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Neil Gaiman

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Neil Gaiman
Gaiman and his dog, Cabal
Gaiman and his dog, Cabal
Born (1960-11-10) 10 November 1960 (age 64)
Portchester, Hampshire, England
OccupationNovelist, graphic novelist and screenwriter
NationalityBritish
Period1980s–present
GenreFantasy, Horror, Science fiction, Dark fantasy
Notable worksThe Sandman, Neverwhere, American Gods, Stardust, Coraline, The Graveyard Book, Good Omens
SpouseAmanda Palmer (2011–present) Mary McGrath (1985–2007)
Website
http://neilgaiman.com/

Neil Richard Gaiman (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈɡeɪmən/;[3] born 10 November 1960[4]) is an English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre and films. His notable works include the comic book series The Sandman and novels Stardust, American Gods, Coraline, and The Graveyard Book. He has won numerous awards, including Hugo, Nebula, Bram Stoker, Newbery Medal, and Carnegie Medal in Literature. He is the first author to win both the Newbery and the Carnegie medals for the same work.[5]

Early life

Gaiman's family is of Polish and other Eastern European Jewish origins;[6] his great-grandfather emigrated from Antwerp before 1914[7] and his grandfather eventually settled in the Hampshire city of Portsmouth and established a chain of grocery stores.[8] His father, David Bernard Gaiman,[9] worked in the same chain of stores;[8] his mother, Sheila Gaiman (née Goldman), was a pharmacist. He has two younger sisters, Claire and Lizzy.[10] After living for a period in the nearby town of Portchester, Hampshire, where Neil was born in 1960, the Gaimans moved in 1965 to the West Sussex town of East Grinstead where his parents studied Dianetics at the Scientology centre in the town; one of Gaiman's sisters works for the Church of Scientology in Los Angeles. His other sister, Lizzy Calcioli, has said, "Most of our social activities were involved with Scientology or our Jewish family. It would get very confusing when people would ask my religion as a kid. I’d say, 'I’m a Jewish Scientologist.'" Gaiman says that he is not a Scientologist, and that like Judaism, Scientology is his family's religion.[11]

Gaiman was able to read at the age of four. He said, "I was a reader. I loved reading. Reading things gave me pleasure. I was very good at most subjects in school, not because I had any particular aptitude in them, but because normally on the first day of school they'd hand out schoolbooks, and I'd read them--which would mean that I'd know what was coming up, because I'd read it."[2] One work that made a particular impression on him was J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings from his school library, although it only had the first two books in the trilogy. He consistently took them out and read them. He would later win the school English prize and the school reading prize, enabling him to finally acquire the third book in the trilogy.[2]

For his seventh birthday, Gaiman received C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia series. He later recalled that "I admired his use of parenthetical statements to the reader, where he would just talk to you...I'd think, 'Oh, my gosh, that is so cool! I want to do that! When I become an author, I want to be able to do things in parentheses.' I liked the power of putting things in brackets."[2] Another childhood favorite was Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, which he called "a favourite forever. Alice was default reading to the point where I knew it by heart."[2] He also enjoyed Batman comics as a child.[2]

Gaiman was educated at several Church of England schools, includging Fonthill School in East Grinstead,[12] Ardingly College (1970–74), and Whitgift School in Croydon (1974–77).[13] His father's position as a public relations official of the Church of Scientology was the cause of the seven-year-old Gaiman being blocked from entering a boys' school, forcing him to remain at the school that he had previously been attending.[11][14] He lived in East Grinstead for many years, from 1965–1980 and again from 1984–1987.[12] He met his first wife, Mary McGrath, while she was studying Scientology and living in a house in East Grinstead that was owned by his father. The couple were married in 1985 after having their first child, Michael.[11]

Journalism, early writings, and literary influences

As a child and a teenager, Gaiman read the works of C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Lewis Carroll, James Branch Cabell, Edgar Allan Poe, Michael Moorcock, Ursula K. Le Guin, Harlan Ellison, Rudyard Kipling, Lord Dunsany and G. K. Chesterton.[2] He later became a fan of science fiction, reading the works of authors as diverse as Alan Moore,[15] Samuel R. Delany, Roger Zelazny, Robert A. Heinlein, H. P. Lovecraft, Thorne Smith, and Gene Wolfe.[citation needed]

In the early 1980s, Gaiman pursued journalism, conducting interviews and writing book reviews, as a means to learn about the world and to make connections that he hoped would later assist him in getting published.[2] He wrote and reviewed extensively for the British Fantasy Society.[16] His first professional short story publication was "Featherquest", a fantasy story, in Imagine Magazine in May 1984, when he was 24.[17]

When waiting for a train at Victoria Station in 1984, Gaiman noticed a copy of Swamp Thing written by Alan Moore, and carefully read it. Moore's fresh and vigorous approach to comics had such an impact on Gaiman that he would later write; "that was the final straw, what was left of my resistance crumbled. I proceeded to make regular and frequent visits to London's Forbidden Planet shop to buy comics".[15]

In 1984, he wrote his first book, a biography of the band Duran Duran, as well as Ghastly Beyond Belief, a book of quotations, with Kim Newman.[2] Even though Gaiman thought he did a terrible job, the book's first edition sold out very quickly. When he went to relinquish his rights to the book, he discovered the publisher had gone bankrupt.[2][18] After this, he was offered a job by Penthouse. He refused the offer.[2]

He also wrote interviews and articles for many British magazines, including Knave. As he was writing for different magazines, some of them competing, and "wrote too many articles", he sometimes went by a number of pseudonyms: Gerry Musgrave, Richard Grey, "along with a couple of house names".[19] Gaiman ended his journalism career in 1987 because British newspapers can "make up anything they want and publish it as fact."[20][21]

In the late 1980s, he wrote Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion in what he calls a "classic English humour" style.[citation needed] Following on from that he wrote the opening of what would become his collaboration with Terry Pratchett on the comic novel Good Omens, about the impending apocalypse.[22]

Comics and graphic novels

See also: Neil Gaiman bibliography § Comics and graphic novels

After forming a friendship with comic book writer Alan Moore,[15] Gaiman started writing comic books, picking up Marvelman after Moore finished his run on the series. Gaiman and artist Mark Buckingham collaborated on several issues of the series before its publisher, Eclipse Comics, collapsed, leaving the series unfinished. His first published comic strips were four short Future Shocks for 2000 AD in 1986–7. He wrote three graphic novels with his favorite collaborator and long-time friend Dave McKean: Violent Cases, Signal to Noise, and The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch. Impressed with his work, DC Comics hired him, and he wrote the limited series Black Orchid.[23] Karen Berger, who later became head of DC Comics's Vertigo, read Black Orchid and offered Gaiman a job: to re-write an old character, The Sandman, but to put his own spin on him.[2]

The Sandman tells the tale of the ageless, anthropomorphic personification of Dream that is known by many names, including Morpheus. The series began in December 1988 and concluded in March 1996: the 75 issues of the regular series, along with an illustrated prose text and a special containing seven short stories, have been collected into 12 volumes that remain in print (14 if the Death: The High Cost of Living spin-off is taken into account). Artists include Sam Kieth, Mike Dringenberg, and Malcolm Jones III, lettering by Todd Klein, colors by Daniel Vozzo, and covers by Dave McKean.[2]

In 1989, Gaiman published The Books of Magic (collected in 1991), a four-part mini-series that provided a tour of the mythological and magical parts of the DC Universe through a frame story about an English teenager who discovers that he is destined to be the world's greatest wizard. The miniseries was popular, and sired an ongoing series written by John Ney Rieber.

In the mid-90s, he also created a number of new characters and a setting that was to be featured in a title published by Tekno Comix. The concepts were then altered and split between three titles set in the same continuity: Lady Justice, Mr. Hero the Newmatic Man, and Teknophage.[24] They were later featured in Phage: Shadow Death and Wheel of Worlds. Although Gaiman's name appeared prominently on all titles, he was not involved in writing of any of the above-mentioned books (though he helped plot the zero issue of Wheel of Worlds).[citation needed]

Gaiman wrote a semi-autobiographical story about a boy's fascination with Michael Moorcock's anti-hero Elric of Melniboné for Ed Kramer's anthology Tales of the White Wolf. In 1996, Gaiman and Ed Kramer co-edited The Sandman: Book of Dreams. Nominated for the British Fantasy Award, the original fiction anthology featured stories and contributions by Tori Amos, Clive Barker, Gene Wolfe, Tad Williams, and others.

Asked why he likes comics more than other forms of storytelling Gaiman said “One of the joys of comics has always been the knowledge that it was, in many ways, untouched ground. It was virgin territory. When I was working on Sandman, I felt a lot of the time that I was actually picking up a machete and heading out into the jungle. I got to write in places and do things that nobody had ever done before. When I’m writing novels I’m painfully aware that I’m working in a medium that people have been writing absolutely jaw-droppingly brilliant things for, you know, three-four thousand years now. You know, you can go back. We have things like The Golden Ass. And you go, well, I don’t know that I’m as good as that and that’s two and a half thousand years old. But with comics I felt like – I can do stuff nobody has ever done. I can do stuff nobody has ever thought of. And I could and it was enormously fun.”[25]

In 2009, Gaiman wrote a two-part Batman story for DC Comics to follow Batman R.I.P. It is titled "Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader?" a play off of the classic Superman story "Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow?" by Alan Moore.[26][27][28] He also contributed a twelve-page Metamorpho story drawn by Mike Allred for Wednesday Comics, a weekly newspaper-style series.[29]

Novels

Neil Gaiman at the 2007 Scream Awards
See also: Neil Gaiman bibliography § Novels

In a collaboration with author Terry Pratchett (best known for his series of Discworld novels), Gaiman's first novel Good Omens was published in 1990. In recent years Pratchett has said that while the entire novel was a collaborative effort and most of the ideas could be credited to both of them, Pratchett did a larger portion of writing and editing if for no other reason than Gaiman's scheduled involvement with Sandman.[30]

The 1996 novelization of Gaiman's teleplay for the BBC mini-series Neverwhere was his first solo novel. The novel was released in tandem with the television series though it presents some notable differences from the television series. In 1999 first printings of his fantasy novel Stardust were released. The novel has been released both as a standard novel and in an illustrated text edition.

American Gods became one of Gaiman's best-selling and multi-award winning novels upon its release in 2001.[31] A special 10th Anniversary edition was released, with the "author's preferred text" 12,000 words longer than the original mass-market editions. This is identical to the signed and numbered limited edition that was released by Hill House Publishers in 2003. This is also the version released by Headline, Gaiman's publisher in the UK, even before the 10th Anniversary edition. He did an extensive sold-out book tour celebrating the 10th Anniversary and promoting this edition in 2011.

In 2005, his novel Anansi Boys was released worldwide. The book deals with Anansi ('Mr. Nancy'), a supporting character in American Gods. Specifically it traces the relationship of his two sons, one semi-divine and the other an unaware Englishman of American origin, as they explore their common heritage. It debuted at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list.[32]

In late 2008, Gaiman released a new children's book, The Graveyard Book. It follows the adventures of a boy named Bod after his family is murdered and he is left to be brought up by a graveyard. It is heavily influenced by Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book. As of late January 2009, it had been on the New York Times Bestseller children's list for fifteen weeks.[33]

As of 2008, Gaiman has several books planned. After a tour of China, he decided to write a non-fiction book about his travels and the general mythos of China. Following that, will be a new 'adult' novel (his first since 2005's Anansi Boys). After that, another 'all-ages' book (in the same vein as Coraline and The Graveyard Book). Following that, Gaiman says that he will release another non-fiction book called The Dream Catchers.[34] In December 2011, Gaiman announced that in January 2012 he would begin work on what is essentially, "American Gods 2."[35]

Film and screenwriting

See also: Neil Gaiman bibliography § Film and television

Neil Gaiman makes a cameo appearance in the 1986 music video Heart of Lothian, from the band Marillion.[36]

Gaiman wrote the 1996 BBC dark fantasy television series Neverwhere. He cowrote the screenplay for the movie MirrorMask with his old friend Dave McKean for McKean to direct. In addition, he wrote the localized English language script to the anime movie Princess Mononoke, based on a translation of the Japanese script.

He cowrote the script for Robert Zemeckis's Beowulf with Roger Avary, a collaboration that has proved productive for both writers.[37] Gaiman has expressed interest in collaborating on a film adaptation of the Epic of Gilgamesh.[38]

He was the only person other than J. Michael Straczynski to write a Babylon 5 script in the last three seasons, contributing the season five episode "Day of the Dead".

Gaiman has also written at least three drafts of a screenplay adaptation of Nicholson Baker's novel The Fermata for director Robert Zemeckis,[39][40] although the project was stalled while Zemeckis made The Polar Express and the Gaiman-Roger Avary written Beowulf film.

Neil Gaiman was featured in the History Channel documentary Comic Book Superheroes Unmasked.

Several of Gaiman's original works have been optioned or greenlighted for film adaptation, most notably Stardust, which premiered in August 2007 and stars Robert De Niro, Michelle Pfeiffer and Claire Danes, directed by Matthew Vaughn. A stop-motion version of Coraline was released on 6 February 2009, with Henry Selick directing and Dakota Fanning and Teri Hatcher in the leading voice-actor roles.[41]

In 2007, Gaiman announced that after ten years in development, the feature film of Death: The High Cost of Living would finally begin production with a screenplay by Gaiman that he would direct for Warner Independent. Don Murphy and Susan Montford are the producers, and Guillermo del Toro is the film's executive producer.[42][43]

Seeing Ear Theatre performed two of Gaiman's audio theatre plays, "Snow, Glass, Apples", Gaiman's retelling of Snow White and "Murder Mysteries", a story of heaven before the Fall in which the first crime is committed. Both audio plays were published in the collection Smoke and Mirrors in 1998.[citation needed]

Gaiman's 2009 Newbery Medal winning book The Graveyard Book will be made into a movie, with Neil Jordan being announced as the director during Gaiman's appearance on The Today Show, 27 January 2009.[citation needed]

Gaiman wrote an episode of the long-running science fiction series Doctor Who, broadcast in 2011 during Matt Smith's second series as the Doctor.[44][45] Shooting began in August 2010 for this story, whose original title was "The House of Nothing"[46] but has been retitled as "The Doctor's Wife.[47] In 2011, it was announced that Gaiman would be writing the script to a new film version of Journey to the West.[48][49]

Blog and Twitter

In February 2001, when Gaiman had completed writing American Gods, his publishers set up a promotional web site featuring a weblog in which Gaiman described the day-to-day process of revising, publishing, and promoting the novel. After the novel was published, the web site evolved into a more general Official Neil Gaiman Website.[50]

Gaiman generally posts to the blog describing the day-to-day process of being Neil Gaiman and writing, revising, publishing, or promoting whatever the current project is. He also posts reader emails and answers questions, which gives him unusually direct and immediate interaction with fans. One of his answers on why he writes the blog is "because writing is, like death, a lonely business."[51]

The original American Gods blog was extracted for publication in the NESFA Press collection of Gaiman miscellany, Adventures in the Dream Trade.[52]

To celebrate the 7th anniversary of the blog, the novel American Gods was provided free of charge online for a month.[53]

Gaiman is an active user of the social networking site Twitter with over 1.6 million followers as of January 2012, using the username @neilhimself.[54] Gaiman also runs a Tumblr account on which he primarily answers fan questions.[55]

Personal life

Home and family

Neil Gaiman and Amanda Palmer (Vienna 2011)

Gaiman lives near Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.[56][57][58] and has lived there since 1992. Gaiman moved there to be close to the family of his then-wife, Mary McGrath, with whom he has three children: Michael, Holly, and Madeleine.[2][59]

Gaiman is married to songwriter and performer Amanda Palmer. The couple publicly announced that they were dating in June 2009,[60][61] announced their engagement on Twitter on 1 January 2010,[62] and confirmed their engagement on their respective websites two weeks later.[63][64] On 16 November 2010, Amanda Palmer hosted a non-legally binding flash mob wedding for Gaiman's birthday in New Orleans.[65] They were legally married on 2 January 2011.[66] The wedding took place in the parlour of writers Ayelet Waldman and Michael Chabon.[67]

Friendship with Tori Amos

One of Gaiman's most commented-upon friendships is with the musician Tori Amos, a Sandman fan who became friends with Gaiman after making a reference to "Neil and the Dream King" on her 1991 demo tape, and whom he included as a character (a talking tree) in Stardust.[68] Amos also mentions Gaiman in her songs, "Tear in Your Hand" ("If you need me, me and Neil'll be hangin' out with the dream king. Neil says hi by the way"),[69] "Space Dog" ("Where's Neil when you need him?"),[70] "Horses" ("But will you find me if Neil makes me a tree?"),[71] "Carbon" ("Get me Neil on the line, no I can't hold. Have him read, 'Snow, Glass, Apples' where nothing is what it seems"),[72] "Sweet Dreams" ("You're forgetting to fly, darling, when you sleep"),[72] and "Not Dying Today" ("Neil is thrilled he can claim he's mammalian, 'but the bad news,' he said, 'girl you're a dandelion'").[72] He also wrote stories for the tour book of Boys for Pele and Scarlet's Walk, a letter for the tour book of American Doll Posse, and the stories behind each girl in her album Strange Little Girls. Amos penned the introduction for his novel Death: the High Cost of Living, and posed for the cover. She also wrote a song called "Sister Named Desire" based on his Sandman character, which was included on his anthology, Where's Neil When You Need Him?.

Gaiman is godfather to Tori Amos's daughter Tash,[73] and wrote a poem called "Blueberry Girl" for Tori and Tash.[74] The poem has been turned into a book by the illustrator Charles Vess.[75] Gaiman read the poem aloud to an audience at the Sundance Kabuki Theater in San Francisco on 5 October 2008 during his book reading tour for The Graveyard Book.[76] It was published in March 2009 with the title, Blueberry Girl.

Litigation

In 1993, Gaiman was contracted by Todd McFarlane to write a single issue of Spawn, a popular title at the newly created Image Comics company. McFarlane was promoting his new title by having guest authors Gaiman, Alan Moore, Frank Miller, and Dave Sim each write a single issue.

In issue #9 of the series, Gaiman introduced the characters Angela, Cogliostro, and Medieval Spawn. Prior to this issue, Spawn was an assassin who worked for the government and came back as a reluctant agent of Hell but had no direction. In Angela, a cruel and malicious angel, Gaiman introduced a character who threatened Spawn's existence, as well as providing a moral opposite. Cogliostro was introduced as a mentor character for exposition and instruction, providing guidance. Medieval Spawn introduced a history and precedent that not all Spawns were self-serving or evil, giving additional character development to Malebolgia, the demon that creates Hellspawn.

As intended,[77] all three characters were used repeatedly throughout the next decade by Todd McFarlane within the wider Spawn universe. In papers filed by Gaiman in early 2002, however, he claimed that the characters were jointly owned by their scripter (himself) and artist (McFarlane), not merely by McFarlane in his role as the creator of the series.[78][79] Disagreement over who owned the rights to a character was the primary motivation for McFarlane and other artists to form Image Comics (although that argument related more towards disagreements between writers and artists as character creators).[80] As McFarlane used the characters without Gaiman's permission or royalty payments, Gaiman believed his copyrighted work was being infringed upon, which violated their original, oral, agreement. McFarlane initially agreed that Gaiman had not signed away any rights to the characters, and negotiated with Gaiman to effectively 'swap' McFarlane's interest in the character Marvelman[81] (McFarlane believes he purchased interest in the character when Eclipse Comics was liquidated; Gaiman is interested in being able to continue his aborted run on that title) but later claimed that Gaiman's work had been work-for-hire and that McFarlane owned all of Gaiman's creations entirely. The presiding judge, however, ruled against their agreement being work for hire, based in large part on the legal requirement that "copyright assignments must be in writing."[82]

The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the district court ruling in February 2004[83] granting joint ownership of the characters to Gaiman and McFarlane. On the specific issue of Cogliostro, presiding Judge John Shabaz proclaimed "The expressive work that is the comic-book character Count Nicholas Cogliostro was the joint work of Gaiman and McFarlane—their contributions strike us as quite equal—and both are entitled to ownership of the copyright".[84] Similar analysis lead to similar results for the other two characters, Angela and Medieval Spawn.

This legal battle was brought by Gaiman and the specifically formed Marvels and Miracles, LLC, which Gaiman created in order to help sort out the legal rights surrounding Marvelman (see the ownership of Marvelman sub-section of the Marvelman article). Gaiman wrote Marvel 1602 in 2003 to help fund this project.[85] All of Marvel Comics' profits for the original issues of the series went to Marvels and Miracles.[85] In 2009, Marvel Comics purchased Marvelman.[86]

Gaiman returned to court over three more Spawn characters, Dark Ages Spawn, Domina and Tiffany, that are claimed to be "derivative of the three he co-created with McFarlane."[87] The original three characters, whose first appearance was never reprinted in Spawn trade paperback collections, are just now appearing printed for the first time. The judge ruled that Gaiman was right in his claims and gave McFarlane until the start of September 2010 to settle matters.[88]

Gaiman is a major supporter and board member of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund.[89]

Literary allusions

Gaiman's work is known for a high degree of allusiveness.[90] Meredith Collins, for instance, has commented upon the degree to which his novel Stardust depends on allusions to Victorian fairy tales and culture.[91] Particularly in The Sandman, literary figures and characters appear often; the character of Fiddler's Green is modelled visually on G. K. Chesterton, both William Shakespeare and Geoffrey Chaucer appear as characters, as do several characters from within A Midsummer Night's Dream[92] and The Tempest. The comic also draws from numerous mythologies and historical periods. Such allusions are not unique to Sandman; Stardust, for example, also has a character called Shakespeare.

Clay Smith has argued that this sort of allusiveness serves to situate Gaiman as a strong authorial presence in his own works, often to the exclusion of his collaborators.[93] However, Smith's viewpoint is in the minority: to many, if there is a problem with Gaiman scholarship and intertextuality it is that "... his literary merit and vast popularity have propelled him into the nascent comics canon so quickly that there is not yet a basis of critical scholarship about his work."[94]

David Rudd takes a more generous view in his study of the novel Coraline, where he argues that the work plays and riffs productively on Sigmund Freud's notion of the Uncanny, or the Unheimlich.[95]

Though Gaiman's work is frequently seen as exemplifying the monomyth structure laid out in Joseph Campbell's The Hero with a Thousand Faces,[96] Gaiman says that he started reading The Hero with a Thousand Faces but refused to finish it: "I think I got about half way through The Hero with a Thousand Faces and found myself thinking if this is true – I don’t want to know. I really would rather not know this stuff. I’d rather do it because it’s true and because I accidentally wind up creating something that falls into this pattern than be told what the pattern is."[97]

Selected awards and honours

Bibliography

Main article: Neil Gaiman bibliography

Notes

  1. ^ "Gaiman Interrupted: An Interview with Neil Gaiman (Part 2)" conducted by Lawrence Person, Nova Express, Volume 5, Number 4, Fall/Winter 2000, page 5.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Biography Today. Detroit, Michigan: Omnigraphics. 2010. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-7808-1058-7. Cite error: The named reference "Biography Today" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ "Author Name Pronunciation Guide – Neil Gaiman". Teachingbooks.net. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  4. ^ Comics Buyer's Guide #1636 (December 2007), p. 135
  5. ^ Flood, Alison (24 June 2010). "Neil Gaiman wins Carnegie Medal". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  6. ^ Wagner, Hank; Golden, Christopher; Bissette, Stephen R. (2008). "The Interview". Prince of Stories: The Many Worlds of Neil Gaiman. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 447–449. ISBN 978-0-312-38765-5.
  7. ^ Gaiman, Neil. "journeys end", Neil Gaiman's Journal, 16 January 2009
  8. ^ a b Lancaster, James (11 October 2005). "Everyone has the potential to be great". The Argus (Brighton). pp. 10–11.
  9. ^ Lancaster, James (11 October 2005). "Everyone has the potential to be great". The Argus (Brighton). pp. 10–11. David Gaiman quote: "It's not me you should be interviewing. It's my son. Neil Gaiman. He's in the New York Times Bestsellers list. Fantasy. He's flavour of the month, very famous."
  10. ^ "Neil Gaiman Journal- december 20". Journal.neilgaiman.com. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  11. ^ a b c Goodyear, Dana (25 January 2010). "Kid Goth". The New Yorker.
  12. ^ a b "East Grinstead Hall of Fame – Neil Gaiman", East Grinstead Community Web Site.
  13. ^ "Neil Gaiman". Exclusive Books. Archived from the original on 20081204. Retrieved 20120202. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |archivedate= (help)
  14. ^ "Head Bars Son Of Cult Man". The Times. 13 August 1968. p. 2. A headmaster has refused the son of a scientologist entry to a preparatory school until, he says, the cult "clears its name". The boy, Neil Gaiman, aged 7, (...) Mr. David Gaiman, the father, aged 35, former South Coast businessman, has become in recent weeks a prominent spokesman in Britain for scientology, which has its headquarters at East Grinstead.
  15. ^ a b c Steven P. Olsen (2005) Neil Gaiman p.16-18. The Rosen Publishing Group. Retrieved 13 January 2011
  16. ^ "Neil Gaiman – About Neil". Neilgaiman.com. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  17. ^ "Neil Gaiman – About Neil". Neilgaiman.com. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  18. ^ "Authors at Google - Neil Gaiman interview". Youtube.com. 3 October 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  19. ^ "Neil Gaiman – Rumour control". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 2 January 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  20. ^ Kanazawa, Satoshi. "Psychology Today – British Newspapers Make Things Up". Psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  21. ^ "Neil Gaiman – Journalism". Twitter.com. 29 January 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  22. ^ Science Fiction Weekly Interview[dead link‍]
  23. ^ Irvine, Alex (2008). "Black Orchid". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.). The Vertigo Encyclopedia. New York: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 32–34. ISBN 0-7566-4122-5. OCLC 213309015.
  24. ^ "Teknophage". Neilgaiman.info. 23 July 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  25. ^ Ogline, Tim E.; "Myth, Magic and the Mind of Neil Gaiman", Wild River Review, 20 November 2007.
  26. ^ CCI: DC One Weekend Later – Gaiman on "Batman", Comic Book Resources, 27 July 2008
  27. ^ SDCC '08 – More on Gaiman-Batman with Dan DiDio, Newsarama, 27 July 2008
  28. ^ DC at Comic-Con ’08 Mike Marts, Newsarama Video, 27 July 2008
  29. ^ Minnick, Remy (30 January 2009). "Gaiman & Allred on Metamorpho". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  30. ^ "L Space – Words from the Master". Lspace.org. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  31. ^ "American Gods wins a Hugo!". Neilgaiman.com. 17 September 2002. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  32. ^ "Best-Seller Lists: Hardcover Fiction". The New York Times. NYTimes.com. 9 October 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
  33. ^ "Beyond Tea", Neil Gaiman's journal, 19 November 2008
  34. ^ "From Las Vegas", Neil Gaiman's journal, 6 November 2008
  35. ^ "Neil Gaiman - The Wheeler Centre: Books, Writing, Ideas". The Wheeler Centre. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  36. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XM3nozQ3i-s. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  37. ^ Neil Gaiman and Roger Avary: Shaping Beowulf's story, video interview with stv.tv
  38. ^ Ambrose, Tom (December 2007). "He Is Legend". Empire. p. 142.
  39. ^ "Neil Gaiman's Film Work". Neil Gaiman. 13 August 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  40. ^ "Neil Gaiman Takes Hollywood". UGO.com. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  41. ^ Coraline (2009). IMDb.
  42. ^ Sanchez, Robert (2 August 2006). "Neil Gaiman on Stardust and Death: High Cost of Living!". IESB.net. Retrieved 25 February 2007.
  43. ^ Gaiman, Neil (9 January 2007). "The best film of 2006 was..." Neil Gaiman's Journal. Neil Gaiman. Retrieved 25 February 2007.
  44. ^ "EXCLUSIVE Neil Gaiman Confirms Doctor Who Episode". SFX. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  45. ^ Author Neil Gaiman to guest star on The Simpsons BBC News Retrieved 13 January 2011
  46. ^ Masters, Tim (24 May 2010). "Neil Gaiman reveals power of writing Doctor Who". BBC News. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
  47. ^ "Doctor Who: Title Of the Neil Gaiman Episode Revealed". SFX. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
  48. ^ "Neil Gaiman's Journal: A quick in and out". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 12 March 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  49. ^ Coonan, Clifford (10 March 2011). "Neil Gaiman to script 'Journey'". Variety.
  50. ^ "Official Neil Gaiman Website". Neilgaiman.com. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  51. ^ "Neil Gaiman's journal, 2/11/2008". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  52. ^ "Adventures in the Dream Trade: Table of Contents". www.nefsa.org. NEFSA Press. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  53. ^ Gaiman, Neil. "Death, and Free Revisited". Neil Gaiman Journal. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  54. ^ "Neil Gaiman (neilhimself) on Twitter". Retrieved 28 January 2012.
  55. ^ "Neil Gaiman".
  56. ^ Rabinovitch, Dina (12 December 2005). "A writer's life: Neil Gaiman". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  57. ^ McGinty, Stephen (25 February 2006). "Dream weaver". The Scotsman.
  58. ^ "Neil Gaiman – Biography". Biography. Retrieved 21 June 2006.
  59. ^ "Neil Gaiman's Journal: All Questions, All the Time". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 11 April 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  60. ^ Yu, Kathryn (4 June 2009). "Two Lovers". Amanda Palmer, Neil Gaiman Perform Together in NYC. SPIN. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
  61. ^ Gaiman, Neil (1/15/10). "Telling the World: An Official Announcement". http://journal.neilgaiman.com. Retrieved 15 January 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  62. ^ "Twitter / Amanda Palmer: new years was all that and". Twitter.com. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  63. ^ "Neil Gaiman's Journal: Telling the World: An Official Announcement". journal.neilgaiman.com. 15 January 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  64. ^ "Telling the World". blog.amandapalmer.net. 15 January 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  65. ^ "Still Life with Wedding Party". blog.amandapalmer.net. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010. "Neil Gaiman's Journal: The Wedding Mystery Explained". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
  66. ^ Zutter, Natalie. "Amanda Palmer and Neil Gaiman Marry". Ology Magazine. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  67. ^ bleedingcool.com , 3 January 2011.
  68. ^ Tori Amos, "Tear in Your Hand," Little Earthquakes
  69. ^ "Tear In Your Hand". Everything Tori. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  70. ^ "Space Dog". Everything Tori. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  71. ^ "Beauty Queen/ Horses". Everything Tori. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  72. ^ a b c "Carbon". Everything Tori. Retrieved 2 August 2010. Cite error: The named reference "everythingtori.com" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  73. ^ "Neil Gaiman's Journal: listening to unresolving". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 30 November 2004. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  74. ^ "Neil Gaiman's Journal: Blueberry Girls". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 7 July 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  75. ^ "News from Green Man Press " Blog Archive " Blueberry Wanderings". Green Man Press. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  76. ^ "Neil Gaiman's Journal: Chapter Six in San Francisco yesterday". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 6 October 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  77. ^ See Judge Shabaz's ruling for the legal reasoning: "As a co-owner, McFarlane was not violating the Copyright Act by unilaterally publishing the jointly owned work, but, as in any other case of conversion or misappropriation, he would have to account to the other joint owner for the latter's share of the profits."
  78. ^ Listen to the "Oral Argument," List of Documents in case: 03-1331 : Gaiman, Neil v. McFarlane, Todd. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
  79. ^ See also the official decision by Judge John Shabaz in The United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Nos. 03–1331, 03–1461. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
  80. ^ See Khoury, George, Image Comics: The Road To Independence (TwoMorrows Publishing, 2007), ISBN 1-893905-71-3
  81. ^ See Judge Shabaz's ruling: "A tentative agreement was reached that... Gaiman would exchange his rights in Medieval Spawn and Cogliostro for McFarlane's rights in another comic book character, Miracleman."
  82. ^ Judge Shabaz, Official ruling, as per "Schiller & Schmidt, Inc. v. Nordisco Corp., 969 F.2d 410, 413 (7th Cir. 1992)"
  83. ^ Yarbrough, Beau (3 October 2002). "Gaiman in Stunning Victory over McFarlane in Spawn Case: Jury Finds for Gaiman on All Counts". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
  84. ^ See Judge Shabaz's ruling for similar statements on Angela and Medieval Spawn.
  85. ^ a b Weiland, Jonah (27 June 2003). "Marvel's "1602" Press Conference". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
  86. ^ Phegley, Kiel (24 July 2009). "CCI: Marvel Acquires Marvelman". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
  87. ^ Treleven, Ed (25 May 2010). "Gaiman takes on McFarlane in Wis. federal court comic book clash". Wisconsin State Journal. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  88. ^ Melrose, Kevin (21 July 2010). "Judge rules Dark Ages Spawn, Domina and Tiffany are derivative characters". Robot 6. Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  89. ^ "Neil Gaiman Talks Sandman, CBLDF on NPR". 19 September 2003. Retrieved 22 September 2008. [dead link‍]
  90. ^ See particularly Rodney Sharkey, James Fleming, and Zuleyha Cetiner-Oktem's articles in ImageTexT's special issue on Gaiman's work: [1].
  91. ^ Collins, Meredith. "Fairy and Faerie: Uses of the Victorian in Neil Gaiman's and Charles Vess's Stardust." ImageTexT 4.1. [2]
  92. ^ See this detailed analysis: [3].
  93. ^ Smith, Clay. "Get Gaiman?: PolyMorpheus Perversity in Works by and about Neil Gaiman." ImageTexT 4.1. [4]
  94. ^ "A Special Issue on the Works of Neil Gaiman, Introduction". English.ufl.edu. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  95. ^ Rudd, David "An Eye for an 'I': Neil Gaiman’s Coraline and the Question of Identity" Children’s Literature and Education 39(3), 2008, pp. 159–168 [5]
  96. ^ See Stephen Rauch, Neil Gaiman's The Sandman and Joseph Campbell: In Search of the Modern Myth, Wildside Press, 2003
  97. ^ Ogline, Tim E. "The Wild River Review, "Interview with the Dream King"". Wildriverreview.com. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  98. ^ Gaiman's LDF award
  99. ^ "1991 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  100. ^ "1999 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  101. ^ "Mythypoeic Awards – Winners". Mythopoeic Society. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
  102. ^ "The Locus Index to SF Awards: 2000 Hugo Awards". Locusmag.com. 2 September 2000. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  103. ^ "The Locus Index to SF Awards:2000 Bram Stoker Awards". Locusmag.com. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  104. ^ a b "2002 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  105. ^ Locus Magazine (2002). "Locus Award Winners by Category". Locus Magazine. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
  106. ^ Locus Magazine (2003). "Locus Award Winners by Category". Locus Magazine. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
  107. ^ "The Locus Index to SF Awards: 2003 Bram Stoker Awards". Locusmag.com. 7 June 2003. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  108. ^ Weiland, Jonah. "SANDMAN: SEASON OF MISTS' WINS AT ANGOULEME". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  109. ^ von Busack, Richard (8 March 2006). "Sunnyvale". Metroactive. Retrieved 10 September 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  110. ^ Tyler, Joshua (10 January 2006). "Shatner Gets His Own Award". Cinema Blend. Retrieved 10 September 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  111. ^ Quills Foundation (2005). "The Quill Awards: The 2005 Awards". TheQuills.Org. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
  112. ^ "2006 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  113. ^ "Hugo words…". Neil Gaiman's homepage. 27 August 2006. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
  114. ^ "The Bob Clampett Humanitarian Award". Comic-con.org. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  115. ^ "Gaiman's blog, 26 January 2009". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  116. ^ "Finally not a bridesmaid actually".
  117. ^ "British Fantasy Awards 2009: the Shortlist!". Britishfantasysociety.org.uk. 1 August 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  118. ^ "The Hugo Awards: 2009 Hugo Award Winners". 9/8/09. Retrieved 10 August 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  119. ^ "Neil Gaiman gewinnt den Hugo Award". Der Standard (in German). 14 August 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
  120. ^ "Neil Gaiman named Honorary Chair of National Library Week". 12 October 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  121. ^ "Neil Gaiman wins children's book prize". BBC News. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  122. ^ "The CILIP Carnegie & Kate Greenaway Children's Book Awards". 25 June 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  123. ^ "2010 Locus Awards Winners".
  124. ^ a b "2011 Locus Awards Winners".
  125. ^ a b "2011 Shirley Jackson Awards".
  126. ^ "Announcing the 2011 Nebula Awards Winners". Tor Books. 19 May 2012.
  127. ^ "Neil Gaiman Headlines 134th Commencement: Award-winning author, graphic novelist tells graduates to 'be fearless' and 'make good art'". University of the Arts (Philadelphia). Retrieved 17 May 2012.

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