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Shanghai Tower

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For the proposed skyscraper in Liverpool, England, see Shanghai Tower (Liverpool).
Shanghai Tower
上海中心大厦
The Shanghai Tower under construction on 21 July 2012.
Map
General information
StatusUnder construction
LocationShanghai, China
Construction started29 November 2008[1]
Estimated completion2014[2]
CostUS$2.2 billion[2]
Height
Architectural632 m (2,073 ft)[3]
Top floor587.6 m (1,928 ft)[3]
Technical details
Floor count121[3]
Floor area380,000 m2 (4,090,300 sq ft) above grade
170,000 m2 (1,829,900 sq ft) below grade[1]
Design and construction
Architect(s)Gensler
Main contractorShanghai Construction
References
[3]

The Shanghai Tower (Chinese: 上海中心大厦; pinyin: Shànghǎi zhōngxīn dàshà) is a supertall skyscraper under construction in the Pudong district of Shanghai, China.[4] Designed by Gensler, it will be the tallest of a group of three supertall buildings in Pudong, the other two being the Jin Mao Tower and the Shanghai World Financial Center. Upon its completion in 2014, the building will stand approximately 632 metres (2,073 ft) high and will have 121 stories, with a total floor area of 380,000 m2 (4,090,000 sq ft).[5][6][7]

At the time of its completion, the Shanghai Tower will be the tallest building in China,[8] and the second-tallest in the world, surpassed only by the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. It will also become China's tallest structure of any kind, surpassing the 600-metre (2,000 ft) Canton Tower in Guangzhou. However, in February 2012, it was reported that another Chinese skyscraper, the Wuhan Greenland Financial Center, might be redesigned to reach a height of 636 metres (2,087 ft), thus exceeding the height of the Shanghai Tower.[9]

Planning

Planning models for the Lujiazui financial district dating back to 1993 show plans for a close group of three supertall skyscrapers.[10] The first of these, the Jin Mao Tower, was completed in 1998; the adjacent Shanghai World Financial Center opened in 2008.[11]

Design

The Shanghai Tower was designed by the American architectural firm Gensler. The tower will take the form of nine cylindrical buildings stacked atop each other, totalling 121 floors, all enclosed by the inner layer of the glass façade.[1] Between that and the outer layer, which twists as it rises, nine indoor zones will provide public space for visitors.[1][8] Each of these nine areas will have its own atrium, featuring gardens, cafes, restaurants and retail space and providing 360-degree views of the city.[12]

Both layers of the façade will be transparent, and retail and event spaces will be provided at the tower's base.[1] The transparent façade is a unique design feature, because most buildings have only a single façade using highly reflective glass to lower heat absorption, but the Shanghai Tower's double layer of glass will eliminate the need for either layer to be opaqued.[13] Once opened, the tower is expected to accommodate as many as 16,000 people on a daily basis.[14]

When completed, the Shanghai Tower will join the Jin Mao Tower and Shanghai World Financial Center to form the world's first adjacent grouping of three supertall buildings. Its Jin Jiang Hotel, located between the 84th and 110th floors, will be the tallest hotel in the world at the time of its completion.[15]

Sustainability

The design of the tower's glass façade is intended to reduce wind loads on the building by 24%, meaning fewer construction materials are needed, including 25% less structural steel;[13] this is expected to save an estimated US$58 million in material costs.[16] Though the majority of the tower's energy will be provided by conventional power systems, vertical-axis wind turbines located near the top of the tower will generate up to 350,000 kWh of supplementary electricity per year.[14]

The owners of the Shanghai Tower, Shanghai Tower Construction and Development, hope to be awarded certifications from the China Green Building Committee and the U.S. Green Building Council for the building's sustainable design.[1]

Construction

The Shanghai Tower under construction in December 2011.

In 2008, the site – previously a driving range[17] – was prepared for construction,[18][19] and a groundbreaking ceremony was held on 29 November 2008,[4] after the tower had passed an environmental impact study.[7] Construction of the tower will use sustainable techniques to make the building environmentally friendly and reduce energy usage.[8]

By late April 2011, the tower's steel reinforcement had risen to the 18th floor, while its concrete core had reached the 15th floor, and floor framing had been completed up to the 4th floor.[20] A repetitive slip-forming process was used to construct the tower's core floor-by-floor.[20] In September 2011, the Japanese firm Mitsubishi Electric Corp. announced that it had won a bid to construct the Shanghai Tower's elevator system. Mitsubishi Electric will supply all of the tower's 106 elevators, including three high-speed models capable of travelling at 1,080 metres (3,540 ft) per minute. The latter will be, at the time of their installation, the world's fastest elevators.[21]

By late December 2011, the tower's foundations had been completed, and its steel construction had risen above the 30th floor.[22] By early February 2012, the tower's concrete core had risen to a height of 230 metres (750 ft), with around fifty floors completed.[23] By May 2012, the tower's core stood 250 metres (820 ft) high, while floors had been framed to a height of 200 metres (660 ft).[16] The tower is expected to have reached the 86th floor – approximately 400 metres (1,300 ft) in height – by the end of 2012.[24]

In the first months of 2012, large cracks began appearing in the ground near the tower's construction site. These were blamed on ground subsidence, which was likely caused by excessive groundwater extraction in the Shanghai area, rather than by the weight of the Shanghai Tower.[25]

The Shanghai Tower is planned for completion in 2014,[1] but will be partially opened to the public from 2012.[26]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Shanghai Tower News Release" (PDF). Gensler. 2008-11-28. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
  2. ^ a b "Shanghai defies slump with tallest building plan". Reuters. 2008-11-27. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
  3. ^ a b c d "Shanghai Tower - The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
  4. ^ a b Shanghai Tower Breaks Ground – Luxist
  5. ^ "Shanghai Tower". Emporis. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
  6. ^ "超高楼"上海中心"尚未展开正式设计招标" (in Chinese). Xinmin. 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
  7. ^ a b "上海中心大厦项目环境影响报告书简本公示" (PDF) (in Chinese). Envir.gov.cn. 2008-08-13. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
  8. ^ a b c "Tallest Chinese building features indoor gardens". Shanghai Daily. 2008-07-24. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  9. ^ "Chinese Tower May Add Floors to Become World’s Tallest After Burj Khalifa". Bloomberg, 28 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  10. ^ "上海浦东拟建世界第一高楼　外形酷似方尖碑" (in Chinese). People.com.cn. 2007-10-26. Archived from the original on October 29, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7585913.stm BBC News. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  12. ^ "Integrated design of technology and creative imagination on supertall building – pages 30–31 in Korean, pages 32–33 in English. Space Magazine, July 2010, by Woo Seung-hyun. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  13. ^ a b CleanTechies (25 March 2010). "The Shanghai Tower: The Beginnings of a Green Revolution in China". Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  14. ^ a b Beaton, Jessica (8 February 2011). "Shanghai Tower: A 'thermos flask' to the sky". CNN. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  15. ^ "Shanghai Tower J Hotel on course to set the world record". 4Hoteliers.com, 20 December 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  16. ^ a b "In Progress: Shanghai Tower/Gensler". Huffington Post, 4 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
  17. ^ ""上海中心"规划方案曝光 将成上海最高观光平台" (in Chinese). Sina.com. 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
  18. ^ "Shanghai draws up plan for nation's tallest building". China Daily. 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
  19. ^ "Construction of high-rise "Shanghai Center" to start". Chinaview.cn. 2008-02-17. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
  20. ^ a b "Construction Update: Shanghai Tower". GenslerOn.com, 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
  21. ^ "World's fastest elevator: in China, but made in Japan". Wall Street Journal, 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  22. ^ "Still building, China readies world's second-tallest skyscraper". Forbes.com, 28 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
  23. ^ "China’s Risky Skyscraper Extravaganza". The Epoch Times, 1 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
  24. ^ "Reservoir water for more homes; tallest tower on schedule." Shanghai Daily, 26 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
  25. ^ "Shifting foundations threaten to undermine China's cities. The Guardian, 3 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
  26. ^ Shanghai Daily (subscribers only). Retrieved 2012-05-01.
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