Jump to content

Psittacus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Foxmajik (talk | contribs) at 16:39, 29 May 2012 (→In literature: Corrected typo.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

African Grey Parrot
Congo African Grey Parrot
Timneh African Grey Parrot
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Psittaciformes
Superfamily:
Psittacoidea
Family:
Psittacidae
Subfamily:
Psittacinae
Genus:
Psittacus
Species:
P. erithacus
Subspecies
  • Psittacus erithacus erithacus
    Linnaeus, 1758
  • Psittacus erithacus timneh
    Fraser, 1844 and see text
Ranges shown by the red areas

The African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus), also known as the Grey Parrot, is a medium-sized parrot found in the primary and secondary rainforest of West and Central Africa. Experts regard it as one of the most intelligent birds in the world. They feed primarily on palm nuts, seeds, fruits, and leafy matter, but have also been observed eating snails. Their overall gentle nature and their inclination and ability to mimic speech have made them popular pets, which has led many to be captured from the wild and sold into the pet trade. The African Grey parrot is listed on CITES appendix II, which restricts trade of wild-caught species because wild populations can not sustain trapping for the pet trade.

Pet Congo African Grey Parrot in Norway

Taxonomy and systematics

There are two subspecies universally accepted:[1]

  • Congo African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus):
    This is the nominate subspecies, larger than the Timneh at about 33 cm (13 in) long, with light grey feathers, cherry red tails, and an all-black beak.[1] Immature birds of this subspecies have tails with a darker, duller red towards the tip (Juniper and Parr 1999) until their first moult, which occurs by 18 months of age. These birds also initially have grey irises, which change to a pale yellow colour by the time the bird is a year old. The Congo Grey parrot is found on the islands of Príncipe and Bioko and is distributed from southeastern Ivory Coast to Western Kenya, Northwest Tanzania, Southern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Northern Angola. In aviculture, it is often called a "CAG".
  • Timneh African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus timneh):
    These are smaller in size, have a darker charcoal grey colouring, a darker maroon tail, and a light, horn-coloured area to part of the upper mandible. The Timneh Grey parrot is endemic to the western parts of the moist Upper Guinea forests and bordering savannas of West Africa from Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, and Southern Mali east to at least 70 km (43 mi) east of the Bandama River in Ivory Coast. It is often called a "TAG". As pets, Timnehs begin learning to speak earlier than Congos and are often said to be less nervous around strangers and novel situations.

Some aviculturalists recognize a third and fourth subspecies, but these are not distinguishable in scientific studies.[2]

Longevity

Like many large parrots, the African Grey is a long-lived bird. The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database states the longest reliably recorded longevity for the species in captivity as 49.7 years. Also acknowledged are claims of captive African Grey parrots reaching the ages of 73 and 93,[3] whereas the World Parrot Trust lists a longevity of 50–60 years for an African Grey in captivity.[4]

Status and conservation

Timneh African Grey Parrot (wings clipped)

More rare than previously believed, the African Grey was uplisted from a species of Least Concern to Near Threatened in the 2007 IUCN Red List.[5] A recent analysis suggests that up to 21% of the global population may be taken from the wild annually,[5] primarily for the pet trade.

The species is endemic to primary and secondary rainforest of West and Central Africa.[6] Grey parrots depend on large old trees for the natural hollows they use for nesting. Studies in Guinea and Guinea-Bissau have found that African Greys' preferred species of nesting trees are also species preferred for timber.[7] There is a positive relationship between the status of the species and the status of primary forest:[8] where the forests are declining, so too are populations of Grey parrots.[7]

Congo African Grey Parrot in a bird park

The African Grey parrot is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This requires both that exports be accompanied by a permit issued by a national authority and that a finding be made that the export is non-detrimental to the species in the wild. With exports totalling more than 350,000 specimens from 1994–2003,[9] the Grey parrot is one of the most heavily traded CITES-listed bird species. In response to continuing population declines, exceeded quotas, and unsustainable and illegal trade (including among range states), CITES included the Grey parrot in Phase VI of the CITES Review of Significant Trade in 2004. This review has resulted in recommended zero export quotas for several range states and a CITES Decision to develop regional management plans for the species.

In the United States, importation of wild-caught Grey parrots is prohibited under the U.S. Wild Bird Conservation Act of 1992. In the European Union, an EU Directive of 2007 prevents importation of this and any other wild-caught bird for the pet trade.

Mimicry and intelligence

Further information: Talking bird § African_Grey_Parrots

Unlike other parrots, wild African Greys have been documented imitating the calls of several other species.

Dr. Irene Pepperberg's research with captive African Greys, most notably with a bird named Alex, has scientifically demonstrated that they possess the ability to associate simple human words with meanings, and to intelligently apply the abstract concepts of shape, colour, number, zero-sense, etc. According to Pepperberg and other ornithologists [who?], they perform many cognitive tasks at the level of dolphins, chimpanzees, and even human toddlers.[10]

Many pet Congo African Greys learn to speak in their second or third year.[citation needed] Timnehs are generally observed to start speaking earlier.[citation needed] Both subspecies seem to have same ability and tendency to produce human speech, but vocal ability and proclivity may range widely among individual birds.

One notable African Grey is N'kisi, who in 2004 was said to have a vocabulary of over 950 words and, like Pepperberg's Alex, was noted for creative use of language,[11]. For example, when Jane Goodall visited N'kisi in his New York home, he greeted her with "Got a chimp?" because he'd seen pictures of her with chimpanzees in Africa.[12]

A study published in 2011, led by Dr. Dalila Bovet of Paris West University Nanterre La Défense, demonstrated that African Grey parrots were able to coordinate and collaborate with each other to an extent. They were able to solve problems set by scientists—for example, two birds could pull strings at the same time in order to obtain food. In another example, one bird stood on a perch in order to release a food-laden tray, while the other pulled the tray out from the test apparatus. Both would then feed. The birds in question were observed waiting for their partners to perform the necessary actions so that their behaviour could be synchronized. It was also noted that the parrots appeared to express individual preferences as to which of the other test birds they worked with.[13]

Noises

Wild African Grey parrots frequently whistle, shriek, squeak, click, etc. An African Grey's owner should expect to hear regular renditions of microwaves, telephones, alarm clocks, video games, and other electronic sounds, as well as dripping water, wild birds, and any other sound that is often heard by the parrot. African Greys have even been known to repeat the profanity they heard from an owner even after they no longer live with that owner. African Grey parrots also have the ability to mimic, and distinguish between, the different voices they hear.

shrieking and clicking of the African Grey parrot

Aviculture

A pet Congo African Grey parrot

Their sociability and intelligence can make African Grey parrots excellent pets. They have a devoted following among parrot owners. However, the same qualities mean that African Greys require a special commitment by their owners to provide frequent one-on-one interaction and supervised time out of their cage. They must be kept entertained and busy with people and toys or they may become stressed and develop self-destructive behavior. African Greys require large cages, a varied diet that includes fresh foods, and plenty of safe and destructible toys. If not provided with these items, African Greys quickly develop unpleasant behaviours and may eventually develop health problems (such as feather-plucking) that are difficult to remedy.

Even the healthiest, happiest pet African Grey will generate a fair amount of mess and noise. Like most parrots, they are non-domesticated, and even a well-socialized, hand-raised, aviary-bred bird is only one or two generations removed from its wild predecessor. Despite this, there is a long recorded history of African Greys being kept by the ancient Greeks, wealthy Roman families, King Henry VIII, Portuguese sailors, and others.

Captive breeding

A one-day-old Congo African Grey parrot chick, which was hatched in an incubator

Mutations

File:African Grey Parrot red-factor mutations.gif
African Grey parrot red-factor mutations, including the all-red individual discussed in this section.

Several mutations occur naturally in the wild, like the F2 Pied Mutation, which results in a broad red band across the abdomen. In 1998, the first created Grey mutation occurred when South African bird breeder Von van Antwerpen and New Zealand partner Jaco Bosman selected F2 Pieds and created the first red African Grey.

Other mutations include:

  • Albino (no pigment)
  • Lutino (yellow pigment)
  • Incomplete Ino (mostly white, but with a small percentage of melanin)
  • Grizzles (soft pinkish scalloping in the feathers)
  • Blues (white pigment in the tail)
  • Parino (very light scalloping found in the feathers)

Foods toxic to parrots

  • Chocolate[14]
  • Avocado[14]
  • Caffeine[14]
  • Alcohol[14]
  • Apple seeds (as they contain cyanide)[15]
  • Peach pit (contains cyanide)
  • Cherry pit (contains cyanide)
  • Store-bought vegetables (may contain chemicals from produce spritzers, farm pesticides/fertilizers, or artificial dyes which are not listed in their ingredients)

In literature

  • The character 'Gerard' in Michael Crichton's novel Next is a transgenic African Grey with the capability of doing math.
  • The character 'Madison' in Dick King-Smith's novel Harry's Mad is an African Grey parrot.
  • The character 'Methuselah' in Barbara Kingsolver's novel The Poisonwood Bible is an African Grey parrot.
  • Friendly Feathers: Life with Pierre, an African Grey Parrot by Dr. Fran Smith, illustrated by Deon Matzen, ISBN 978-0-615-22232-5
  • The bird owned by the character 'Linus Steinman' in the novel The Final Solution by Michael Chabon is an African Grey.
  • In the book, We'll Always Have Parrots by Donna Andrews, an African Grey parrot helps protagonist Meg Langslow nab the bad guy.
  • In the book, Sick as a Parrot by Liz Evans, the parrot in the title is an African Grey parrot.
  • Cat Marsala, the main protagonist in "Hard Christmas" by Barbara D'Amato, has a pet African Grey parrot named Long John Silver.
  • In the book Somebody Else's Summer, Bilbo was an African Grey parrot who belonged to George Carr.
  • The character 'Polynesia' in Hugh Lofting's Doctor Dolittle children's novels is an African Grey parrot. In the film version the character was played by a Blue and Gold Macaw.
  • In Thomas Bernhard's play Immanuel Kant, the philosopher praises his Psittacus Eritacus without end, saying that only he understands his logic.
  • Mercedes Lackey's short stories Grey and Grey's Ghost feature an African Grey parrot who has a remarkable bond with her owner.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Forshaw & Cooper (1978).
  2. ^ Jean Pattison (2006). "An Introduction and Overview of the African Species". Wings Central. Wings Computer Consulting Inc. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Longevity, ageing, and life history of Psittacus erithacus". The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  4. ^ "Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) | Parrot Care". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  5. ^ a b See BirdLife International (2007a. b).
  6. ^ See Juniper, T. and M. Parr. 1998. Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
  7. ^ a b See Clemmons, J.R. 2003. Status Survey of the African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus timneh) and Development of a Management Program in Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. CITES, Geneva, Switzerland.
  8. ^ Dändliker, G. 1992. The Grey Parrot in Ghana: A population survey, a contribution to the biology of the species, a study of its commercial exploitation and management recommendations. CITES, Lausanne, Switzerland.
  9. ^ See UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database.
  10. ^ "Stray Japan parrot talks way home". BBC News. 22 May 2008. Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Nkisi Audio Text 1
  12. ^ [1]
  13. ^ Gill, Victoria. "Parrots choose to work together". BBC Nature News. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b c d "African Grey Parrot" (PDF). Care Sheet. PETCO Animal Supplies, Inc. 2005. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  15. ^ Mikkelson, Barbara (20 February 2007). "Bad Seed". Urban Legends Reference Pages. Retrieved 2 November 2007.

References

  • Athan, Mattie Sue & Deter, Dianalee (2000): The African Grey Parrot Handbook. Barron's Pet Handbooks, Hauppauge, NY. ISBN 0-7641-0993-6
  • The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Psittacus erithacus (Retrieved 6 July 2011)
  • BirdLife International (2007a): [ 2006–2007 Red List status changes ]. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  • BirdLife International (2007b): Grey Parrot – BirdLife Species Factsheet. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  • Brinker, Bobbi (2005): For the Love of Greys. ISBN 0-9760576-1-1
  • Forshaw, Joseph M. & Cooper, William T. (1981): Parrots of the World (3rd ed.). Lansdowne Editions, Melbourne, New York. ISBN 0-7018-0690-7
  • Greene, W.T. & Batty, J. (1993): African grey parrots. Beech Publishing House, Alton. ISBN 1-85736-027-3
  • Glendell, G. Breaking Bad Habits in Parrots (2007) ISBN 978-1-84286-165-3.
  • Glendell, G in Veterinary Times (UK) 18 February 2008.
  • Juniper, Tony & Parr, Mike (1998): Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 1-873403-40-2
  • Liddell, Henry George & Robert Scott (1980): A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). Oxford University Press, United Kingdom. ISBN 0-19-910207-4
  • Schmid, R. Doherr, M G. Steiger, A The influence of the breeding method on the behaviour of adult African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2005, see www.elsevier.com/locate/applanim
  • Linnaeus, Carolus (1758): Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. (10th edition, vol.1). Laurentius Salvius, Holmius (= Stockholm).
  • Mancini, Julie R. (1998): The African Grey. Howell Book House, New York. ISBN 0-87605-443-2
  • Moustaki, Nikki (2004): A New Owner's Guide to African Grey Parrots. TFH Publications, Neptune City, NJ. ISBN 0-7938-2855-4
  • Mulawka, Edward J. (1984): African Grey Parrots. TFH Publications. ISBN 0-86622-975-2
  • Pepperberg, Irene (2002): The Alex Studies: cognitive and communicative abilities of grey parrots. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London. ISBN 0-674-00806-5
  • Wright, Maggie (2001): African Grey Parrots: everything about history, care, nutrition, handling, and behavior. Barron's Pet Handbooks, Hauppauge, NY. ISBN 0-7641-1035-7
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psittacus erithacus.
Wikispecies has information related to Psittacus erithacus.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Psittacus&oldid=494976341"