Inner city

For other uses, see Inner city (disambiguation).

Inner city of Zürich and Lake Zurich as seen from Käferberg

The inner city is the central area of a major city or metropolis. In the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, the term is often a euphemism – an increasingly inaccurate one – applied to the lower-income residential districts in the city centre and nearby areas. In the United States, the term has the additional connotation of impoverished Black and/or Hispanic neighborhoods. Sociologists in these countries sometimes turn this euphemism into a formal designation, applying the term inner city to such residential areas rather than to geographically more central commercial districts.

However, the euphemism is increasingly inaccurate and irrelevant as inner city areas of American cities have undergone gentrification especially since the 1990s.

Such connotations are less common in other countries, where deprived areas may be located in outlying parts of cities. For instance, in many European cities, the inner city is the most prosperous part of the metropolis, where housing is expensive and where elites and high-income individuals dwell. Poverty and crime are more associated with the distant suburbs. The Italian, Spanish, French and Swedish words for suburb (suburbio, suburbio, banlieue and förort respectively) often have a negative connotation similar to that of the English term inner city, especially when used in the plural.

The peculiar American sociological usage is rooted in the middle 20th century. When automobiles became affordable in the United States and forced busing ensued, many middle and high-income residents, who were mostly white, moved to suburbs to have larger lots and houses, and a lower crime rate. The loss of population and affluent taxpayers caused many inner city communities to fall into urban decay. Late in the century, many such areas underwent gentrification, especially in the Northeast and West coast, depriving them of the "inner city" label despite their unchanged location.

Regardless of their degree of prosperity, city areas that are literally more central tend to have higher population densities than outer suburbs, with more of the population living inside multi-floored townhouses and apartment buildings.

See also

• Bid rent theory
• Skid Row
• Central business district
• Concentric ring model
• Downtown
• Ghetto
• Industrial deconcentration
• Inner City Press
• Suburban colonization
• Uptown
• Urban sprawl
• Urban structure
• White flight and black flight

Further reading

• Harrison, P. (1985) Inside the Inner City: Life Under the Cutting Edge. Penguin: Harmondsworth. This book takes Hackney, London as a case study of inner city urban deprivation.