Timeboxing
In time management, a time box allots a fixed period of time for an activity. Timeboxing plans activity by allocating time boxes; and is a distinctive feature of several unorthodox project management approaches.
Timebox — don't scopebox.
— Mary Poppendieck, Leading lean software development[1]
In project management
Timeboxing is used as a project planning technique. The schedule is divided into a number of separate time periods (timeboxes), with each part having its own deliverables, deadline and budget[citation needed].
As an alternative to fixing scope
What ... your ... teams are doing is managing the triple constraints that face any organisation - time, quality, scope. When using a fixed duration, we are telling everyone involved, 'time is urgent and we are going to include as much as we can within this time framework.' Since quality cannot be compromised, the only variable is scope. 'Time boxing' creates a sense of urgency and criticality for the entire organization
— Mark P. Dangelo, Innovative relevance[2]
In project management, the triple constraints are time (sometimes schedule), cost (sometimes budget), and scope (sometimes performance).[3][4][5][6][7] Quality is often added[8][9], sometimes replacing cost[2]. Changing one constraint will probably impact the rest.[6]
Without timeboxing, projects usually work to a fixed scope,[10] such that when it is clear that some deliverables cannot be completed, either the deadline slips (to allow more time) or more people are involved (to do more in the same time). Usually both happen, delivery is late, costs go up, and often quality suffers (if only that requirements had changed by the time the project delivered).[citation needed]
In my experience, cutting scope and meeting the deadline is almost always the best approach.
— Mary Poppendieck, Leading lean software development[11]
With timeboxing, the deadline is fixed, but the scope may be reduced. This focuses work on the most important deliverables. For this reason, timeboxing depends on the prioritisation (with the MoSCoW Method for example) of deliverables, to ensure that it is the project stakeholders who determine the important deliverables rather than software developers.[citation needed]
To manage risk
Timeboxes are used as a form of risk management, to explicitly identify uncertain task/time relationships, i.e., work that may easily extend past its deadline. Time constraints are often a primary driver in planning and should not be changed without considering project or sub-project critical paths. That is, it's usually important to meet deadlines. Risk factors for missed deadlines can include complications upstream of the project, planning errors within the project, team-related issues, or faulty execution of the plan. Upstream issues might include changes in project mission or backing/support from management. A common planning error is inadequate task breakdown, which can lead to underestimation of the time required to perform the work. Team-related issues can include trouble with inter-team communication; lack of experience or required cross-functionality; lack of commitment/drive/motivation (i.e. poor team building and management).
To stay on deadline, the following actions against the triple constraints are commonly evaluated:
- Reduce scope - drop requirements of lower impact (the ones that will not be directly missed by the user)
- Time is the fixed constraint here
- Increase cost - e.g., add overtime or resources
Adoption in software development
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in the overwhelming majority of cases, scope in a software system is not only expendable; it is usually overblown and selected by people who do not accept accountability for, or have the knowledge needed for, fitting the work with the constraints. Let's be honest; customers do not need scope. They need business goals accomplished within some constraints of time and cost.
— Mary Poppendieck, Leading lean software development[12]
Many successful software development projects use timeboxing, especially smaller ones.[13] Adopting timeboxing more than tripled developer productivity at DuPont in the '80s.[14] In some cases, applications were completely delivered within the time estimated to complete just a specification.[14] However, Steve McConnell argues that not every product is suitable[14] and that timeboxing should only be used after the customer agrees to cut features, not quality.[14] There is little evidence for strong adoption amongst the largest class of projects.[13]
Timeboxing has been adopted by some notable software development methodologies.
- Dynamic systems development method (DSDM) [citation needed]
- In lean software development, pull scheduling with Kanban provides short term time management. When developing a large and complex system, when long term planning is required timeboxing is layered above.[15]
- Rapid application development (RAD) software development process features iterative development and software prototyping. According to Steve McConnell, timeboxing is a "Best Practice" for RAD and a typical timebox length should be 60-120 days.[14]
- Scrum was influenced by ideas of timeboxing and iterative development.[16] Regular timeboxed units known as sprints form the basic unit of development.[17] A typical length for a sprint is 30 days.[18][19] Sprint planning, sprint retrospective and sprint review meetings are timeboxed.[18]
- Extreme programming values communication, simplicity, feedback and courage.[20] For planning, development is timeboxed into iterations typically 1,2 or 3 weeks in length. The business revalues pending user stories before each iteration.[21]
We follow these principles:
Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software.
Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage.
Agile software development advocates moving from plan driven to value driven development. Quality and time are fixed but flexibility allowed in scope. Delivering the most important features first leads to an earlier return on investment than the waterfall model.[7]
A lack of detailed specifications typically is the result of a lack of time, or the lack of knowledge of the desired end result (solution). In many types of projects, and especially in software engineering, analyzing and defining all requirements and specifications before the start of the realization phase is impossible. Timeboxing can be a favorable type of contracting for projects in which the deadline is the most critical aspect and when not all requirements are completely specified up front.[citation needed]
There is also a better structure for allowing for new insights that are developed during the project to be reflected in the end result.[citation needed]
In personal time management
Individuals can use timeboxing for personal tasks, as well. This technique utilizes a reduced scale of time (e.g., thirty minutes instead of a week) and deliverables (e.g., chores instead of a component of a business project). Personal timeboxing is said to help curb perfectionist tendencies (by setting a firm time and not overcommitting to a task)[citation needed]. Adam Pash writes that timeboxing helps overcome procrastination and that many people find that the time pressure created boosts creativity and focus.[23]
Relationship with other methods
The primary inspiration for Pomodoro Technique was drawn from the following ideas: time-boxing
— Francesco Cirillo, The Pomodoro Technique[24]
Timeboxing acts as a building block in other personal time management methods.
- The Pomodoro Technique is based on 25 minute timeboxes of focussed concentration separated by breaks allowing the mind to recover. [25]
- Andy Hunt gives timeboxing as his 'T' in SMART. [26]
See also
References and notes
- ^ Poppendieck, Mary (2010). Leading Lean Software Development : Results are not the Point. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-321-62070-5.
- ^ a b Dangelo, Mark (2005). Innovative relevance : realigning the organization for profit : it is not a battle for the "shore lines" - it's a struggle for purpose. New York: iUniverse. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-595-67081-9.
- ^ What are the Triple Constraints in Project Management, article by Rod Hutchings on Project Management Australia (22 Oct 2008)
- ^ Chatfield, Carl. "A short course in project management". Microsoft.
- ^ Dobson, Michael (2004). The triple constraints in project management. Vienna, Va: Management Concepts. ISBN 1-56726-152-3.
- ^ a b Kanabar, Vijay (2008). MBA Fundamentals : Project Management. New York: Kaplan Pub. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-4277-9744-5.
- ^ a b Leffingwell, Dean (2011). Agile Software Requirements : Lean requirements practices for teams, programs, and the enterprise. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. pp. 17–19. ISBN 978-0-321-63584-6.
- ^ Snedaker, Susan (2005). How to Cheat at IT Project Management. Syngress. ISBN 1-59749-037-7.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Beck, Kent (2000). Extreme programming eXplained : embrace change. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. pp. 15–19. ISBN 0-201-61641-6.
- ^ Godin, Seth. Getting Real. 37signals.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|subtitle=ignored (help) - ^ Poppendieck, Mary (2010). Leading Lean Software Development : Results are not the Point. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-321-62070-5.
- ^ Poppendieck, Mary (2010). Leading Lean Software Development : Results are not the Point. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-321-62070-5.
- ^ a b For all project types time boxing ranked 23 and rated "Very Good Practice"; for small (1000 function point) projects ranked 7 and rated a "Best Practice" by the survey in Jones, Capers (2010). Software engineering best practices lessons from successful projects in the top companies. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-162162-5.
- ^ a b c d e McConnell, Steve (1996). Rapid Development : taming wild software schedules. Redmond, Wash: Microsoft Press. pp. 575–583. ISBN 1-55615-900-5.
- ^ Poppendieck, Mary (2010). Leading Lean Software Development : Results are not the Point. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. pp. 137–140. ISBN 978-0-321-62070-5.
- ^ Coplien, James (2010). Lean Architecture for Agile Software Development. Chichester Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-470-68420-7.
- ^ Cohn, Mike (2010). Succeeding with Agile : Software Development using Scrum. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. pp. 257–284. ISBN 978-0-321-57936-2.
- ^ a b Schwaber, Ken (2009). Agile Project Management with Scrum. New York: O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7356-3790-0.
- ^ Leffingwell, Dean (2011). Agile Software Requirements : Lean requirements practices for teams, programs, and the enterprise. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-321-63584-6.
- ^ Beck, Kent (2000). Extreme programming eXplained : embrace change. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. pp. 29–35. ISBN 0-201-61641-6.
- ^ Beck, Kent (2000). Extreme programming eXplained : embrace change. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. pp. 85–96. ISBN 0-201-61641-6.
- ^ Kent Beck, Mike Beedle, Arie van Bennekum, Alistair Cockburn, Ward Cunningham, Martin Fowler, James Grenning, Jim Highsmith, Andrew Hunt, Ron Jeffries, Jon Kern, Brian Marick, Robert C. Martin, Steve Mellor, Ken Schwaber, Jeff Sutherland and Dave Thomas (2001). "Principles behind the Agile Manifesto". Retrieved 2011-11-05.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Pash, Adam (2011). Lifehacker the guide to working smarter, faster, and better. Indianapolis, Ind: Wiley. Hack 29. ISBN 978-1-118-13345-3.
- ^ Cirillo, Francesco. The Pomodoro Technique (PDF). ISBN 1-4452-1994-8. Retrieved 2011-11-03.
- ^ Nöteberg, Staffan. Pomodoro Technique Illustrated. Raleigh, N.C: Pragmatic Bookshelf. ISBN 978-1-934356-50-0.
- ^ Hunt, Andrew (2008). Pragmatic thinking and learning : refactor your wetware. Raleigh: Pragmatic. ISBN 978-1-934356-05-0.