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Wolf's Rain

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Wolf's Rain
Volume 1 of original Japanese DVD release of Wolf's Rain
ウルフズレイン
(Urufuzu Rein)
GenreAdventure, Post-apocalyptic, Supernatural
Anime television series
Directed byTensai Okamura
Written byKeiko Nobumoto
Music byYoko Kanno
StudioBones
Original networkFuji TV, Animax
English networkCanada Razer
United States Cartoon Network
United Kingdom Rapture TV, AnimeCentral
South Africa Animax
Singapore India Philippines Animax Asia
Original run January 6, 2003 – July 29, 2003
Episodes26 (List of episodes)
Original video animation
Directed byTensai Okamura
Written byKeiko Nobumoto
Music byYoko Kanno
StudioBones
Released January 23, 2004 – February 25, 2004
Runtime96 minutes
Episodes4 (List of episodes)
Manga
Written byKeiko Nobumoto
Illustrated byToshitsugu Iida
Published byKodansha
English publisherViz Media US
MagazineMagazine Z
DemographicSeinen
Original runJuly 23, 2003 – February 23, 2004
Volumes2

Wolf's Rain (ウルフズレイン, Urufuzu Rein) is an anime series created by writer and story editor Keiko Nobumoto and produced by Bones Studio. It was directed by Tensai Okamura and featured character designs by Toshihiro Kawamoto with a soundtrack produced and arranged by Yoko Kanno. It focuses on the journey of four lone wolves who cross paths while following the scent of the Lunar Flowers. They form a pack and decide to seek out the Flower Maiden in order to open the way to Paradise. Along the way, they must avoid a fanatical wolf hunter and the nobles who wish to use the Flower Maiden to create their own Paradise. The wolves have an advantage in the form of a curious ability to take on a human guise, but this power brings its own complications when it gives rise to entanglements in human society.

Wolf's Rain spans twenty-six television episodes and four original video animation (OVA) episodes, with each episode running approximately twenty-four minutes. The series was originally broadcast in Japan on Fuji TV and the anime CS television network, Animax. The complete thirty episode series is licensed for Region 1 release by Bandai Entertainment, in Region 2 (Europe) by Beez Entertainment and in Region 4 by Madman Entertainment. The series was adapted into a short two-volume manga series written by Keiko Nobumoto and illustrated by Toshitsugu Iida. The manga, which was released while the series was airing, is a retelling of the story rather than a straight adaptation. It was originally serialized in Magazine Z and has been released in North America by Viz Media.

The anime series was well received in Japan, being the third ranked anime series in its time slot while airing on Fuji TV. The Bandai Entertainment English language release sold well in North America. It helped Bandai gain the 2004 Anime Company of the Year award from industry news company ICv2 in the ICv2 Retailers Guide to Anime/Manga. The manga adaptation was selected as one of their top ten anime products of 2005 and sold well in North America. Reviewers of the series gave it high marks for characterization, visual presentation and its soundtrack, while disparaging the existence of four recapitulation episodes in the middle of the series. The manga adaptation also sold well in North America and received good reviews, though reviewers felt its short length resulted in a rushed plot and neglected supporting characters.

Also, the anime series have quite many references to Russia and some connected stereotypes with it: overwhelming majority of inscriptions are made on russian language (russian alphabet), on frames we often can see vodka and potatoes, and action mainly takes place among northern landscapes.

Plot

According to an old legend, when the end of the world comes, Paradise will appear; however, only wolves will know how to find it. Although wolves are believed to have been hunted to extinction nearly two hundred years ago, they still exist, surviving by taking human form.[1] Freeze City is a northern human city in a world where the majority of people live in poverty and hardship.

Kiba, an injured lone white wolf, goes to Freeze City following the scent of the Lunar Flower, which is the key to opening Paradise. There he encounters Tsume, Hige and Toboe, three other wolves who were drawn to Freeze City by the scent of the Lunar Flower and are now living in the city. The wolves encounter Quent Yaiden, a former Sheriff of Kyrios who is obsessed with hunting down wolves, and his dog Blue. Cheza, the Flower Maiden who is destined to lead the wolves to Paradise, is being studied at a laboratory under the care of Cher Degré. She is awakened by the smell of wolf's blood. As Kiba and Hige approach the lab to find her, she is stolen away by Lord Darcia the Third, whose people created Cheza.

With the Flower Maiden gone, the wolves have no reason to stay in the city. Despite some initial misgivings and suspicions, they decide to stay together and follow Kiba in his search for the Flower Maiden and Paradise. As they pursue Cheza, the wolves travel through various cities and the remnants of former habitations. Cher joins the city's army to try to recover Cheza, while Cher's ex-husband Hubb Lebowski searches desperately for Cher, and Quent continues his relentless pursuit of the wolves. When Blue eventually encounters Cheza, it awakens her wolf blood from dormancy and causes her to leave Quent and take on her own human illusion. She joins Kiba's pack and travels with them for a while, developing a relationship with Hige. After she becomes separated from the pack, she travels with Cher, while Hubb finds himself traveling with Quent, who is now searching for Blue as well as the wolves.

The wolves and the humans come together in Jaguara's city, where the captured Cheza is being held. In attempting to rescue the abducted Cheza, Kiba, Tsume and Toboe are captured. Tsume and Toboe are thrown into a dungeon with Hubb while Jaguara attempts to use Kiba's blood to force Paradise to open. Blue and Cher also make their way into the Keep, as does Quent. Darcia interrupts the ceremony as Kiba and the other wolves break free and rush to free the Flower Maiden. Darcia battles Jagara along with Kiba, and finally slays her as the keep begins to collapse. The wolves and the humans barely escape with their lives, and Quent is gravely wounded saving Blue from an oncoming vehicle after escaping from Jaguara's city.

The wolves, now accompanied by Cheza, Cher, Hubb and Quent, continue trying to make their way to Paradise, pursued by the now insane Darcia. A combination of environmental factors and Darcia's hostility cause most of the characters to die, leaving only Kiba, Cheza and Darcia alive at the place where Paradise can be opened. Darcia is killed when he attempts to enter Paradise, and Cheza's body disintegrates into seeds. Fatally wounded, Kiba concludes that his quest has failed, but as he lays dying, rain begins to fall and Cheza's seeds grow into thousands of lunar flowers. Kiba is then plunged into the waters depths as he dies, the blood red moon turning back to its normal color. Cheza's death causes Paradise, as well as the world, to be reborn. However, Darcia's corruption can be seen taking root in this new Paradise. At the series' close, Toboe, Tsume, Hige and Kiba are in a modern city. They appear to be human (reincarnated); Tsume is riding a motorbike and Toboe is holding a small kitten, Hige is eating a hot-dog while walking down the street. Kiba, walking down a busy sidewalk, begins running faster and faster, presumably because he caught the scent of a nearby lunar flower. Cheza waits for the wolves to search for Paradise once more.

Due to the vague ending of the series, the story is open to interpretation to the viewers. One such interpretation would suggest that the humans have always had paradise, that the Earth was such and that it was always up to the humans (and the wolves) to keep it that way. However the humans have failed and thus they turned the world into the crumbling world that was viewed in the series.


Changes in manga adaptation

The two-volume manga adaptation includes some of the core events of the anime series with few changes, but as a whole the manga veers greatly from its anime inspiration. Many events from the anime do not occur in the manga, and some of the events from the anime that are presented in the manga are completely different in terms of dialogue, chronological sequence, and final outcomes.[2] In particular, the second volume tells an almost completely different story, with Darcia recruiting Blue to help him open the door to Paradise with her blood. The wolves must go to Darcia's keep, rather than Jaguara's, in order to free Cheza, with Kiba missing but appearing at the end to make the final rescue effort. At the end of the manga, the four wolves and Cheza are sitting on a rock as the clouds break and sunlight streams through for the first time. The world rejoices the end of the Ice Age and rumors that Paradise has been found abound.[3]

In the manga most of the characters are similar in appearance and personality to their anime counterparts, but some characters seen in the anime do not appear in the manga, including the Noble Lord Orkham. [2][3]

Characters

Main article: List of Wolf's Rain characters
  • Kiba (キバ, lit. "Fang") is an Tundra Wolf (or Arctic Wolf) who is dedicated solely to finding the Lunar Flower and opening the way to Paradise. He will gladly protect Cheza with his life. Kiba primarily acts on his instincts, which sometimes lead him to behave rashly, and the others to call him idealistic. Full of pride for his wolf heritage, Kiba initially expresses disgust at wolves who use human disguises, but eventually realizes that it is necessary to survive. Voiced by: Mamoru Miyano (Japanese); Johnny Yong Bosch (English)
  • Tsume (ツメ, lit. "Claw") is a Grey Wolf with a scar across his chest. Rough and self-reliant, Tsume is a strong fighter who keeps his true feelings to himself. He joins the others out of boredom after his human gang abandons him, and does not initially believe in Paradise. Tsume takes leading positions along with Kiba. Though he frequently quarrels with Kiba over their journey, he eventually accepts his leadership and comes to trust in him, also growing protective of Toboe. Later he really wants to know if there is Paradise. And he confesses that he made all this long way only because he wanted to bring Toboe to Paradise. Voiced by: Kenta Miyake (Japanese); Crispin Freeman (English)
  • Hige (ヒゲ, lit. "Whisker") is a Mexican Wolf with a carefree attitude, who seems quite comfortable living in human society. After meeting Kiba, he goes along with the idea of searching for Paradise without much argument. Hige wears a collar around his neck, but he doesn't remember how he got it. Voiced by: Akio Suyama (Japanese); Joshua Seth (English)
  • Toboe (トオボエ, Tōboe, lit. "Howling") is a Red Wolf and the youngest of the group. He is considered the pup or the runt by the others in the early part of the series. He was raised by an old woman who found him outside the city, and still wears the bracelets she gave him. Due to his upbringing, Toboe is friendly and protective towards most humans. Voiced by: Hiroki Shimowada (Japanese); Mona Marshall (English)
  • Cheza (チェザ) is also called the "Flower Maiden". The wolves need Cheza to find and open the gateway to Paradise. She was created via alchemy from a Lunar Flower, and as such needs water and sunlight to survive. Originally asleep and under study in a lab in Freeze City, Cheza is eventually able to join the wolves, whom she loves, and travel with them. She refers to herself in the third person, usually adapted to 'this one'. The spilling of wolf blood makes Cheza scream, and she has the ability to heal them or put them to sleep through her song and touch. Voiced by: Arisa Ogasawara (Japanese); Sherry Lynn (English)
  • error: {{nihongo}}: Japanese or romaji text required (help) is a black Wolfdog. At first, she travels along with Quent Yaiden, hunting wolves. But Blue reveals that she's actually half-wolf, and unwilling to hunt her own kind, Blue leaves Quent to join the pack, eventually falling in love with Hige.

Media

Anime

Main article: List of Wolf's Rain episodes

The Wolf's Rain anime series was produced by BONES and directed by Tensai Okamura. Keiko Nobumoto was the writer and story editor, while Toshihiro Kawamoto created the character designs.[4] The series premiered in Japan on Fuji TV on January 6, 2003 and ran for a full season of twenty-six episodes, with the final episode airing on July 29, 2003. A four episode original video animation (OVA) was later created and released to DVD to provide a fuller conclusion to the story than the original television run did, and to make up for the four recapitulation episodes that originally broadcast in the middle of the series. The first two OVA episodes were released on January 23, 2004, with the final two released a month later on February 25, 2004.[5] Animax also aired the series on its respective networks worldwide, including East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Latin America, and other regions.

Except for the four recap episodes, the entire Wolf's Rain anime series aired in the United States as part of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim lineup in 2004.[6] It was broadcast on Europe's digital specialty station Rapture TV from November 14, 2005 to July 6, 2006.[7][8] It also aired in the UK on Anime Central starting November 4, 2007, with only the first 26 episodes airing.[9][10]

Wolf's Rain is licensed for Region 1 DVD release by Bandai Entertainment. The entire series, including the four OVAs, were released in seven individual volumes that contained four episodes, except for the first two volumes, which had five episodes. With the first volume, Bandai offered a stand-alone version and a limited edition version, which included an art box, Kiba plushie, and the first CD soundtrack. Bandai also released the thirty episodes in a complete series box set and in a two part "Anime Legends" collection.[11][12]

In Region 2 (Europe) the series is licensed by Beez Entertainment, which also released the entire series, including the OVAs, in seven individual volumes, and later as a box set which also included the first soundtrack CD (see below). In Region 4, Madman Entertainment owns the series license and released all twenty-six episodes and four OVA episodes in the form of a complete series box set.[11]

CDs

All of the music for the Wolf's Rain soundtrack was composed and arranged by Yoko Kanno.[13] The vocal songs are performed by various artists, including Maaya Sakamoto, Raj Ramayya, Ilaria Graziano, Steve Conte, and Joyce, and they were recorded around the world, including Japan, Poland, Brazil, the United States, and Italy to offer a diverse range of music and give the soundtrack an international flavor.[14] Two CD soundtracks, produced by Yoko Kanno, Toshiaki Ota, and Shiro Sasaki, were released in Japan by Victor Entertainment.[15]

"Gravity", the series' ending theme, is a song performed by Maaya Sakamoto. It was released as a single on February 21, 2003.

Wolf's Rain Original Soundtrack, Volume 1 was released March 29, 2003. It contains twenty-one tracks, including the opening and closing themes throughout most of the main series "Stray" and "Gravity" and many of the background sounds used during key points in the main series.[15] The soundtrack was released in the United States by Bandai Entertainment on May 11, 2004 under the title of Wolf's Rain Original Soundtrack.[11]

Wolf's Rain Original Soundtrack, Volume 2 was released on January 21, 2004. It contains an additional 23 tracks, including the closing theme for the final episode of the main series "Tell Me What The Rain Knows", sung by Maaya Sakamoto and with lyrics by Chris Mosdell. It also includes background music from the final episode not included in the broadcast version, and music from the four OVA episodes. The second CD has not been licensed for release outside of Japan.[15]

Manga

The two volume manga series was originally serialized in Magazine Z, a monthly seinen magazine, with the first chapter premiering in April 2003. The manga, which was written by Nobumoto and illustrated by Toshitsugu Iida, is an almost complete retelling of the anime story. Each chapter of the manga series is called a "grope" which is a reference to a Japanese phrase for arriving somewhere after enduring hardships.[2]

The two volumes were released in North America by VIZ Media as individual volumes in 2004 and 2005.[16] An exclusive edition of the first volume was released on November 5, 2004 in Borders and Waldenbooks stores that included a collectible box to hold both volumes and a 3D lenticular card.[17] The Viz English release is adapted by David Ury, who also acted as translator and Egan Loo.[2] The series has also been released in German by Heyne, in Italian by Shin Vision, and in Polish by Japonica Polonica Fantastica.

No. Original release date Original ISBN English[18] release date English[18] ISBN
1 July 23, 2003978-4-06-349139-5May 3, 20051-59116-591-1
  • Grope 1. A Short Story
  • Grope 2. The Key to Paradise
  • Grope 3. Escape From the Fortress
  • Grope 4. The Fortress of Solitude
  • Grope 5. The Flower That Dances in the Wind
Kiba, a wounded white wolf, goes to a city in search of the Lunar Flower that can open the door to Paradise. There he meets Tsume, Hige, and Toboe, three other wolves using illusions to appear humans so they can live in relative safety in the city. All four soon find themselves the target of Quent Yaiden and his dog Blue, who seek to kill every remaining wolf in the world. Cheza, the Lunar Flower, awakens at Kiba's arrival, but she is stolen away by Darcia. The four wolves join together and leave the town. After a rough trip through a town that violently rejects all outsiders, the wolves are able to meet with Cheza, who sensed their presence below and jumped from Darcia's airship to float down to them.
2 February 23, 2004978-4-06-349161-6June 14, 20051-59116-718-3
  • Grope 6. The Spellbound Pack
  • Grope 7. A Sad Song
  • Grope 8. The Grave That Looks Towards Heaven
  • Grope 9. The Pedigree of the Guides
  • Grope 10. The Depths of Despair
  • Grope 11. Rain
The four wolves fight a large pack of wolves that went crazy after seeing Cheza, but Cheza realizing her wolves were losing, sang the crazed wolves to sleep. Her song also affects Blue, who realizes for the first time that she has wolf blood in her. Darcia recaptures Cheza, badly wounding the four wolves in the process. Darcia aims to open Paradise using Cheza and the blood of Blue, whom he found in the woods and recruited for the project. After a fight with Darcia that leaves Kiba completely blind, the wolves are able to free Cheza and escape Darcia's keep just before it collapses. At the end, as the wolves and Cheza sit on a rock, the sun breaks through the clouds for the first time and the Ice Age ends, leading people to believe that Paradise has open.

Reception

In Japan, Wolf's Rain ranked third among anime series airing in the same time slot behind Air Master and Dear Boys.[19] The series was considered "a big hit in 2004" for the North American market,[20] selling well in mass markets as well as in on-line markets and at independent retailers. ICv2 notes that it has "a strong appeal to the growing teen and older anime audience."[21] The series was selected as one of the top ten anime properties of 2005 for the ICv2 Retailers Guide to Anime/Manga.[22] Its release was also a central reason Bandai Entertainment earned the ICv2 Anime Company of the Year award for 2004.[20]

Tasha Robinson of SciFi Weekly praised the series for its unusual focus on non-human characters and the interesting dynamic of wolves behaving like wolves as they interact with the human characters and environments in the series.[23][24] Carlo Santos of Anime News Network praised the visuals of the series, noting that they "showcase Studio BONES at their most imaginative, with beautiful backgrounds that depict settings from high-tech mysticism to urban decay to open wilderness. The character designs are equally striking: in their human form, the wolves wear contemporary outfits, making them the most accessible of all characters."[24] Both Santos and Chris Beveridge of Mania.com noted that the Region 1 DVD volume containing the four recapitulation episodes should be left unbought and skipped as a waste of money; however, they praised Bandai's release of the episodes for putting the episodes on a single volume, unlike in the Japanese release where they were spread over two DVDs requiring them to be bought to get the new episodes on the same volumes.[24][25][26] Other critics have complained that while the show had an original and innovative storyline with beautiful visuals and appealing characters, the episodes themselves were poorly paced, undeveloped, and plagued with plot holes.[19]

In The Anime Encyclopedia, Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy criticized the production delays and the haituses that led to the creation of the four recap episodes, stating that "if the makers had spent less time recounting the story so far, they might have had more than enough space to finish the entire run within the requisite 26 episodes." They praised the series soundtrack, feeling it supported "the atmosphere and character development", and felt the "moody, dark, and understated" art was attractive.[27]

Yoko Kanno's soundtrack for the series has also been hailed for its beauty and the way it adds to the series' emotional impact.[13][24] The instrumental tracks were found to mirror the show's tone perfectly, evoking feelings of sorrow and loss. According to one reviewer, the soundtrack "...shows [Kanno's] skills as both composer and pianist..." and is "...a treat to hear."[14] Kanno's work in the series was nominated for an Annie Award in the "Music in an Animated Television Production" category in 2006.[28]

The Wolf's Rain manga adaptation has also enjoyed success in the North American market, with the second volume being the ninth best selling graphic novel on the Nielsen BookScan list for February 13, 2007.[29] It was considered a "major manga hit" among manga series adapted from an anime series.[30] Anime News Network's Liann Cooper praised its artwork, but also felt its short length and rushed story line made it hard to connect to the characters. He also felt the supporting characters, Cher, Hubb and Quent, were only included "just to have them included".[31] Carlos Santos, also of Anime News Network praised the "snappy pacing" while also considering it the primary downfall of the series.[32] In reviewing the series for Manga: The Complete Guide, Rebecca Brown felt the series was a "transparent grab for cash" and criticized its extreme brievity and the art, which she felt was "barely adequate and at times not even that."[33]

References

  1. ^ "City Of Howls". Wolf's Rain. Episode 1. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c d Nobumoto, Keiko (2004-11-3). Wolf's Rain, Volume 1. Wolf's Rain. Viz Media. ISBN 1-59116-591-1. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  3. ^ a b Nobumoto, Keiko (February 1, 2005). Wolf's Rain, Volume 2. Wolf's Rain. Viz Media. ISBN 1-59116-718-3.
  4. ^ "Wolf's Rain" (in Japanese). Bandai Channel. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
  5. ^ "New Anime in Japan". Anime News Network. November 30, 2003. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  6. ^ Bundy, Rebecca (September 11, 2004). "Ms. Answerman: Apocalypse". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  7. ^ "Fullmetal Alchemist and Wolf's Rain on UK TV". Anime News Network. November 2, 2005. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  8. ^ "Mezzo on Rapture". Anime News Network. June 21, 2006. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  9. ^ "New Anime Central Schedule Begins On November 4th!!!". Anime Central.
  10. ^ "Wolf's Rain". Anime Central. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  11. ^ a b c "Wolf's Rain". AnimeOnDVD.com. Retrieved February 28, 2008. Cite error: The named reference "AoD" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  12. ^ "Bandai October Releases". Anime News Network. August 2, 2005. Retrieved January 1, 2008.
  13. ^ a b "Wolf's Rain — Review". Anime News Network. March 12, 2004. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
  14. ^ a b Patrick King (2004). "Wolf's Rain OST". Animefringe. Retrieved January 3, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ a b c "Wolf's Rain Discography List" (in Japanese). Victor Entertainment. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  16. ^ "Viz to Publish 'Wolf's Rain' Manga". Anime News Network. July 27, 2004. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  17. ^ "Viz to Release Special Wolf's Rain Manga Box Set". Anime News Network. October 27, 2004. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  18. ^ "Wolf's Rain manga series". VIZ Media. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
  19. ^ a b Oppliger, John (2003-09-24). "Ask John: Why Was Wolf's Rain So Bad?". AnimeNation. Archived from the original on 2006-01-16. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
  20. ^ a b "Bandai Announces Complete Collections". ICv2. August 4, 2004. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
  21. ^ "ICv2 2004 Anime Awards, Part 1". ICv2. 2005-01-13. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
  22. ^ "Manga Market Continues Robust Growth in '04". ICv2. January 26, 2005. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
  23. ^ Robinson, Tasha (July 12, 2004). "Anime Reviews: Wolf's Rain". SciFi Weekly. 10 (377). Sci Fi channel. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
  24. ^ a b c d Carlos Santos (March 6, 2006). "Wolf's Rain DVD 1-7 - Review". Anime News Network. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
  25. ^ Chris Beveridge (April 13, 2004). "Wolf's Rain Vol. #7 (of 7)". AnimeOnDVD.com. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
  26. ^ Chris Beveridge (December 13, 2004). "Wolf's Rain Vol. #4 (of 7)". AnimeOnDVD.com. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
  27. ^ Clements, Jonathan (November 1, 2006). The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917, Revised and Expanded Edition (2nd ed.). Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. pp. 728–729. ISBN 1-933330-10-4. OCLC 71237342. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "32nd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners". AnnieAwards.com. July 28, 2006.
  29. ^ "D.N.Angel Tops BookScan List". ICv2. February 18, 2005. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
  30. ^ "'Onegai Twins' Manga From DrMaster". ICv2. March 14, 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2007. Both the Please Teacher and the Onegai Twins manga were adapted from popular anime series, a reversal of the usual pattern in Japan where a popular manga typically inspires an anime adaptation, but this anime-to-manga method has produced some major manga hits in the U.S. such as the Cowboy Bebop, Wolf's Rain, and Samurai Champloo manga series, all of which were based on anime.
  31. ^ Cooper, Liann (November 8, 2004). "Right Turn Only". Anime News Network. Retrieved December 30, 2007.
  32. ^ Santos, Carlos (November 18, 2004). "Wolf's Rain GN 1 Review". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  33. ^ Thompson, Jason (October 9, 2007). Manga: The Complete Guide. New York, New York: Del Rey. ISBN 978-0-345-48590-8. OCLC 85833345.[page needed]
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