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Tuareg rebellion (2012)

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2012 insurgency in northern Mali
Part of Tuareg rebellions

Map of the rebel territorial claims and rebel attacks as of 20 February 2012.
Date17 January 2012[3] – present
Location
Northern Mali
Status

Ongoing

  • Tuareg rebels capture 8 northern cities and several army bases
  • Malian president Amadou Toumani Touré is ousted by a coup d'état
Belligerents
 Mali
National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State
 United States AFRICOM (logistical support[1][2])		 National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA)
Ancar Dine
Commanders and leaders
Amadou Toumani Touré
Amadou Sanogo		 Moussa Ag Acharatoumane
Najim Ag Mohamed[4]
Strength
MNLA: 1,000[5]-2,000
Ancar Dine: unknown
Casualties and losses
97 killed (Malian sources)[6]
500-1,500+ captured or deserted[7]
Non-human losses
1 helicopter
Weapons caches		 65 killed (Mali military source)[8][9]
80,000 refugees abroad[10]
100,000+ internally displaced persons[11]
President Amadou Toumani Touré's ousted (by a coup d'etat)

The 2012 insurgency in northern Mali is an ongoing event that began in January 2012 amongst elements of the Tuareg and other peoples[12][13] of the Sahara desert region of the Azawad, as a separatist rebellion against the Malian government. It is led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad in the most recent incarnation of a series of insurgencies by formerly nomadic Tuareg populations which date back at least to 1916. MNLA has been formed by former insurgents and a significant number of returning and heavily armed Tuareg fighters who fought for either the National Transitional Council or the Libyan army during the Libyan civil war.[12] On 22 March, President Amadou Toumani Touré was ousted in a coup d'etat over his handling of the crisis, a month before a presidential election was to have taken place.[14]

Background

The MNLA was a political movement simply known as the National Movement for Azawad (MNA) prior to the conflict. Some of their militants were jailed or molested. Then it turned to be an armed conflict.[12] After the end of the Libyan civil war, an influx of weaponry led to the arming of the Tuareg in their demand for independence for the Azawad.[15] The strength of this uprising and the use of heavy weapons, which were not present in the previous conflicts, were said to have "surprised" Malian officials and observers.[5]

Another Tuareg-dominated group, Ancar Dine (Defenders of Islam), is also fighting against the government. This group however, seeks to impose sharia law throughout the territory, according to Ag Aoussa. He is in turn closely aligned with the movement's leader Iyad Ag Ghaly, who was part of the early 1990's rebellion and is believed to be linked to an offshoot of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) that is led by his cousin Hamada Ag Hama,[16] by Mauritania and Mali. Iyad Ag Ghaly was also said to have been affiliated with Algeria's Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité (DRS) since 2003. There were also reports of an Algerian military presence in the area on 20 December, 2011. Though Mali said they were in coordination against AQIM, there were no reported attacks in the region at the time; the MNLA even complained that the Malian government had not done enough to fight AQIM. Locals believed that the presence was due to the MNLA's promise to root out AQIM which was involved in drug traffiking allegedly with the connivance of high-ranking officers and threatened to turn Mali into a narcostate.[7] By March, the MNLA was rumoured to have factionalised, according to the sources in the Malian government,[17] with the Islamist Ancar Dine claiming to control of the region after the capture of several cities[18] previously atributed to the MNLA.

Incidents

January

According to Stratfor, the first attacks took place in Ménaka on the 16 and 17 January. On 17 January attacks in Aguelhok and Tessalit were reported. The Mali government claimed to have regained control of all three towns the next day.[19] On 24 January the rebels retook Aguelhok after the Malian army ran out of ammunition.[7] The next day the Mali government once again recaptured the city.[19] On 26 January, rebels attacked and took control over the northern Mali towns of Andéramboukane and Léré after clashes with the military.[20] Stratfor also reported an attack on Niafunké on 31 January.[19] The AFP reported that the rebels had captured Ménaka on 1 February.[21] On 13 February, the French radio station RFI reported claims by the Malian army that the MLNA had carried out executions of its soldiers by slitting their throats or shooting them in the head. French Development Minister Henri de Raincourt mentioned that there had been about 60 deaths, while a Malian officer involved in burying the dead told the AFP that 97 soldiers had been killed, a higher number than the previously estimated 40 soldiers killed.[6] Modern Ghana put the death toll at 82.[22] However, the evidence was unverified and even partly refuted as fabricated by the MNLA. Villagers said that only soldiers had been killed in battle with AQIM responsible for any "massacre." However, there was no precedence to indicate the Tuaregs resort to such measures, only that AQIM had a history of doing so.[7] Mali had also launched air and land counter operations to take back seized territory,[23] amid protests in Bamako[24] and Kati.[25]

February

On 1 February, the MNLA took control of the city of Menaka when the Malian army operated what they called a tactical retreat. The violence in the north led to counter protests in the capital city of Bamako. Dozens of Malian soldiers were also killed in fighting in Aguelhoc.[26] Following the Bamako protests, the interior minister replaced the defense minister. Mali's President Amadou Toumani Touré also called on the population to not attack any community after some Tuaregs' properties were attacked during the Bamako protests.[27]

On 4 February, Tuaregs said that they were attacking the city of Kidal, while the Malian army said that their troops were firing heavy weapons to prevent the city from being attacked. As a result of the fighting, 3,500 civilians left the city to cross the border into Mauritania. Previously an estimated 10,000 civilians had fled to refugee camps Niger after the fighting in Menaka and Andéramboukane.[28] Official Malian sources reported that 20 Tuareg rebels have been killed by the army in the Timbuktu region, most of them being killed by helicopter gunships.[29] Tuareg rebels launched a major new offensive against Mali's security forces and military in a bid to seize the northern town of Kidal in early February 6th. Some loyalist Tuareg also fled to the city of Bamako, fearing reprisals after violent demonstrations in the first week of February. The Tuareg rebels had been bolstered by an influx of battle hardened fighters from Libya.[30] On 8 February, the MNLA seized the Mali-Algeria border town of Tinzaouaten as Malian soldiers crossed into Algeria.[31] A rebel spokesman said that they were able to gain weapons and military vehicles found in the military camps of the city. The fight for the town killed one government soldier and one rebel.[32]

On 23 February, a girl was killed and ten other women and children were injured, when the Malian air force bombed a camp for IDPs in the north, according to Médecins Sans Frontières. It also follows MNLA accusation of indiscriminate bombings by Malian attack helicopters piloted by foreign mercenaries.[33]

March

On 4 March, a new round of fighting was reported near the formerly rebel-held town of Tessalit.[34] The next day, three Malian army units gave up trying to lift the siege and were then forced to retreat into Algeria a week later.[35][7] The United States Air Force air-dropped supplies via a C-130 in support of the besieged Malian soldiers.[1]

On 11 March, the MNLA re-took Tessalit and its airport after efforts by the government and its allies to re-supply the town failed and the Malian military forces fled towards the border with Algeria. The MNLA announced that they had also captured several soldiers, as well as light and heavy weapons and armored vehicles.[36] About 600 Tuareg fighters took part in the battle.[37]

The Tuaregs advanced to about 125 kilometers away from Timbuktu and their advance was unchecked when they entered without fighting in the towns of Diré and Goundam.[38] A Malian military source said that as the cities were overrun the military planned to defend Niafunké.[39] The French newspaper Libération also reported claims that the rebels now controlled one third of Mali and that the Malian army was struggling to fight back. One of the three government helicopters manned by Ukrainian mercenaries had also broke down, while the two others were being kept to protect the south.[10][40][41] Ancar Dine also claimed to have control of the Mali-Algeria border. It was reported that its leaders were planning a prisoner swap with the Malian government.[42]

Coup d'état

Main article: 2012 Malian coup d'état

On 20 March, an op-ed on Al Jazeera suggested that there were "fissions within the Mali government and even talk of a Gao-based coup d'etat."[7] On the same day, tensions were said to have risen after Defence Minister,[who?] failed to address soldiers' grievances while speaking at a military camp.[43]

As an African Union (AU) ministerial meeting was under way in the country[44] on 21 March, gunfire erupted at a military camp near the presidential palace in Bamako just before a meeting was due to start between soldiers and defense minister General Sadio Gassama about the rebellion. The mutineers cited President Amadou Toumani Touré's poor handling of the insurgency and the ill-equipped Malian Army in the fight against the insurgents.[45] They then stoned the general's car, forcing him to flee the camp.[46][47] Two soldiers were injured, but the presidency said Gassama was neither injured nor arrested.[48]

Later that day, armored vehicles sealed off the presidential palace and reporters heard 10 minutes of automatic gunfire near the headquarters of the Malian state broadcaster, whose programmes went off air. Soldiers blocked the path to the buildings.[49] Several ministers and senior military advisors were said to have been detained.[50] The mutineers also seized control of the state radio[51] and television[which?] building after which 20 soldiers dressed in army gear made a statement from the studio which was read by the spokesman for the new institution to run national affairs, Lieutenant Amadou Konare: "The National Committee for the Re-establishment of Democracy solemnly swears to return power to a democratically elected president as soon as national unity and territorial integrity are established."[50] The state-owned televiion network also briefly went off air for about an hour the day after the coup.[52]

In the evening, after several hours, Mali's state broadcaster[which?] came back on air with a brief message displayed against a backdrop of traditional Malian music and dance. "In a moment, there will be a statement by the military," the message read.[49] Riots also broke out at a military garrison near the northern town of Gao, and a military student reportedly said young recruits had started shooting in the air and took several of their senior commanding officers as hostages.[53][54]

The next morning, Captain Amadou Sanogo, the chairman National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State, made a television appearance in which he called for calm and condemned any pillaging[55] and that the interim regime would look to hand over to a new, democratically elected government.[56] The statement read: "The CNRDR ... has decided to assume its responsibilities by putting an end to the incompetent regime of Amadou Toumani Touré"; he also added that state institutions had been dissolved, the constitution had been suspended and an indefinite curfew was in place. They were said to have seized the presidential palace and held government ministers such as Foreign Minister Soumeylou Boubeye Maiga. The move was said to follow weeks of discontent and appeals for better supplies by the army.[14] Though the mutineering soldiers said they were unable to find Touré, who is in hiding,[57] the military forces who were loyal to him claimed he was safe and in good health. The mutineers also claimed they had arrested the defence minister.[14] A soldier said that the Presidential Guard had failed to defend the palace, and that rebel soldiers had burst in and secured the building and searched the grounds, but failed to capture the president.[58] The CRNDR also said it was closing all national borders, which was said to affect those who attended the AU meeting including Kenya's Foreign Minister Moses Wetangula.[44] In the days following the coup d'etat, uncertainty and violance were reported in the country, particularly in the capital Bamoko. Sanogo then appealed for calm.[59]

Immediate international reactions included the Economic Community of West African States's (ECOWAS) condemnation of the coup: "ECOWAS strongly condemns the misguided actions of the mutineers and warns that it will not condone any recourse to violence as a means of seeking redress"[60] and the U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's spokesman saying that the Secretary-General was following the event with "deep concern" and called for calm and for grievances to be resolved peacefully and within the democratic process. He also reaffirmed the UN's support for the constitutional order in the country.[61] The AU also suspended Mali as it would send a mission to evaluate the aftermath of the events which ia in "crisis;"[62] it added that Touré was safe.[63] Amongst states, the foreign minister of Mali's former colonial power France, Alain Juppe, said that as France condemns the coup "with the greatest firmness the toppling of the Constitutional order in Mali. It calls for the reestablishment of the Constitution and its institutions, with respect to freedom and fundamental rights, particularly those of the President Amadou Toumani Touré. [In the meanwhile] France suspends all its security cooperation with Mali. We will maintain our aid to the population, particularly food aid, and we will continue our efforts in the fight against terrorism."[64] The U.S. State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland also said its embassy was "monitoring the situation closely and has advised U.S. citizens in Mali to shelter in place;"[46] while the Australian government advised its citizens to stay off the streets and avoid any protests and demonstrations.[65] She also said that US$70 million was at risk: "Any US assistance to the government of Mali beyond what we give for humanitarian purposes is at risk if we cannot...get back to a democratic situation in the country,"[66] but she added that the decision to stop the aid was postponed pending ECOWAS attempts to resolve the crisis.[67] The EU and Canada had gone ahead with suspending aid.

Other reactions included Paul Lolo, the chairman of the AU's Peace and Security Council, who said that along with ECOWAS the two bodies were in negotiations for a return of the "legitimate government," he also added that direct military intervention was not a consideration at the time.[68] A statement from the AU that read: "The chairperson of the Commission strongly condemns this act of rebellion, which seriously undermines constitutional legality and constitutes a significant setback for Mali" and Jean Ping, the chairperson, who added that "the mutineers immediately to put an end to their action. This rebellion has no justification whatsoever, more so given the existence, in Mali, of democratic institutions which provide a framework for free expression and for addressing any legitimate claims." The European Union's Catherine Ashton added that “I condemn the apparent coup d’etat in Bamako and the suspension of the republican institutions of Mali. I call for the reestablishment of the constitutional order and the holding of democratic elections as soon as possible. In this crucial period for Mali, marked by a rebellion in the North, I call on all parties to show responsibility to ensure respect for human life, fundamental freedoms and the integrity of the country." The Organisation for Islamic Cooperation's Secretary-General Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu said that he was in "extreme shock" and called for the mutineers "to respect democracy and enable the Malian people...to express its free will." The United States' president's office, the White House, issued a statement that read it "strongly condemns the violence initiated by elements of the armed forces of Mali. We stand with the legitimately elected government of President Amadou Toumani Toure. Mali is a leading democracy in West Africa and its institutions must be respected." South Africa also said it had closed its embassy and that it “"condemns any attempt to seize power through the use of force. We reiterate our conviction that no party should come to power through unlawful means. It is our desire that the mutiny is addressed in a manner that does not jeopardise the overall security situation in Mali. This is particularly important in view of the security challenges in the north." Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan said the coup was "an apparent setback to the consolidation of democracy. The coup plotters have only embarked on a fruitless mission of supplanting a constitutional government by other means which goes against the current global grain of constitutionalism" and asked the AU and ECOWAS not to recognise the new regime. Northern neighbour Algeria's Foreign Minister Amar Belani sad that they were monitoring events "with great concern."[44] Niger state-radio announced that: "Niger is following with concern and total disapproval the evolution of the situation in Mali. [Niamey] condemned all unconstitutional changes."[69] The Malian diaspora in Senegal, that numbers several thousands, had mixed feelings about the coup as a setback to democracy but also a recognition of the insurgency's strength this time and the poorly equipped Malian military's attempts to fight it.[51] Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade was reported to have gained assurances from Sanogo that Touré was safe.[68]

The UN Security Council also called for "the release of all detained Malian officials" and the "immediate restoration of constitutional rule and the democratically elected government," according to the SC president for the month and the UK's ambassador Mark Lyall Grant. Ban Ki-Moon added his condemnation and called for the parties "to refrain from any actions that could increase violence and further destabilise the country." The UN assistant secretary general B. Lynn Pascoe added that "of course there is a relationship because many of the Tuaregs had gone to Libya because there they could earn more money working in the military. [The returnees from Libya were] one of the things which fuelled the frustration and the anger of the [rebels] because they didn't think they were being supported strongly enough in the fight against the Tuaregs." The coup also occurred as the head of United Nations Office for West Africa, Said Djinnit, was in the capital for the AU summit and to help mediate the crisis. In response, the World Bank and the African Development Bank suspended development aid funds in support of the AU and ECOWAS' reaction to the coup.[70] The multinational corporation Randgold Resources' shares fell 13% following the coup as it owns three gold mines in Mali. However, it asserted that its mining operations in Loulo, Gounkoto and its joint venture in Morila has no disruptions.[71] The U.S.-based Kansas City Star also said the coup was a fallout from the civil war in Libya.[72]

New offensives

As a result of the uncertainty following the coup, the rebels launched an offensive with the aim of capturing several towns and army camps abandoned by the Malian army.[73]

The MNLA took the town of Anefis without a fight on the night of 23 March. The Malian Army reportedly abandoned their posts in several northern towns as well due to the confusion following the coup d'etat. A military leader of the group, Colonel Dilal ag Alsherif, said that as Mali's armed forces are in "disarray" the MLNA were taking advantage of the situation in furthering the cause of an independent Azawad. He made the statements while saying he was "very near to Kidal, you could say I am almost in Kidal," which he said was the next target. The head of a resident's committee in Gao also said a "code red" was issued due to reports of an imminent attack; in the region's biggest city, Timbuktu, a citizens' militia member said the group had been in touch with them with the intention of taking control of the town.[74] Reports later suggested Ancar Dine had surrounded Kidal.[68]

Towns captured by the MNLA

Town Date captured Date lost Date recaptured
Ménaka 16–17 January 18 January 1 February[26]
Aguelhok 17 January 18 January
Tessalit 17 January 18 January 11 March [36]
Andéramboukane[75] 26 January
Léré[75] 26 January
Tinzaouaten[31] 8 February
Diré[38] ~13 March
Goundam[38] ~13 March
Anefis[76] 23 March

Negotiations

In early February, 2012, talks were held in Algiers between the Malian government and a Tuareg rebel group known as the May 23 Alliance. The agreement called for a ceasefire and the opening of a dialogue. However, the MNLA rejected the agreement and said that they were not represented in these talks. [77]

Malian president Touré set a deadline to quell the rebellion in the north saying that the military must win before the presidential election in April 2012. The Malian military announced that the MNLA had been pushed back near Kidal with the use of helicopters.[78] However, in February, residents living in the north said that the election should not occur while there was a lack of security,[79] yet Mali was under international pressure not to stymie the electoral process[80] as Touré said the election would go ahead.[81] The President of the National Assembly and a candidate in the election, Dioncounda Traore, also warned that a failure to go ahead with the election could lead to a coup d'etat.[82]

Reactions

ECOWAS warned the rebels and asked its member states to send logistical support to Mali,[83] while also trying to negoitiate a ceasefire.[84] Mauritania denied working with Mali to quell the uprising,[38] however President Abdel Aziz, along with Malian officials, claimed the MLNA worked with AQIM, and cited the alleged massacre of soldiers.[7] Algeria withdrew military advisors and suspended military aid to Mali at the end of January to increase pressure on the government as it also tried to mediate a resolution to the conflict.[85] During a meeting in Brussels, Belgium in late March the Political Affairs Committee of the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly, its co-presidents issued a statement condemning the violence and correlating the events with the aftermath of the Libyan civil war.[86]

Amongst the media reactions to the uprising, Agence France-Presse was accused by Andy Morgan of Think Africa Press of uncritically accepting the government portrayal of the rebels as "armed bandits," "drug traffickers" and "Qaddafi mercenaries". Social media amongst the Tuareg diaspora was reported to be euphoric at the imminent "liberation," while those in southern Mali were strongly against what they called "bandits" in the north who they said should be "killed." The Malian press was also quick to criticise the uprising.[12]

See also

References

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