden, and insane as one ruled by men who had never gotten near the odor of blood and guts."[32]

Allegations of racism

The supposedly racist aspects of Starship Troopers involve the Terrans' relations with the Bugs and the Skinnies. Richard Geib has suggested that Heinlein portrayed the individual Arachnids as lacking "minds or souls... killing them seems no different from stepping on ants."[34] Both Robert Peterson and John Brunner believe that the nicknames "Bugs" and "Skinnies" carry racial overtones, Brunner using the analogy of the Korean word for person "gook"[32] while Peterson suggested that "not only does the nickname 'Bugs' for the arachnids of Klendathu sound too much like a racial slur – think of the derogatory use of the word 'Jew' – but Heinlein's characters unswervingly believe that humans are superior to Bugs, and that humans are destined to spread across the galaxy."[48]

Robert A. W. Lowndes argues that the war between the Terrans and the Arachnids is not about a quest for racial purity, but rather an extension of Heinlein's belief that man is a wild animal. According to this theory, if man lacks a moral compass beyond the will to survive, and he was confronted by another species with a similar lack of morality, then the only possible moral result would be warfare.[32]

Cultural influence

Books

Starship Troopers influenced many later science fiction stories, setting a tone for the military in space, a type of story referred to as military science fiction. John Steakley's novel Armor was, according to the author, born out of frustration with the small amount of actual combat in Starship Troopers and because he wanted this aspect developed further.[49] Conversely, Joe Haldeman's anti-war novel The Forever War is popularly thought to be a direct reply to Starship Troopers, and though Haldeman has stated that it is actually a result of his personal experiences in the Vietnam War, he has admitted to being influenced by Starship Troopers.[40] Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card is also thought by many to have been either a direct response to or influenced by Starship Troopers. Card has flatly denied this, saying that he never read the novel and did not read The Forever War until after writing Ender's Game.[50] Harry Harrison wrote a satirical book called Bill, the Galactic Hero which he described as "a piss-take on Heinlein's Starship Troopers."[51] John Scalzi's novel Old Man's War is, according to the author, explicitly patterned after Starship Troopers.[52] In recent years, John Ringo's series Legacy of the Aldenata (also known as the Posleen series) featured a more explicit homage to Heinlein's book. In 1987, a Choose Your Own Adventure-style interactive book set in the Starship Troopers universe, Combat Command in the World of Robert A. Heinlein's Starship Troopers: Shines the Name by Mark Acres, was published by Ace Publishers.

Film and television

The 1986 James Cameron film Aliens incorporated themes and phrases from the novel, such as the terms "the drop" and "bug hunt", as well as the cargo-loader exoskeleton. The actors playing the Colonial Marines were also required to read Starship Troopers as part of their preparation prior to filming.[53]

The film rights to the novel were licensed in the 1990s.[54] The first film, also titled Starship Troopers, was directed by Paul Verhoeven (RoboCop, Total Recall) and released in 1997. The film diverged greatly in terms of the themes and plot of the novel, and received mixed reviews from critics.[55] A sequel followed in 2004, titled Starship Troopers 2: Hero of the Federation, and another in 2008, Starship Troopers 3: Marauder. An animated series, Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles, which took inspiration from both the novel and the first film, was started in 1999 and lasted for 40 episodes. In December 2011, film producer Neal Moritz announced plans to do a remake of the film that promises to be more faithful to the source material.[56]

Yoshiyuki Tomino, the creator of the mecha anime TV series Mobile Suit Gundam (1979) has cited Starship Troopers as an important inspiration. He coined the term "mobile suit" used to name the piloted mecha from the anime series as a reference to the novel's own "mobile infantry". The Gundam series are notable because they started the Real Robot genre of mecha anime that continues to be portrayed in several Japanese sci-fi productions until this day.[57][58]

In 1988, Sunrise and Bandai Visual produced a 6-episode Japanese original video animation locally titled Uchū no Senshi with mobile infantry power armor designs by Kazutaka Miyatake (famous for his work on Macross/Robotech).

Games

In 1976, Avalon Hill published Robert Heinlein's Starship Troopers, a map-and-counter board wargame featuring a number of scenarios as written in the novel.[59] In 1997, as a tie-in with Verhoeven's film adaptation, they published Starship Troopers: Prepare For Battle!, which entirely focused on the film.[60] Starship Troopers: The Miniatures Game, a miniature wargame which used material from both the novel and the film was published by Mongoose Publishing in 2005.[61] In 1982, Radio Shack/Tandy published Klendathu by Leo Christopherson for the TRS-80 Model I/II/III and Color Computer.[62] In 1998, Mythic Entertainment[63] released Starship Troopers: Battlespace which was available to America Online subscribers. The game, in which players battled each other in overhead space combat, allowed players to assume either Klendathu or Federation roles. In 2000, Blue Tongue Entertainment released the top-down real-time tactics video game Starship Troopers: Terran Ascendancy.[64] A first-person shooter game titled Starship Troopers was released November 15, 2005, based on Paul Verhoeven's film version rather than on Heinlein's novel. It was developed by Strangelite and published by Empire Interactive. Starship Troopers is also thought to have influenced numerous games including Outwars,[65] Tribes, Tribes 2,[66] StarCraft,[67], Warhammer 40k and Crysis.

Comics

Dark Horse Comics, Mongoose Publishing and Markosia have held the license to produce comic books based on Starship Troopers. Over the years they have been written by writers like Warren Ellis, Gordon Rennie and Tony Lee.[68][69]

Release details

  • 1960-06-01, Putnam Publishing Group, hardcover, ISBN 0-399-20209-9
  • May, 1968, Berkley Medallion Edition, paperback, ISBN 0-425-02945-X and ISBN 0-425-03787-8
  • January 1984, Berkley Publishing Group, paperback, ISBN 0-425-07158-8
  • November 1985, Berkley Publishing Group, paperback, ISBN 0-425-09144-9
  • November 1986, Berkley Publishing Group, paperback, ISBN 0-425-09926-1
  • 1987-05-01, Ace Books, paperback, 263 pages, ISBN 0-441-78358-9
  • 1995-10-01, Buccaneer Books, hardcover, ISBN 1-56849-287-1
  • 1997-12-01, Blackstone Audiobooks, cassette audiobook, ISBN 0-7861-1231-X
  • 1998-07-01, G. K. Hall & Company, large print hardcover, 362 pages, ISBN 0-7838-0118-1
  • 1999-10-01, Sagebrush, library binding, ISBN 0-7857-8728-3
  • 2000-01-01, Blackstone Audiobooks, CD audiobook, ISBN 0-7861-9946-6
  • 2006-06-27, Ace Trade, paperback, ISBN 0-441-01410-0

References

Notes
  1. ^ "Ill Humor". Salon. November 13, 1997. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  2. ^ James, Edward & Farah Mendlesohn. The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge University Press, 2003. pp 231
    "[Heinlein's] works include some that are sensitive to the realities of politics, and some that decidedly are not, but which do embody the imaginative exposition of a political philosophy. The best example of the former is Double Star; of the latter, Starship Troopers."
  3. ^ "ROBERT A. HEINLEIN: THE NOVELS". Luna-City.com. Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  4. ^ a b "1960 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
  5. ^ "Scott Rosenberg's critic of the movie from Salon.com, describing a fascist "G.I. Joe" novel". Retrieved April 18, 2006.
  6. ^ "Biographies of Robert and Virginia Heinlein". Retrieved December 16, 2007.
  7. ^ Heinlein. Expanded Universe. Baen Books. pp. 468–469, 481–482. ISBN 0448119161., page numbers vary depending on edition.
  8. ^ a b Gifford, James. "The Nature of Federal Service in Robert A. Heinlein's Starship Troopers" (PDF). Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  9. ^ Causo, Roberto de Sousa. "Citizenship at War". Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  10. ^ "Biographies of Robert and Virginia Heinlein". The Heinlein Society. Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  11. ^ "Heinlein in Dimension". Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  12. ^ Heinlein (1987). Starship Troopers. p. 26. ISBN 1156855438.
  13. ^ a b Weuve, Chris. "Thoughts on Starship Troopers". Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  14. ^ Heinlein (1987). Starship Troopers. p. 131. ISBN 1156855438.
  15. ^ Heinlein (1987). Starship Troopers. p. 172. ISBN 1156855438.
  16. ^ Heinlein. Expanded Universe. p. 485. ISBN 0448119161.
  17. ^ Heinlein (1987). Starship Troopers. p. 93. ISBN 1156855438.
  18. ^ Heinlein (1987). Starship Troopers. p. 92. ISBN 1156855438.
  19. ^ Heinlein (1987). Starship Troopers. p. 181. ISBN 1156855438.
  20. ^ Heinlein (1987). Starship Troopers. p. 133. ISBN 1156855438.
  21. ^ Heinlein (1987). Starship Troopers. p. 184. ISBN 1156855438.
  22. ^ "DPMO: Korean War Missing Personnel". Archived from the original on April 3, 2006. Retrieved March 4, 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help). Similar accusations would be made during the Vietnam and Gulf Wars.
  23. ^ Heinlein (1987). Starship Troopers. p. 178. ISBN 1156855438.
  24. ^ Weiss, Peter. "Dances with Robots". Science News Online. Archived from the original on January 16, 2006. Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  25. ^ "ALMAR 246/96". 1996. Archived from the original on February 22, 2006. Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  26. ^ "Commandant of the US Marine Corps: Official Reading List". Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  27. ^ "2nd Battalion, 6th Marines. Battalion Commander's Reading List". Archived from the original on December 19, 2005. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  28. ^ "Junior Enlisted Reading List". Retrieved May 6, 2009.
  29. ^ Brig. Gen. James M. Feigley, Marine Corps Systems Command. Quoted in Brill, Arthur P. Jr. "The Last Ounce of Combat Readiness". Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  30. ^ Heinlein. Expanded Universe. p. 482. ISBN 0448119161.. "I still can't see how that book got a Hugo."
  31. ^ Heinlein. Expanded Universe. p. 482. ISBN 0448119161.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Starship Troopers: The PITFCS Debate". Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  33. ^ a b c Panshin, Alexei. "Heinlein in Dimension". Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  34. ^ a b c Geib, Richard. ""STARSHIP TROOPERS" by Robert A. Heinlein. An opinion". Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  35. ^ "Books", F&SF, April 1960, p.98
  36. ^ a b Review of Starship Troopers by Jo Walton
  37. ^ Heinlein (1987). Starship Troopers. p. 91. ISBN 1156855438.
  38. ^ "1976 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
  39. ^ "1975 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
  40. ^ a b Haldeman, Joe (1998). "1998 SciFi.com interview". Archived from the original on March 15, 2006. Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  41. ^ Heinlein. Expanded Universe. p. 484. ISBN 0448119161.
  42. ^ Berkley Medallion paperback edition. The nitrosyncretic site's "Heinlein’s Dedications" incorrectly uses the "anywhere" word instead of "everywhere".
  43. ^ Heinlein. Expanded Universe. pp. 483–484. ISBN 0448119161.
  44. ^ Godwin, Mike (October 1, 2004). "Meme, Counter-meme". Wired. Retrieved March 24, 2006.
  45. ^ Peterson, Robert (2000). "Starship Troopers: Film and Heinlein's Vision". Space.com. Retrieved March 4, 2006. {{cite web}}: |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help)
  46. ^ Heinlein. Expanded Universe. pp. 396–404. ISBN 0448119161.
  47. ^ Moorcock, Michael (1977). "Starship Stormtroopers". Archived from the original on December 24, 2002. Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  48. ^ Peterson, Robert (2000). "Militarism and Utopia in Starship Troopers". Space.com. Retrieved March 4, 2006.[dead link‍]
  49. ^ Dave Alpern (1997). "Steakley Interviews – First Chat". The Official Unofficial John Steakley Site. Archived from the original on June 6, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  50. ^ "Student Research Area: Orson Scott Card Answers Questions". 2000. Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  51. ^ "Harry Harrison". Archived from the original on August 30, 2005. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  52. ^ Hoffman, Douglas (2005). "Old Man's War: The Distaff View". Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  53. ^ Sigourney Weaver (Lead actress) (December 2, 2003). Alien Quadrilogy (Superior Firepower: The Making of Aliens) (DVD). California, United States: 20th Century Fox. UPC 024543098478.
  54. ^ Robley, Les Paul (1997). "Interstellar Exterminators. Ornery insects threaten the galaxy in Starship Troopers". American Cinematographer. 78 (11). California, United States of America: American Society of Cinematographers: 56–66. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  55. ^ "Starship Troopers – Rotten Tomatoes". Retrieved February 1, 2008.
  56. ^ "A New Invasion: 'Starship Troopers' Headed for a Remake". Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  57. ^ Tomino, Yoshiyuki (2004). Mobile Suit Gundam: Awakening, Escalation, Confrontation. Stone Bridge Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-880656-86-0.
  58. ^ Simmons, Mark (2002). Gundam The Official Guide. Seiji Horibuchi. p. 41. ISBN 1569317399.
  59. ^ "Robert Heinlein's Starship Troopers (1976)". BoardGameGeek. n.d. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
  60. ^ "Starship Troopers". Skirmisher Publishing LLC. n.d. Retrieved February 1, 2008.[dead link‍]
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  62. ^ "Klendathu". Nitros9.lcurtisboyle.com. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  63. ^ "Mythic Entertainment". Retrieved May 2, 2006.
  64. ^ "Starship Troopers: Terran Ascendancy". Retrieved March 4, 2006.
  65. ^ Marines in Powered Armor & bug-like Aliens engaged in Intergalactic Battle in the PC game Outwars
  66. ^ A training mission in Tribes 2 uses the phrase "on the bounce" from the novel.
  67. ^ Heinlein was thanked in the credits of StarCraft
  68. ^ Johnson, Craig (October 21, 2004). "Tony Lee: I Lost My Heart To A Starship Trooper". Comics Bulletin. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
  69. ^ Saunders, Steven (January 7, 2007). "Tony Lee: Comic Book Trooper". Comics Bulletin. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
Bibliography
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