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Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)

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2011–2012 Libyan inter-factional fighting
Part of the Aftermath of the Libyan civil war
Date1 November 2011 – Ongoing
Location
Libya
Result

Ongoing

Belligerents
Libya National Liberation Army Multiple breakaway militias Libya Gaddafi Loyalists
457–471 killed on all sides
(including 153 civilians and 1 Nigerien soldier)

During the civil war in Libya, brigades of armed volunteers sprang up around the country, reporting to local military councils, which became de facto local governments. Civilian leaders say that, after the declaration of liberation in late October 2011, the militias have shifted from merely delaying the surrender of their weapons to actively asserting a continuing political role as "guardians of the revolution". Some of the largest, and most well-equipped brigades are associated with Islamist groups now forming political parties.[4]

Even before the official end of hostilities between loyalist and opposition forces, there were reports of sporadic clashes between rival militias, and vigilante revenge killings.[4][5] Civilian residents reported being subjected to looting and robbery by gunmen.[6][7]

Events

October 2011

On 2 October, Abdullah Naker announced the creation of an armed group, the Tripoli Revolutionists Council (TRC), to keep order in Tripoli. Analysts said such a mission would overlap with the existing Tripoli Military Council (TMC) which is led by Abdelhakim Belhadj. Naker told his forces had 22,000 armed men at its disposal and were in control of 75 percent of the capital. He stated his TRC was working under the auspices of Mustafa Abdel Jalil and was “cooperating” with the TMC.[8]

November 2011

On 1 November, a group of intoxicated Zintan fighters stormed a hospital in Tripoli and demanded the hand-over of a fighter who was wounded earlier in the day in a clash that also left another militiaman dead. The doctors refused and a Tripoli militia, in charge of hospital security, forced the Zintanis out, but not before they shot rounds in the hospital. Both groups received reinforcements and the fighting, involving heavy machine guns and anti-aircraft guns, lasted for three hours. There were no direct fatalities from the fighting, but three patients at the hospital died due to stress-related causes linked to the clashes. Three Tripoli fighters were wounded. The fighting reportedly ended after calls from a local imam and senior commanders from both groups talked by phone with their men.[9]

On 8 November, it was evident that loyalist remnants were also still active in the country, even more than two weeks after their defeat, when a pro-Gaddafi convoy tried to cross the border into Niger and were intercepted by the Nigerien army. 13 loyalists and one Nigerien soldier were killed.[10]

Between 8 and 12 November, large-scale fighting erupted between Zawiya and Tripoli between a Zawiya-based militia and a group from the Wershifanna tribe. The Zawiya group accused their opponents of belonging to loyalist remnants and they reported of seeing tanks and vehicles with the Gaddafi-era green flag and markings that said "Brigade of the Martyr Muammar Gaddafi". The Wershifanna denied this and stated that the men from Zawiya had been misled by a rumor that pro-Gaddafi fighters were in the area. The fighting was centered around the former loyalist Imaya military base and both sides vied for control. Grad rocket launchers were used at times during the clashes. 9–12 Zawiya fighters and nine Wershifanna fighters were killed.[11][12]

On 23 November, a militia force in Bani Walid was ambushed after being sent there to arrest a known Gaddafi supporter. 15 militia members were killed. The survivors reported being shot at and hit with grenades and rockets from houses after they found out all the roads were blocked.[13] Another report stated that the fighting started after a high-speed chase with a suspect vehicle in which a Gaddafi loyalist was killed. One civilian also reportedly died during the fighting.[14]

December 2011

In December, a group of armed men dragged Libya's attorney general Abdul-Aziz al-Hassady from his car in broad daylight in Tripoli, threatening to kill him if he didn't release one of their friends who had been arrested on suspicion of murder.[15] Days later, a group of Zintani gunmen attacked the convoy of a top army officer, Gen. Khalifa Haftar, as it was speeding through a checkpoint set up by the group.[16] In a separate incident, gunfire broke out between the army and the Zintan brigade at the Tripoli International Airport.[17][18] On 16 December, Haftar said an armed group had abducted his son, Belgassim, and detained him at the airport.[19]

While initially unwilling to let foreign private security firms operate in Libya, by December the NTC had allowed Western mercenaries to move in to fill the security vacuum around the country. The main focus of the security contractors were oil industry sites. Among the foreign firms who had acquired a so-called "no-objection certificate" required to work in Libya were Blue Mountain Group, Garda World Security Corporation and Control Risks Group.[20]

On 6 December, Libya's interim government announced that, following consultations with Tripoli's local council, it had given militias lingering in the capital until late December to hand over security to the authorities. Officials said residents of Tripoli would convene rallies in support of the initiative to clear the city of weapons and out-of-town fighters. If militias had not withdrawn by 20 December, the authorities and members of the public intended to close the whole city to traffic.[21] By January 2012, the former rebels had dismantled most of their checkpoints, while some key bases still remained.[22]

On 11 December, fighting erupted south of Zintan, between the Zintan militia and members of the El-Mashasha tribe. The clashes started when the El-Mashasha attacked the convoy of a Zintan militia commander, killing him, as he tried to pass through the town of Wamis,[23] around which the tribe was based. The Zintanis retaliated by attacking the town with artillery or rocket fire, hitting houses in residential areas. A mosque and a school were also hit. Over two days of fighting three townspeople were killed.[24][25] By 13 December, a ceasefire was established. Officials from Zintan stated that the fighting was the result of the El-Mashasha killing several residents of Zintan earlier in week.[26]

January 2012

On 3 January 2012, four fighters were killed in a gun battle in Tripoli as dozens of fighters from Misrata were trying to seize a group of prisoners being held in a security compound by Tripoli militias.[27] Another report stated that there were two separate gun battles and put the number of dead at seven.[28] In response to the incident, NTC chairman Mustafa Abdul Jalil warned that Libya risked sliding into civil war if the rival militias were not brought under control.[29]

On 14 January 2012, two fighters were killed and 36 were injured after clashes between militias from neighbouring towns of Gharyan and Asbi'a. It was reported that artillery and rockets were used during the clashes.[30] On 15 January, the rival groups carried out a prisoner swap and agreed to a ceasefire.[31] Officials said 12 people had been killed and around 100 wounded on both sides.[32] In the days leading up to the fighting, the Asbi'a commander assigned to Gharyan, Ezzedine al-Ghool, was detained and tortured to death by members of the Gharyan militia. His body was dropped off anonymously at a hospital in Tripoli.[33]

On 20 January, Libya's former ambassador to France died less than a day after he was arrested by a Tripoli militia group. Human Rights Watch said on 3 February, that marks on Omar Brebesh's body suggested he died as a result of torture while he was in detention.[34]

On 21 January, hundreds of rioters broke into the NTC's offices, throwing stones and hand grenades at the complex. They denounced the presence of Abdel Hafiz Ghoga, the number two man in the NTC, calling him an "opportunist", because of the belated point in time at which he switched sides from Gaddafi's government to the opposition during the war. The next day Ghoga resigned from his position.[35]

On 22 January, a new clash broke out in Tripoli when NTC fighters attempted to arrest a former prisoner, charged with murder, who was released by the Gaddafi government at the start of the civil war the previous year. He and his brother took shelter in their home and opened fire on the militia with RPGs and automatic weapons. Both brothers and an NTC fighter were killed and five militiamen were wounded.[36]

Bani Walid clashes

On 23 January, reports from NTC fighters emerged claiming that Bani Walid had been recaptured by those claiming retribution by NTC forces for allegedly supporting the Gaddafi government. Information from the town about the situation was vague and contradictory at times. The so-called loyalist fighters were said to have captured several entrances to the city and most of the town, roaming freely. The main base of the local NTC militia was surrounded and besieged. The casualty figures varied with initial reports stating that five NTC fighters were killed, while later Bani Walid's major put the death toll at 20–25 on both sides, and finally a doctor at the local hospital put the death toll the next day at eight.[37][38][39] Hours later, another three NTC fighters were killed in a loyalist attack in Benghazi and clashes were reported in Tripoli.[40] On the same day, NTC leader Mustafa Abdul Jalil announced the possibility of another civil war.[41] He also made a similar statement almost three weeks earlier after the Tripoli clashes.[28]

On 24 January, however, tribal elders in Bani Walid expressly denied any loyalist uprising in their town. Instead, the dispute erupted when local leaders decided to expel the NTC military council and militias that had been in control of the town to replace them with their own representatives. No green flags were reported to be flying in the town, and elder Miftah Jubarra stated, "In the Libyan revolution, we have all become brothers. We will not be an obstacle to progress." But he also stated that they would resist any attempt by NTC forces to reassert control over Bani Walid.[42] The following day, the national government recognised the legitimacy of the new tribal leadership of Bani Walid in an effort to maintain peace within the country. The NTC dispatched a "peacekeeping force" composed of units from the region to set up and man checkpoints around the town to contain any further unrest.[43] UN's top diplomat in Libya, Ian Martin, confirmed that the fighting was due to a local dispute and not caused by Gaddafi supporters trying to reassert control over the city.[44]

February 2012

On 1 February, the Zintan and Misrata militias fought a gunbattle in Tripoli near 5-star hotels and businesses, while governement troops did not intervene.[45] Fighting was also reported at Saif al-Islam Gaddafi's beach house that had been occupied by the Zintan milita.[citation needed]

On 6 February, seven male black Libyan civilians from Tawergha were killed by militias who raided their makeshift refugee camp at a former naval academy in Janzour, a suburb of Tripoli. The survivors said that they appeared to be from Misrata because of their license plates, though the Misrata militia denied this.[46]

On 10 February, Saadi Gaddafi warned that a new uprising was imminent in Libya and that he was ready to come back to Libya.[47]

Kufra clashes

On 12 and 13 February, 17 people were killed and 22 wounded in tribal fighting between the Tobu and Zuwayya tribes in Kufra. Nine were from the Zuwayya and eight were from the Tobu. Initially, only small-arms fire was used in the clashes when they started, but on the second day the situation escalated with RPGs and anti-aircraft guns being used. According to the Zuwayya, the fighting started when a young man from their tribe was killed three days before by three Tobu members. A head of the local NTC militia reported that the Zuwayya man was a smuggler and was killed after he opened fire on a Tobu militia, which was charged with combating illegal trafficking, killing five of the militiamen.[48] The Tobu, on their part, stated that they were being attacked by the Zuwayya, who were supported by the NTC, with the intention of exterminating them. The Tobu claimed discrimination by the Zuwayya, due to them being dark-skinned, on an even higher level than during the Gaddafi-era.[49] Farhat Abdel Karim Bu Hareg, the coordinator of social affairs in the local Kufra governement said that they will have to declare independance of the region if the NTC does not act against attacks by mercenaries, referring to Tobu fighters.[50]

On 14 February, representatives of about 100 militias created a federation in an attempt to avoid fighting between militias and pressure the National Transitional Council for further reforms. Leaders of the new federation said they had no formal relationship with the Libyan Ministry of Defence, which is officially tasked with uniting armed elements in the country under a single banner.[51] The same day, clashes continued around Kufra, with the NTC sending reinforcement to help the Zuwayya tribe. Tobu spokesman said that they were besieged and were being heavily shelled by the Zuwayya, and added that it was an attempt to exterminate the Tobu tribe with government participation. An NTC spokesman stated that it was a low-level fight between revolutionaries and weapons smugglers backed by foreign elements. A Tobu member claimed five of his comrades were killed in the new round of fighting, while another stated that there were no deaths, only injuries.[52] The fighting continued, and on 15 and 16 February, another 15 Zuwayya were killed and 45 wounded. The Tobu reported that since the started of the clashes 55 of their members had been killed and 117 wounded, with the wounded not being able to be evacuated via the airport due to it being controlled by the Zuwayya.[53]

On 15 February, Amnesty International reported that at least 12 detainees had been tortured to death while in militia custody.[54]

On 18 February, more clashes in Kufra left another two people dead. At this point, it was reported that the military sent reinforcements to the region, in an attempt to stop the tribal fighting.[55]

On 21 February, a Red crescent worker reported that 50 civilians were killed in the past 24 hours in Kufra due to mortar and rockets being fired on residential area.[56] A spokesman of the Zuwayya tribe said that three people were killed and 25 injured.[57] The leader of the Tobu tribe Issa Abdelmajid, stated that 113 Tobu were killed (including six children) and 241 wounded in 10 days of fighting. For their part, the Zuwayya said 23 of their tribesmen were killed and 53 wounded.[58][59]

On 22 February, a further four people were killed and 10 injured in renewed fighting in the south.[60] NTC leader Abdul Jalil said that Gaddafi loyalists were seeding sedition in Kufra but did not elaborate.[61]

On 23 February, the National Liberation Army was dispatched to Kufra to enforce the peace. Army commandos had reportedly taken control of the airport, city and whole region, according to Zuwayya tribial sources inside the city and both tribes used the renewed peace for evacuation of wounded to Tripoli.[62]

On 24 February, fighting resumed in Kufra, injuring several people, according to both tribes, with each blaming the other for the renewed fighting. A security official from the Zuwayya tribe stated that the army had not done anything to prevent the clashes.[63] Later during the day, a ICRC medic confirmed that fighting de-escalated but the situation remained tense. The ICRC also evacuated 28 wounded patients from both tribes to Tripoli hospital.[64]

On 25 February, a United Nations team started providing relief supplies. Georg Charpentier, an UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in Libya and chief of UNSMIL mission, confirmed that a ceasefire between the tribes was holding with the Libyan army contingent in place to prevent further clashes.[65] NTC chairman Jalil urged both tribes to make peace.[66]

March 2012

On 6 March, tribal and militia leaders in Benghazi declared unilaterally semi-autonomy for the eastern region of Cyrenaica. This was met with anger from the NTC government in Tripoli and anti-autonomy demonstrations erupted in the capital and Benghazi.[67] On 16 March, a pro-autonomy demonstration was held in Benghazi, which was attacked by unknown gunmen, leaving one person dead and five injured.[68]

On 18 March, a clash erupted between the Zintan militia and residents of Tripoli's Abu Salim district, previously loyal to Gaddafi. One militiaman was killed before a cease-fire was brokered by the district's own militia commander.[69]

On 24 March, a member of a Zintan militia in Tripoli was asked by the Rixos hotel to leave over an unpaid bill dating back to September. The militiaman lost his temper and shot twice into the air and broke vases in the lobby. Then, other members of his group stormed in and abducted the hotel's Turkish manager, taking him away. The manager was released a few hours later, after an intervention by the Turkish embassy with the NTC government.[70] However, by that point, the man was tortured and had lost his ability to hear in one ear.[71]

Sabha clashes

Late on 25 March, clashes erupted in the southern city of Sabha, between Arab and Toubou tribesmen, after a man from the Abu Seif tribe was killed in a dispute over a car by the Toubou. The fighting was, at first, mainly on the city outskirts. However, it than spread to the city's main streets and black plumes of smoke could be seen rising from Sabha's airport on 26 March. Initially seven people were reportedly killed and another seven wounded. However, later reports put the death toll at 20 with another 40 people wounded. The Tobu stated that the Abu Seif attacked their negotiation team outside a government building while they were in route to talk about reconciliation.[72][73][74]

On 27 March, the fighting in Sabha continued and the toll was reported to had reached 49 dead, with 15 of the killed being from the Tobu and the rest from Abu Seif. Tobu militiamen had reportedly advanced into the center of the city and their snipers had taken up positions, inflicting a number of casualties.[75]

On 28 March, the fighting briefly eased off with reports of a ceasefire, but quickly escalated again. By the end of the day the toll had reached more than 70 dead and 150 wounded, 40 of the dead being from the Tobu.[76]

On 30 March, ceasefire was negotiated between the Council of Elders of Libya, Sabha local council and members of the Misrata militia in the southern city. According to it, Tobu tribesmen are to withdraw from all areas and recognize the authority of the national army which would take control of all security operations in the south and on the borders. In return, the Tobu will be returned all property in Libya and there will be an investigation into the conflict. Moreover, local militias would be integrated into either Army or Ministry of Interior forces.[77] However, the fighting re-ignited the next day once again.

On 31 March, the Tobus, after being pushed back south of the city, launched a counter-attack in a bid to re-enter the town. 16 people were killed, eight from each side, and more than 50 wounded.[78] The Libyan health minister announced that 147 people had been killed and 395 wounded, up to the night before, since the start of the fighting in Sabha.[79]

April 2012

On 1 April, 21-34 Zuwara militiamen were detained by members of a neighboring town's militia. The Ragdalein fighters stated that they captured the men after months of abuses by a Zuwara brigade, including the looting of property. For their part, the Zuwara local council head accused Ragdalein to be a hub of Gaddafi loyalists.[80] A third version of the events came from the government Interior Ministry which stated that the trouble started when a Zuwara hunting party near Al-Jumail shot and killed a person from that town by mistake.[81] The hunters were than arrested but released later. Another Zuwara council head claimed that the men were tortured before being released and stated that Zuwara came under mortar and anti-aircraft fire by militias from both Ragdalein and Al-Jumail.[82]

On 3 April, reports emerged that the fighting in the Zuwara area was still continuing with at least one Zuwara militiaman killed and five wounded. The losses for Ragdalein and Al-Jumail were not known. Clashes were reported at the entrance to Ragdalein while Al-Jumail was shelling Zuwara.[83] At least 14 were killed and 80 injured.[84]

On 4 April, the fighting escalated with the use of tanks and artillery. The reported number of dead was said to had risen to 26, eight from Zuwara and 18 from the outlying towns, and another 142 Zuwarans were wounded.[85][86]

On 6 April, France leading newspaper Lefigaro reported that a dozen of people were killed near Ghat on 1 and 2 April in fighting between former pro Gaddafi Tuaregs and the Zintan tribe. [87]

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