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Hurricane recovery in North Carolina

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Introduction

Due to the common occurrence of hurricanes in the coastal state of North Carolina, Hurricane Recovery in North Carolina plays a role in the state's emergency management. The state's only NHL team, the Carolina Hurricanes, is even named after the storms that are frequent to the region. Some hurricanes cause greater damage than other. Recovery as a community and state is a large part of the disaster aftermath of a hurricane. Gavin Smith and Victor Flatt stated that "Disaster recovery remains the least understood aspect of hazards management, when assessed relative to preparedness, response, and hazard mitigation." Smith and Flatt also went on to state that the role of the states is even less understood.[1] The review of the plans and policies that instruct recovery, agencies involved, funding processes and budgets, and the environmental effects of a hurricane create a better understanding of how North Carolina recovers from a hurricane.

Plans and Policies (Stewart)

State Level

In the event of a hurricane, the state of North Carolina provides services to assist in recovery. Types of assistance include "formulation of state policy, coordination of assitance, and the provision of training, education, and outreach programs." [2] The Policies for Guiding Planning for Post-Diasaster Recovery and Reconstruction noted that a Post-Disaster Recovery/ Reconstruction Plan should come from the four plans; Comprehensive plan, Emergency Operations Plan, Capital Improvement Plan, Mitigation Plan.[3]

State and local agencies are requested to follow the North Carolina Emergency Operations Plan under the authority of the NC Executive Order No.39. The NCEOP is a comprehensive framework of policy intended for the use of state and local authorities. The NCEOP covers emergency operations including recovery. It is North Carolina's intention that this plan goes along with the objectives of NIMS. The NCEOP understands that the success of recovery depends on the collaboration of agencies and organziations involved. This state plan was a coordinated effort to better ensure each organization knew the part they would need to play during the time of a hurricane. In the first appendix of the plan there is an outline dedicated to the proposed recovery actions that should take place. The first step was noted to begin determining the need for volunteers, goods, and services. The remaining notions reiterated the need to establish and maintain coordination of efforts from state and local governemnts. The recovery actions are broken down into four main topics; Risk Assessment and Planning, Grant Management, Buyout Legal Team, and National Flood Insurance Program. Detailed instructions of what agencies are responsible for what in terms of recovery are listed in the plan. The topics covered include; energy, fire, seach and rescue, hazardous materials, law enforcement, disaster medical services, mass care and human services, public health, and animal protection. Specific to the event of a hurricane, the NCEOP contains an appendix for recovery. The details within the hurricane section note the agencies that need to be involved and time frames for their response to assist. According to the NCEOP recovery from a hurricane can begin three days prior to landfall. The section breaks tasks down by checklist from three days out to a week after the hurricane strikes. [4]

The North Carolina Disaster Recovery Guide covers the agencies and programs that are involved at the state level in disaster recovery. The information provided includes eligibility for assistance and contact information. The guide goes into further detail for recovery action dealing with the topics of; agriculture, business and workforce, communications and outreach, environment, finance, health and human services, housing, intergovernmental relations, risk management, transportation and infrastructure, and volunteers and donations.[5]



[6]


County Level

Plans and policy directed to the county level vary in amount of authority and detail. The NC League of Municipalities and the NC Association of County Commissioners provide a basic series of questions to ask yourself and things to do as they come your way as a leader assisting with recovery of a North Carolina hurricane. On the website ReadyNCLocal.org Hurricane Planning importance is placed on safety and communication between employees assisting with recovery. [7]

The North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources provide a Hurricane Recovery Checklist for local governments. The checklist is broken down into recovery need, proposed activity, requirements, and what to do. North Carolina counties that are greatly impacted by hurricanes are coastal counties. The coastal counties under the Coastal Area Management Act require general or major development permits to complete certain recovery activities. The installation or removal along the beach require approval from CAMA and the Army Corps of Engineers.

New Hanover [8] [9] [10]

Criticisms

Scholars from institutions and agencies critique North Carolina's success in planning and policy of disaster recovery. [11]


[12] [13]

Recovery Agencies (Joseph)

The agencies responsible for hurricane recovery in North Carolina will be discussed in this section. Many different agencies have contributed to help rebuild North Carolina after damaging hurricanes. Private corporations have contributed money along with federal organizations. The latest severe hurricane to strike North Carolina was Hurricane Irene in 2011. Hurricane Irene caused an estimated 71 million dollars worth of damage; and this estimate did not include the agricultural losses. After Hurricane Irene seven counties qualified for federal aid. These counties included Beaufort, Carteret, Craven, Dare, Hyde, Pamlico, and Tyrrell. The Federal Emergency Management Agency began providing relief to North Carolina however their budget was only 800 million. FEMA worked with local communities to help residents who needed to find shelter, and provided financial assistance. Disaster Unemployment assistance helped residents find jobs if they were out of work due to Hurricane Irene. FEMA also helped provide North Carolina with assistance to clean up debris in the aftermath. Major agencies as well as private contributed to recovery in North Carolina.

Federal Agencies

Agriculture Agencies that provide recovery include: •USDA Farm Service Agency (FSA)These programs are all under the USDA Farm Service Agency:• Crop Disaster Program (CDP) • Emergency Loan Program • Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP) • Emergency Conservation Program (ECP) • Dairy Disaster Assistance Program (DDAP) • Tree Assistance Program (TAP) •Livestock Assistance Program (LAP) • Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP) • Feed Indemnity Program (FIP) • American Indian Livestock Feed Program (AILFP)

Business and Workforce agencies that provide recovery include: •US Small Business Administration (SBA) provides disaster loans. •US Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (US DOLETA) provides National Emergency Grants (NEG) •US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provides relief for fisheries.

Environment Agencies that provide recovery include: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) • Emergency Watershed Protection (EWP) stream clearance •USDA Rural Development provides disaster water and waste loans and grants •USDA Forest Service provides the Cooperative forest management grants program •US Army Corps of Engineers provides beach re-nourishment and inlet stabilization and breach closure

Health and Human Services that provide recovery include:•US Department of Homeland Security (DHS), •Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)these agencies provide a crisis counseling program •USDA Food and Nutrition Services (FNS) provides food stamps •US HHS Administration on Aging provides relief for the elderly

Agencies that provide recovery for housing: •US FEMA programs under FEMA for housing include:• Individual Assistance (IA) • Individuals and Households Program (IHP) • Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) • Pre-disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) • Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Other agencies that provide housing relief and recovery include •US Department Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides community development block grants •US SBA provides SBA disaster loans •USDA Rural Development Office provides • Multifamily Housing repair loan/grant programs • Single Family Housing repair loan/grant programs • Community Facilities Assistance

Agencies that provide relief for intergovernmental include: •FEMA they provide public assistance

Agencies that provide relief for Transportation and Infrastructure include: •US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides emergency relief •FEMA provides public assistance

State Agencies

Private and Local Agencies

There are not certain private and local agencies that are required to provide relief when a hurricane occurs in North Carolina. There assistance is however is always helpful in post-disaster recovery. Many different private and local agencies throughout the history of North Carolina have provided contributions however their are different agencies with each different hurricane disaster.



Funding for Recovery(Byron)

The state of North Carolina is due to receive billions from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. This act is a Federal stimulus package providing North Carolina with approximately 6.1 billion in direct aid, and another 2.5 billion in anticpated grants. A temporary office has been established to guarantee the money is spent in a wise and speedy manner, this is the Office of Economic Recovery and Investment which solely looks after North Carolina's funds. Their goal is to make sure the money is spent to rebuild and improve roads and schools, create jobs, and address the state's budget stability.

Transportation Funding

Highways and Bridges are expected to receive $735,527,000.

The Transit capital Grants (Urban and Rural) is expecting to receive $103,304,000.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

The Drinking Water State Revolving Fund is expected to receive $65,625,000.

The Clean Water State Revolving Fund is expected to receive $71,443,500.

Employment Security

State Administration Grants (Unemployment Insurance) are expected to receive $14,647,397.

Employment Services are expected to receive $11,091,396.

Trade Adjustment Assistance Grants are expected to receive $43,959.987.

Housing

The North Carolina Housing Finance Agency is ecpected to receive $52,152,687.

Local Public Housing Authorities are expected to receive $83,426,611.


[14]

Environmental Impact and Recovery (Matt)

Aquatic Impacts

Hurricanes cause large amounts of organic matter to be washed into rivers and their tributaries. The decompostion of this material utilizes oxygen that is normall present in the water column. This scenario leads to periods hypoxia, which is when there are low levels of dissolved oxgen. There are also issues with salinity caused by storm surge and areas that receive rapid intense precipitation. Example: Hurricane Isabel (2003)

Terrestrial Impacts

Current

Future

References

  1. ^ Smith, Gavin, and Flatt Victor."Assessing the Disaster Recovery Planning Capacity of the State of North Carolina." Institute for Homeland Security Solutions. n. page. Print. <https://www.ihssnc.org/portals/0/Documents/VIMSDocuments/IHSS_Research_Brief_Smith.pdf>.
  2. ^ Smith, Gavin, and Flatt Victor. "Assessing the Disaster Recovery Planning Capacity of the State of North Carolina." Institute for Homeland Security Solutions. n. page. Print. <https://www.ihssnc.org/portals/0/Documents/VIMSDocuments/IHSS_Research_Brief_Smith.pdf>.
  3. ^ "Policies for Guiding Planning for Post- Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction." PAS Report No. 483/484. Ed. American Planning
  4. ^ Department of Crime Control and Public Safety Division of Emergency Management. State of North Carolina Emergency Operations Plan. Raliegh: , 2005. Print.
  5. ^ http://www.osbm.state.nc.us/disaster/DisasterRecoveryGuide.pdf
  6. ^ General Assembly of North Carolina. Hurricane Recovery Act of 2005. 2005. Print. <http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/enactedlegislation/sessionlaws/pdf/2005-2006/sl2005-1.pdf>.
  7. ^ "Hurricane Planning." Emergency management information. NC leauge of municipalities and the NC association of county commissioners, n.d. Web. 29 Feb 2012. <http://www.readynclocal.org/hurricane-planning.asp&xgt;.
  8. ^ "Hurricane Recovery Checklist for Local Governments." Division of Coastal Management. NCDENR, n.d. Web. 29 Feb 2012. <http://www.nccoastalmanagement.net/Hazards/checklist.htm>.
  9. ^ New Hanover County (N.C.). Planning Dept, and North Carolina Coastal Management Program. Hurricane Mitigation & Reconstruction Plan. Raleigh, N.C: The Department?, 1991. Web.
  10. ^ https://ncema.renci.org/Lists/County%20EMs/AllItems.aspx
  11. ^ Smith, Gavin, and Flatt Victor. "Assessing the Disaster Recovery Planning Capacity of the State of North Carolina." Institute for Homeland Security Solutions. n. page. Print. <https://www.ihssnc.org/portals/0/Documents/VIMSDocuments/IHSS_Research_Brief_Smith.pdf>.
  12. ^ Maiolo, John R., 1938. Facing our Future: Hurricane Floyd and Recovery in the Coastal Plain. Wilmington, NC: Coastal Carolina Press, 2001. Web.
  13. ^ Hurricane Floyd and its Aftermath: Recovery in the Coastal Plain : Social, Physical, and Economic Impacts on Groups and Individuals : A Report to the East Carolina University Board of Trustees. Greenville, N.C: East Carolina University, 2000.Print
  14. ^ "Policies for Guiding Planning for Post- Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction." PAS Report No. 483/484. Ed. American Planning

<https://www.ncrecovery.gov/information/funding.html

General Assembly of North Carolina. Hurricane Recovery Act of 2005. 2005. Print. <http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/enactedlegislation/sessionlaws/pdf/2005-2006/sl2005-1.pdf>.

Smith, Gavin, and Flatt Victor. "Assessing the Disaster Recovery Planning Capacity of the State of North Carolina." Institute for Homeland Security Solutions. n. page. Print. <https://www.ihssnc.org/portals/0/Documents/VIMSDocuments/IHSS_Research_Brief_Smith.pdf>.

"Policies for Guiding Planning for Post- Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction." PAS Report No. 483/484. Ed. American Planning

"Hurricane Recovery Checklist for Local Governments." Division of Coastal Management. NCDENR, n.d. Web. 29 Feb 2012. <http://www.nccoastalmanagement.net/Hazards/checklist.htm>.

"Hurricane Planning." Emergency management information. NC leauge of municipalities and the NC association of county commissioners, n.d. Web. 29 Feb 2012. <http://www.readynclocal.org/hurricane-planning.asp&xgt;.

http://www.fema.gov/

http://www.osbm.state.nc.us/disaster/DisasterRecoveryGuide.pdf

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