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Newark, New Jersey
City
City of Newark
Flag of Newark, New Jersey
Flag
Official seal of Newark, New Jersey
Seal
Nickname(s): 
The Brick City, The Gateway City
Map of Newark in Essex County. Inset: Location of Essex County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.
Map of Newark in Essex County. Inset: Location of Essex County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.
Census Bureau map of Newark, New Jersey
Census Bureau map of Newark, New Jersey
CountryUnited States
StateNew Jersey
CountyEssex
IncorporatedOctober 31, 1693 (as township)
IncorporatedApril 11, 1836 (as city)
Government
 • TypeFaulkner Act (Mayor-Council)
 • MayorCory Booker (term ends December 31, 2013)[1] (D)
Area
[2]
 • Total
26.107 sq mi (67.617 km2)
 • Land24.187 sq mi (62.644 km2)
 • Water1.920 sq mi (4.973 km2)  7.35%
 • Rank103rd of 566 in state
1st of 22 in county[2]
Elevation
[3]
13 ft (4 m)
Population
 (2010 Census)[4][5][6][7]
 • Total
277,140
 • Rank67th in country
1st of 566 in state
1st of 22 in county
 • Density11,458.3/sq mi (4,424.1/km2)
  • Rank23rd of 566 in state
4th of 22 in county
 • Demonym
Newarker
Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
07101-07108, 07112, 07114[8]
Area code(s)862/973
FIPS code3401351000[2]Template:GR[9]
GNIS feature ID0885317[2]Template:GR
Websitehttp://www.ci.newark.nj.us/

Newark (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈnjuː.ərk/)[10] is the largest city (by population) in the U.S. state of New Jersey, and the seat of Essex County. One of the nation's major air, shipping, and rail hubs, the city had a population of 277,140 in 2010,[7] making it the nation's 67th most-populous.[11]

Located in the heart of New Jersey's Gateway Region, Newark is the second largest city in the New York metropolitan area, approximately 8 miles (13 km) west of Manhattan. Port Newark, the major container shipping terminal in the Port of New York and New Jersey, is the largest on the East Coast. Newark Liberty International Airport was first municipal commercial airport in the United States and today one of its busiest.[12][13][14]

Newark is headquarters to numerous corporations, such as Prudential Financial and PSEG. It is home to several universities, including Rutgers and the New Jersey Institute of Technology, and cultural and sports venues, among them the New Jersey Performing Arts Center and Prudential Center.

A culturally diverse city, Newark is divided into five geographical wards, and contains neighborhoods ranging in character from bustling urban districts to quiet suburban enclaves. Newark's Branch Brook Park is the oldest county park in the United States and is home the nation's largest collection of cherry blossom trees, which number about 4,300.[15][16][17]

History

Main article: History of Newark, New Jersey

Newark was originally founded in 1666 by Connecticut Puritans led by Robert Treat from the New Haven Colony. The city saw tremendous industrial and population growth during the 19th century and early 20th century, and experienced racial tension and urban decline in the second half of the 20th century, culminated by the 1967 Newark riots. The city has experienced revitalization during the 1990s and early 21st century.[18]

Newark was originally formed as a township on October 31, 1693, based on the Newark Tract, which was first purchased on July 11, 1667. Newark was granted a Royal Charter on April 27, 1713, and was incorporated as one of New Jersey's initial 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. During its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township (April 14, 1794), Caldwell Township (now known as Fairfield Township (February 16, 1798), Orange Township (November 27, 1806), Bloomfield Township (March 23, 1812) and Clinton Township (April 14, 1834, remainder reabsorbed by Newark on March 5, 1902). Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11, 1836, replacing Newark Township, based on the results of a referendum passed on March 18, 1836. The previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1, 1905. In 1926, South Orange Township, changed its name to Maplewood. As a result of this, a portion of Maplewood known as Ivy Hill was re-annexed to Newark's Vailsburg.[19]

Geography and climate

Geography

Map of the Newark metropolitan area, including adjacent suburbs

Newark is located at 40°43′27″N 74°10′21″W / 40.72422°N 74.172574°W / 40.72422; -74.172574 (40.72422,-74.172574). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 26.107 square miles (67.617 km2), of which, 24.187 square miles (62.644 km2) of it is land and 1.920 square miles (4.973 km2) of it (7.35%) is water.[2]Template:GR It has the third-smallest land area among the 100 most populous cities in the U.S., behind neighboring Jersey City and Hialeah, Florida.[20] The city's altitude ranges from 0 (sea level) in the east to approximately 230 feet (70 m) above sea level in the western section of the city.[21] Newark is essentially a large basin sloping towards the Passaic River, with a few valleys formed by meandering streams. Historically, Newark's high places have been its wealthier neighborhoods. In the 19th century and early 20th century, the wealthy congregated on the ridges of Forest Hill, High Street, and Weequahic.[22]

Until the 20th century, the marshes on Newark Bay were difficult to develop, as the marshes were essentially wilderness, with a few dumps, warehouses, and cemeteries on their edges. During the 20th century, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was able to reclaim 68 acres (28 ha) of the marshland for the further expansion of Newark Airport, as well as the growth of the port lands.[14]

Newark is surrounded by residential suburbs to the west (on the slope of the Watchung Mountains), the Passaic River and Newark Bay to the east, dense urban areas to the south and southwest, and middle-class residential suburbs and industrial areas to the north. The city is the largest in New Jersey's Gateway Region, which is said to have received its name from Newark's nickname as the "Gateway City".[23]

Neighborhoods

Main article: List of neighborhoods in Newark, New Jersey
Market and Broad Streets, Downtown Newark

Newark is New Jersey's largest and second-most racially diverse city (after neighboring Jersey City). It is divided into five political wards,[24] which are often used by residents to identify their place of habitation. In recent years, residents have begun to identify with specific neighborhood names instead of the larger ward appellations. Nevertheless, the wards remain relatively distinct. Industrial uses, coupled with the airport and seaport lands, are concentrated in the East and South Wards, while residential neighborhoods exist primarily in the North, Central, and West Wards.[25]

State law requires that wards be compact and contiguous and that the largest ward may not exceed the population of the smallest by more than 10% of the average ward size. While it is possible that ward boundaries may not need to be changed if population changes in each ward were similar across the city, if the ward boundaries need to be redrawn they will be done so by a board of ward commissioners consisting of two Democrats and two Republicans appointed at the county level and the municipal clerk.[26] Redrawing of ward lines in previous decades have shifted traditional boundaries, so that downtown currently occupies portions of the East and Central Wards. The boundaries of the wards are altered for various political and demographic reasons and sometimes gerrymandered, especially the northeastern portion of the West Ward.[27][28][29]

Krueger Mansion in Newark's Central Ward

Newark's Central Ward, formerly known as the old Third Ward, contains much of the city's original history including the Lincoln Park, Military Park and the James Street Commons Historic Districts. The Ward contains the University Heights, The Coast/Lincoln Park, Government Center, Springfield/Belmont and Seventh Avenue Neighborhoods. Of these neighborhood designations only University Heights, a more recent designation for the area that was the subject of the 1968 novel Howard Street by Nathan Heard, is still in common usage. The Central Ward extends at one point as far north as 2nd Avenue. In the 19th century, the Central Ward was inhabited by Germans and other white Catholic and Christian groups. The German inhabitants were later replaced by Jews, who were then replaced by Blacks. The increased academic footprint in the University Heights neighborhood has produced gentrification, with landmark buildings undergoing renovation. Located in the Central Ward is the largest health sciences university in the nation, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School. It is also home to three other universities – New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Rutgers University - Newark, and Essex County College. The Central Ward forms the present-day heart of Newark, and includes 26 public schools, two police precincts, including headquarters, four firehouses, and one branch library.[30]

Home in Forest Hill

The North Ward is surrounded by Branch Brook Park. Its neighborhoods include Broadway, Mount Pleasant, Upper Roseville and the affluent Forest Hill section.[31] Forest Hill contains the Forest Hill Historic District, which is registered on state and national historic registers, and contains many older mansions and colonial homes. A row of residential towers with security guards and secure parking line Mt. Prospect Avenue in the Forest Hill neighborhood. The North Ward has lost geographic area in recent times; its southern boundary is now significantly further north than the traditional boundary near Interstate 280. The North Ward historically had a large Italian population; demographics have transitioned to Latino in recent decades, though the ward as a whole remains ethnically diverse.[31]

The West Ward comprises the neighborhoods of Vailsburg, Ivy Hill, West Side, Fairmount and Lower Roseville. It is home to the historic Fairmount Cemetery. The West Ward, once a predominately Irish-American, Polish, and Ukrainian neighborhood, is now home to neighborhoods composed primarily of Latinos, African Americans, Africans and Caribbean Americans.[32] The West Ward has struggled in recent years with elevated rates of crime, particularly violent crime.[33]

The South Ward comprises the Weequahic, Clinton Hill, Dayton, and South Broad Valley neighborhoods. The South Ward, once home to residents of predominately Jewish descent, now has ethnic neighborhoods made up primarily of African Americans and Latinos. The South Ward is represented by Council Member Ras Baraka. The city’s second-largest hospital, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, can be found in the South Ward, as can 17 public schools, five daycare centers, three branch libraries, one police precinct, a mini precinct, and three fire houses.[34]

Finally, the East Ward consists of Newark's Downtown commercial district, as well as the Ironbound neighborhood, where much of Newark's industry was located in the 19th century. Today, due to the enterprise of its immigrant population, the Ironbound (also known as "Down Neck") is a destination for shopping, dining, and nightlife.[35] A historically immigrant-dominated section of the city, the Ironbound in recent decades has been termed "Little Portugal" due to its heavily Portuguese population. In addition, the East Ward has become home to Brazilians, Latin Americans, African Americans and commuters to Manhattan. Public education in the East Ward consists of East Side High School and six elementary schools. The ward is largely composed of densely packed housing, primarily large apartment buildings and rowhouses.[25][36][37]

Climate

Newark has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild winters and hot, humid summers. Its proximity to the ocean has a moderating effect. Also, being near to the Atlantic Ocean means Newark tends to have warmer winters than cities at a similar latitude or even somewhat further south, such as Chicago, Columbus, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis. The January average is 32.3 °F (0.2 °C), and temperatures down to the 15 °F (−9.4 °C) range are not uncommon, though they rarely fall to 0 °F (−18 °C) or below. With a seasonal total of 26 inches (66.0 cm), snow cover does not usually remain for long. Spring in the area is of reasonable length and relatively devoid of temperature extremes. Summers are particularly hot and humid, with a July average of 77.2 °F (25.1 °C), and highs exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on an average 25 days per year.[38] Heat advisories are not uncommon during the summer months, particularly July and August, when temperatures can reach 100 °F (38 °C) with high humidity. The city cools off at a moderate pace during autumn.

The city receives precipitation ranging from 2.9 to 4.7 inches (74 to 119 mm) monthly, usually falling on 8 to 12 days monthly. Measurable snowfall occurs each winter, but in lesser amounts than cities in the Midwest at a similar latitude. The highest recorded temperature was 108 °F (42 °C) on July 22, 2011.

Climate data for Newark, New Jersey (Newark Liberty Int'l), 1981-2010 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 74
(23) 		76
(24) 		89
(32) 		97
(36) 		99
(37) 		102
(39) 		108
(42) 		105
(41) 		105
(41) 		93
(34) 		85
(29) 		76
(24) 		108
(42)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 39.4
(4.1) 		42.9
(6.1) 		51.3
(10.7) 		62.6
(17.0) 		72.8
(22.7) 		82.1
(27.8) 		86.6
(30.3) 		84.7
(29.3) 		77.3
(25.2) 		66.0
(18.9) 		55.3
(12.9) 		44.1
(6.7) 		63.8
(17.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 25.1
(−3.8) 		27.5
(−2.5) 		34.2
(1.2) 		44.3
(6.8) 		53.9
(12.2) 		63.8
(17.7) 		69.2
(20.7) 		68.0
(20.0) 		60.3
(15.7) 		48.5
(9.2) 		39.6
(4.2) 		30.2
(−1.0) 		47.1
(8.4)
Record low °F (°C) −8
(−22) 		−14
(−26) 		6
(−14) 		16
(−9) 		33
(1) 		41
(5) 		51
(11) 		45
(7) 		35
(2) 		25
(−4) 		12
(−11) 		−8
(−22) 		−14
(−26)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.53
(90) 		2.88
(73) 		4.18
(106) 		4.20
(107) 		4.09
(104) 		4.02
(102) 		4.76
(121) 		3.70
(94) 		3.82
(97) 		3.60
(91) 		3.65
(93) 		3.80
(97) 		46.24
(1,174)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.9
(23) 		9.5
(24) 		4.4
(11) 		.9
(2.3) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		.4
(1.0) 		5.4
(14) 		29.5
(75)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.4 9.8 11.0 11.5 11.3 11.0 10.1 9.7 8.6 8.7 9.5 10.6 122.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 5.0 3.7 2.4 .4 0 0 0 0 0 0 .4 2.9 14.8
Source: NOAA [39] The Weather Channel (extreme temps, except for Jul record high) [40]

Demographics

Newark, New Jersey
CensusPop.Note%±
17901,000—
18006,000500.0%
18108,00833.5%
18206,507−18.7%
183010,95368.3%
184017,29057.9%
185038,894125.0%
186071,94185.0%
1870105,05946.0%
1880136,50829.9%
1890181,83033.2%
1900246,07035.3%
1910347,46941.2%
1920414,52419.3%
1930442,3376.7%
1940429,760−2.8%
1950438,7762.1%
1960405,220−7.6%
1970381,930−5.7%
1980329,248−13.8%
1990275,221−16.4%
2000273,546−0.6%
2010277,1401.3%
2011 (est.)277,540[41]0.1%
Population sources:1810-1910[42]
1890-1910[43] 1840-1930[44]
1930-1990[45] 2000.[46] 2010[4][6][7][47]

2010 Census

Template:USCensusDemographics

The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $35,659 (with a margin of error of +/- $1,009) and the median family income was $41,684 (+/- $1,116). Males had a median income of $34,350 (+/- $1,015) versus $32,865 (+/- $973) for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,367 (+/- $364). About 22.0% of families and 25.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.9% of those under age 18 and 22.4% of those age 65 or over.[48]

Poverty rates, as of 2003

Poverty and lack of investment

Poverty remains a consistent problem in Newark, despite its revitalization in recent years. As of 2010, roughly one-third of the city's population is impoverished.[49] The 1967 riots resulted in White flight, a significant population loss of the city's middle class, many of them Jews, which continued from the 1970s through to the 1990s.[50] The city lost about 130,000 residents between 1960 and 1990. The city's formerly most populous ethnic group, White,[51] declined from 82.8% in 1950 to 26.3% by 2010.[52]

Portions of Newark are rebounding and improving due to the abandonment and demolition of public housing projects, especially the Baxter Terrace area. Baxter Park, a mixed-use development started in July 2011 that will include 400 apartment units along with shopping and recreation space, will replace the 500 units in the original Baxter Terrace development, which was demolished starting in 2008.[53]

Government

Local government

Effective as of July 1, 1954, the voters of the city of Newark, by a referendum held on November 3, 1953 and under the Optional Municipal Charter Law (commonly known as the Faulkner Act), adopted the Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council) Plan C as the form of local government.[54]

There are nine council members are elected on a nonpartisan basis at the regular municipal election or at the general election for terms of four years: one council member from each of five wards and four council members on an at-large basis. The mayor is also elected for a term of four years.[55]

As of 2012, Newark's Municipal Council consists of the following members, all with a term end date of 2014.[56]

  • Donald Payne Jr. (Council President/Council Member-at-Large, also Freeholder-at-Large)
  • Augusto Amador (Council Member, East Ward)
  • Ras J. Baraka (Council Member, South Ward, also Principal, Central High School)
  • Mildred C. Crump (Council Member-at-Large)
  • Carlos M. Gonzalez (Council Member-at-Large)
  • Luis A. Quintana (Council Member-at-Large)
  • Anibal Ramos, Jr. (Council Vice President/Council Member, North Ward)
  • Ronald C. Rice (Council Member, West Ward)
  • Darrin S. Sharif (Council Member, Central Ward)

Federal, state, and county representation

Newark is split between the 10th and 13th Congressional districts[57] and is part of New Jersey's 28 and 29th state legislative districts.[5][58] Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Newark had been in 27th, 28th and 29th state legislative districts.[57] Based on the results of the 2010 Census, the New Jersey Redistricting Commission has shifted Newark into the 8th Congressional District and the 10th Congressional District, a change that will take effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections, with 123,763 of the city's residents in the 8th District and 153,377 in the 10th.[59][60]

For the 118th United States Congress, New Jersey's 10th congressional district is represented by LaMonica McIver (D, Newark).[61] New Jersey's 13th congressional district is represented by Albio Sires (D, West New York). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027)[62] and George Helmy (Mountain Lakes, term ends 2024).[63][64]

For the 2024-2025 session, the 28th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Renee Burgess (D, Irvington) and in the General Assembly by Garnet Hall (D, Maplewood) and Cleopatra Tucker (D, Newark).[65] For the 2024-2025 session, the 29th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Teresa Ruiz (D, Newark) and in the General Assembly by Eliana Pintor Marin (D, Newark) and Shanique Speight (D, Newark).[66] Template:NJ Governor

Essex County is governed by a directly elected county executive, with legislative functions performed by the Board of County Commissioners. As of 2024, the County Executive is Joseph N. DiVincenzo Jr. (D, Roseland), whose four-year term of office ends December 31, 2026.[67] The county's Board of County Commissioners is composed of nine members, five of whom are elected from districts and four of whom are elected on an at-large basis. They are elected for three-year concurrent terms and may be re-elected to successive terms at the annual election in November.[68] Essex County's Commissioners are:

Robert Mercado (D, District 1 – Newark's North and East Wards, parts of Central and West Wards; Newark, 2026),[69] A'Dorian Murray-Thomas (D, District 2 – Irvington, Maplewood and parts of Newark's South and West Wards; Newark, 2026),[70] Vice President Tyshammie L. Cooper (D, District 3 - Newark: West and Central Wards; East Orange, Orange and South Orange; East Orange, 2026),[71] Leonard M. Luciano (D, District 4 – Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Fairfield, Livingston, Millburn, North Caldwell, Roseland, Verona, West Caldwell and West Orange; West Caldwell, 2026),[72] President Carlos M. Pomares (D, District 5 – Belleville, Bloomfield, Glen Ridge, Montclair and Nutley; Bloomfield, 2026),[73] Brendan W. Gill (D, at large; Montclair, 2026),[74] Romaine Graham (D, at large; Irvington, 2026),[75] Wayne Richardson (D, at large; Newark, 2026),[76] Patricia Sebold (D, at-large; Livingston, 2026).[77][78][79][80][81]

Constitutional officers elected countywide are: Clerk Christopher J. Durkin (D, West Caldwell, 2025),[82][83] Register of Deeds Juan M. Rivera Jr. (D, Newark, 2025),[84][85] Sheriff Armando B. Fontoura (D, Fairfield, 2024),[86][87] and Surrogate Alturrick Kenney (D, Newark, 2028).[88][89]

Politics

On the national level, Newark leans strongly toward the Democratic Party.

As of March 23, 2011, out of a 2010 Census population of 277,140 in Newark, there were 136,785 registered voters (66.3% of the 2010 population ages 18 and over of 206,253, vs. 77.7% in all of Essex County of the 589,051 ages 18 and up) of which, 68,393 (50.0% vs. 45.9% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 3,548 (2.6% vs. 9.9% countywide) were registered as Republicans, 64,812 (47.4% vs. 44.1% countywide) were registered as Unaffiliated and there were 30 voters registered to other parties.[90]

In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 90.8% of the vote here (77,112 ballots cast), ahead of Republican John McCain who received 7.0% of the vote (5,957 votes), with 84,901 of the city's 140,946 registered voters participating, for a turnout of 60.2% of registered voters.[91] In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 85.9% of the vote here (62,700 ballots), outpolling Republican George W. Bush, who received 12.8% (9,344), with 72,977 of 127,049 registered voters participating, for a turnout percentage of 57.4%.[92]

In the 2009 Gubernatorial Election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 90.2% of the vote here (36,637 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie who received 8.3% of the vote (5,957 votes), with 40,613 of the city's 134,195 registered voters (30.3%) participating.[93]

Political corruption

Newark has been marred with episodes of political corruption throughout the years. Five of the previous seven Mayors of Newark have been indicted on criminal charges, including the previous three Mayors: Hugh Addonizio, Kenneth Gibson, and Sharpe James. As reported by Newsweek: "... every mayor since 1962 (except the current one, Cory Booker) has been indicted for crimes committed while in office."[94]

Addonizio was mayor of Newark from 1962 to 1970. A son of Italian immigrants, a tailor and WWII veteran, he ran on a reform platform, defeating the incumbent, Leo Carlin, who, ironically, he characterized as corrupt and a part of the political machine of the era. During the 1967 riots, it was found that Addonizio and other city officials were taking kickbacks from city contractors. He was convicted of extortion and conspiracy in 1970, and was sentenced to ten years in federal prison.[95]

His successor was Kenneth Gibson, the city's first African American mayor, elected in 1970. He pleaded guilty to federal tax evasion in 2002 as part of a plea agreement on fraud and bribery charges. During his tenure as Mayor in 1980, he was tried and acquitted of giving out no-show jobs by an Essex County jury.[96]

Sharpe James, who defeated Gibson in 1986 and declined to run for a sixth term in 2006, was indicted on 33 counts of conspiracy, mail fraud, and wire fraud by a federal grand jury sitting in Newark. The grand jury charged James with spending $58,000 on city-owned credit cards for personal gain and orchestrating a scheme to sell city-owned land at below-market prices to his companion, who immediately re-sold the land to developers and gained a profit of over $500,000. James pleaded not guilty on 25 counts at his initial court appearance on July 12, 2007. On April 17, 2008, James was found guilty for his role in the conspiring to rig land sales at nine city-owned properties for personal gain. The former mayor was sentenced to serve up to 27 months in prison.[97]

Crime

In 1996, Time magazine ranked Newark "The Most Dangerous City in the Nation."[98] By 2007, however, the city recorded a total of 99 homicides for the year, representing a significant drop from the record of 161 murders set in 1981.[99][100][101][102] The number of murders in 2008 dropped to 65, a decline of 30% from the previous year and the lowest in the city since 2002 when there were also 65 murders.[103]

In 2011 Newark recorded 90 homicides, after experiencing 86 homicides in 2010.[104] Overall, there was a 6% increase in crime numbers over the previous year, including a rise in carjackings for the third straight year.[105] Along with the increase in crime, the Newark Police Department increased its recovery of illegally-owned guns in 2011 to 696, up from 278 in 2010.[104]

After being forced to lay off 162 officers due to economic reasons in 2010, the NPD was able to rehire eight of those officers in 2012, with plans for another 17 rehires later in the year.[104]

Economy

Downtown Newark at night

Newark is the third-largest insurance center in United States, after New York City and Hartford.[106] The Prudential Financial and Mutual Benefit Life companies originated in the city. The former, one of the largest insurance companies in the world, is still headquartered in Newark. Many other companies are headquartered in the city, including IDT Corporation, New Jersey Transit, Public Service Enterprise Group (PSEG), Manischewitz, and Horizon Blue Cross and Blue Shield of New Jersey.[107][108]

Though Newark is not the industrial colossus of the past, the city does have a considerable amount of industry. The southern portion of the Ironbound, also known as the Industrial Meadowlands, has seen many factories built since World War II, including a large Anheuser-Busch brewery. The service industry is also growing rapidly, replacing those in the manufacturing industry, which was once Newark's primary economy. In addition, transportation has become a large business in Newark, accounting for more than 17,000 jobs in 2011.[109]

The Consulate-General of Ecuador in New Jersey is located on the 4th Floor at 400 Market Street.[110] The Consulate-General of Portugal is located at the main floor of the Legal Center at One Riverfront Plaza.[111] The Vice Consulate of Italy is located in Suite 100 at 1 Gateway Center.[112] The Mission of the Central African Republic to the United Nations is located in Suite 2008 at 51 Clifton Avenue in Newark.[113]

Panasonic plans to leave its longtime North American headquarters in nearby Secaucus, New Jersey and move to a 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2) space in Newark in 2013, as part of a deal in which the company would receive over $100 million in tax incentives to add to the 800 employees it already has in New Jersey.[114]

Portions of Newark are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3½% sales tax rate (versus the 7% rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants.[115]

Port Newark

Newark Bay with the New Jersey Turnpike and Newark Bay Bridge visible
Main article: Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal

Port Newark is the part of Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal and the largest cargo facility in the Port of New York and New Jersey. Located on Newark Bay, it is run by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and serves as the principal container ship facility for goods entering and leaving the New York metropolitan region and the northeastern quadrant of North America. The Port moved over $100 billion in goods in 2003, making it the 15th busiest in the world at the time, but was the number one container port as recently as 1985.[116] Plans are underway for billions of dollars of improvements - larger cranes, bigger railyard facilities, deeper channels, and expanded wharves.[117]

Education

Colleges and universities

File:Rutgers Newark aerial view of campus 2008.jpg
Campus of Rutgers University-Newark

Newark is the home of the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Rutgers-Newark, Seton Hall University School of Law, the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (Newark Campus), Essex County College, and a Berkeley College campus. Most of Newark's academic institutions are located in the city's University Heights district. The colleges and universities have worked together to help revitalize the area, which serves more than 40,000 students and faculty.[118]

Public schools

As of the 2006-2010 American Community Survey, 16.0% of Newark residents ages 25 and over had never attended high school and 15.9% didn't graduate, while 68.1% had at least graduated from high school, including the 12.3% who had earned a bachelor's degree or higher. The total school enrollment in Newark city was 75,025 in the 2006-2010 ACS, with pre-primary school enrollment of 10,560, elementary or high school enrollment of 46,691 and college enrollment of 17,774.[48]

The Newark Public Schools, a state-operated school district, is the largest school system in New Jersey. The district is one of 31 Abbott districts statewide,[119] which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority.[120][121] As of the 2009-10 school year, the district's 75 schools had an enrollment of 39,443 students and 2,685 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.69.[122]

The city's public schools are among the lowest-performing in the state, leading to a take over by the state government in 1995 with the intention of improvement. The school district continues to struggle with low high school graduation rates and low standardized test scores. A notable exception to this was Science Park High School, which was the 69th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 322 schools statewide, in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2010 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", after being ranked 50th in 2008 out of 316 schools. Technology High School has a GreatSchools rating of 9/10 was ranked 165th in New Jersey Monthly's 2010 rankings. Newark high schools ranked in the bottom 10% of New Jersey Monthly'ss 2010 list include Central (274th), East Side (293rd), Newark Vocational (304th), Weequahic (310th), Barringer (311th), Malcolm X Shabazz (314th) and West Side (319th).[123] Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg donated a challenge grant of $100 million to the district in 2010, choosing Newark because he stated he believed in Mayor Cory Booker and Governor Chris Christie's abilities.[124]

Charter schools in Newark include the Robert Treat Academy Charter School, a National Blue Ribbon School drawing students from all over Newark. It remains one of the top performing K-8 schools in New Jersey based on standardized test scores.[125] University Heights Charter School is another charter school, serving children in grades K-5, recognized as a 2011 Epic Silver Gain School.[126] Gray Charter School, like Robert Treat, also won a Blue Ribbon Award.[127] Also, Newark Collegiate Academy (NCA) opened in August 2007 and currently serves 420 students in grades 9-12. It will ultimately serve over 570 students, mostly matriculating from other charter schools in the area.[128]

Private schools

The city hosts three high schools as part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. The coeducational Christ The King Prep, founded in 2007, is part of the Cristo Rey Community; Saint Benedict's Preparatory School is an all-boys Roman Catholic high school founded in 1868 and conducted by the Benedictine monks of Newark Abbey, whose campus has grown to encompass both sides of MLK Jr. Blvd. near Market Street and includes a dormitory for boarding students; and Saint Vincent Academy, is an all-girls Roman Catholic high school founded and sponsored by the Sisters of Charity of Saint Elizabeth and operated continuously since 1869.[129]

Link Community School is a non-denominational coeducational day school located serving approximately 128 students in seventh and eighth grades. The Newark Boys Chorus School was founded in the 1960s.[130] The University Heights Charter School teaches 160 students in grades K-5.

Culture

Architecture and sculptures

See also: List of tallest buildings in Newark and National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New Jersey
Cathedral of the Sacred Heart

There are several notable Beaux-Arts buildings, such as the Veterans' Administration building, the Newark Museum, the Newark Public Library, and the Cass Gilbert-designed Essex County Courthouse. Notable Art Deco buildings include several 1930s era skyscrapers, such as the National Newark Building and Eleven 80, the restored Newark Penn Station, and Arts High School. Gothic architecture can be found at the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart by Branch Brook Park, which is one of the largest gothic cathedrals in the United States. It is rumored to have as much stained glass as the Cathedral of Chartres. Newark also has two public sculpture works by Gutzon Borglum — Wars of America in Military Park and Seated Lincoln in front of the Essex County Courthouse. Moorish Revival buildings include Newark Symphony Hall and the Prince Street Synagogue, one of the oldest synagogue buildings in New Jersey.[131]

Performing arts

Newark is site of the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, located near Military Park, which since its opening in 1997 has become the home of the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra and the New Jersey State Opera, and has developed into one the most visited in the United States. NJPAC is involved in the construction of One Theater Square, a mixed-use skyscraper in the heart of the cultural district that is planned to include the city's tallest building. The center's programs of national and international music, dance, and theater make it the nation's sixth-largest performing arts center, attracting over 400,000 visitors each year.[132]

Prior to the opening of the performing arts center, Newark Symphony Hall was home to the New Jersey Symphony, the New Jersey State Opera, and the Garden State Ballet, which stills maintains an academy there.[133] The 1925 neo-classic building, originally built by the Shriners, has three performance spaces, including the main concert named in honor of famous Newarker Sarah Vaughn, offering rhythm and blues, rap, hip-hop, and gospel music concerts, and is part of the modern day Chitlin' circuit.[134]

The Newark Boys Chorus, founded in 1966, performs regularly in the city. The Arican Globe Theater Works presents a new works seasonally. The biennial Geraldine R. Dodge Poetry Festival took place in Newark for the first time in 2010.[135][136]

Venues at the universities in the city are also used to present professional and semi-professional theater, dance, and music. Since its opening, the Prudential Center in 2007 has presented Diana Ross, Katy Perry, Lady Gaga, Britney Spears, The Eagles, Hannah Montana/Miley Cyrus, Spice Girls, Jonas Brothers, Metro Station, Metallica, Alicia Keys, Demi Lovato, David Archuleta, Taylor Swift and American Idol Live!, among others. Bon Jovi performed a series of ten concerts to mark the venue's opening.[137]

Museums, libraries, and galleries

Three buildings of the Newark Museum

The Newark Museum is the largest in New Jersey. Highlights of its collection include American and Tibetan art. The museum also contains science galleries, a planetarium, a gallery for children's exhibits, a fire museum, a sculpture garden and an 18th century schoolhouse. Also part of the museum is the historic John Ballantine House, a restored Victorian mansion which is a National Historic Landmark. The museum co-sponsors the Newark Black Film Festival, which has premiered numerous films since its founding in 1974.[138]

The city is also home to the New Jersey Historical Society, which has rotating exhibits on New Jersey and Newark. The Newark Public Library, the state's largest system with 11 locations, also produces a series of historical exhibits. The library houses more than a million volumes and has frequent exhibits on a variety of topics, many featuring items from its Fine Print and Special Collections.[139]

In February 2004, plans were announced for a new Smithsonian Institution-affiliated Museum of African American Music to be built in the city's Coast/Lincoln Park neighborhood. The museum will be dedicated to black musical styles, from gospel to rap. The new museum will incorporate the facade of the old South Park Presbyterian Church, where Abraham Lincoln once spoke.[140]

On December 9, 2007 the Jewish Museum of New Jersey,[141] located at 145 Broadway in the Broadway neighborhood held its grand opening. The museum is dedicated to the cultural heritage of New Jersey’s Jewish people. The museum is housed at Ahavas Sholom,[142] the last continually operating synagogue in Newark. By the 1950s there were 50 synagogues in Newark serving a Jewish population of 70,000 to 80,000, once the sixth-largest Jewish community in the United States.[143][144]

Newark is also home to numerous art galleries including Aljira, a Center for Contemporary Art, City Without Walls, Gallery Aferro, Rupert Ravens Contemporary, Sumei Arts Center,[145] and the Paul Robeson Galleries[146] at Rutgers-Newark.

In April 2010, plans were announced for a new Children's Museum of New Jersey to be created across from Newark Penn Station.[147]

Professional sports

While there have been many sports teams in Newark proper, it has spent much of its history without an MLB, NBA, NHL, or NFL team actually located in the city itself. The Meadowlands Sports Complex which hosts NYC metropolitan area teams, is less than 10 miles (16 km) from downtown and the Prudential Center.[148]

The Prudential Center in downtown Newark
Club Sport Founded League Venue
New Jersey Devils Ice Hockey 1974 (Moved to Newark in 2007.) NHL Prudential Center
Red Bulls Soccer 1995 (Moved to Harrison, a suburb of Newark in 2010.) MLS Red Bull Arena
Newark Bears Baseball 1998 Can-Am League Riverfront Stadium
New York Liberty Basketball 1997 (Will play in Newark from 2011-2013 while Madison Square Garden undergoes summer renovations.) WNBA Prudential Center

Hockey

The New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League are the only professional sports team to play within the city limits of Newark. In 2007, the Devils moved from the Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford to the Prudential Center in downtown Newark, an arena jointly financed by the team and the city.[149]

Soccer

In Harrison, across the Passaic River from Newark's Ironbound neighborhood, the Red Bull Arena serves as the home stadium for Major League Soccer's New York Red Bulls. A pedestrian bridge linking the two cities at the Riverbank Park/Minish Park is planned as part of the Passaic River promenade.[150]

Baseball

Although Newark has had a rich history in baseball and currently has a minor league team, the city has never had a Major League Baseball team. Newark had eight teams in the National Association of Base Ball Players, including the Newark Eurekas and the Newark Adriatics.[151] Newark was then home to the Newark Indians of the International League and then to the Newark Peppers of the Federal League, sometimes nicknamed the Newfeds. The city was also hosted the Negro League's Newark Dodgers and Newark Eagles, the latter for whom the Bears and Eagles Riverfront Stadium is partially named.[152] The current Newark minor league team, the revived Newark Bears, play at Bears and Eagles Riverfront Stadium, a stop on the Newark Light Rail. The Bears are part of the independent Atlantic League, which also includes the Somerset Patriots in Bridgewater Township and the Camden Riversharks in Camden.[153]

Basketball

Newark gained an NBA tenant for the first time when the then-New Jersey Nets moved to the city in 2010, though the move was temporary as the team completed construction of its own arena, the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York for the 2012–13 season.[154] The New York Liberty of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) will have its home court at Newark's Prudential Center for three seasons until renovations of Madison Square Garden are completed in 2013.[155]

A professional basketball team in the American Basketball Association, the Newark Express was introduced to the city in 2005. The team formerly played their home at Essex County College and Drew University in Madison and now play at East Orange Campus High School.[156]

Football

Newark had a team which competed in the first American Football League in 1926, the Newark Bears. A short-lived NFL franchise named the Newark Tornadoes folded in 1930. In 1937, the AFL team the Orange Tornadoes moved to Newark, becoming the Newark Tornadoes which competed in the AA's Southern Division. In 1939, the Tornadoes were purchased by Chicago Bears owner George Halas as a farm team, eventually moving to Akron, Ohio.[157] In 1946, they were replaced by the Newark Bombers, which in 1947 moved to Bloomfield, New Jersey and became the Bloomfield Cardinals.

Local media

Newark does not have any major television network affiliates due to its proximity to New York City. However, WNET, a flagship station of the Public Broadcasting Service, and Spanish-language WFUT-TV, a TeleFutura owned-and-operated station, are licensed to Newark. The state's leading newspaper, The Star-Ledger, owned by Advance Publications, is based in Newark. Radio Station WJZ (now WABC (AM)) made its first broadcast in 1921 from the Westinghouse plant near Lackawanna Station. It moved to New York City in the 1920s. Pioneer radio station WOR AM was originally licensed to and broadcast from the Bamberger's Department Store in Newark. Radio Station WNEW-AM (now WBBR) was founded in Newark in 1934. It later moved to New York City. In addition, WBGO, a National Public Radio affiliate that reaches New York City with a format of standard and contemporary jazz, is located in downtown Newark. WNSW AM-1430 (formerly WNJR) and WQXR (which was formerly WHBI and later WCAA) 105.9 FM are also licensed to Newark.[158]

Film and television

Films created and set in Newark include Life of Crime, which was originally produced in 1988 and followed by a 1998 sequel,[159] and New Jersey Drive, a 1995 film about the city when it was considered the "car theft capital of the world".[160] The HBO television series The Sopranos filmed many of its scenes in Newark, and is partially based on the life of Newark mobster Richard Boiardo.[161][162]

Street Fight is an Academy Award-nominated documentary film which covered the 2002 mayoral election between incumbent Sharpe James and challenger Cory Booker.

In 2009, the Sundance Channel aired Brick City, a five-part television documentary about Newark, focusing on the community's attempt to become a better and safer place to live, against a history of nearly a half century of violence, poverty and official corruption. The second season premiered January 30, 2011.[163]

Revolution '67 is an award winning documentary which examines the causes and events of the 1967 Newark riots.

Transportation

Early history

Newark Trolley line on Market Street near the present-day courthouse

The Morris Canal, stretching 102 miles (164 km) to Newark from Phillipsburg on the Delaware River was completed in 1831 and allowed coal and other industrial and agricultural products from Pennsylvania to be transported cheaply and efficiently to the New York City area.[164] The canal's completion led to increased settlement in Newark, vastly increasing the population for years to come. As the city came to be more and more congested, further means of transportation were sought; eventually leading to horse drawn trolleys which eventually became electric trolleys that ran down the main streets of downtown Newark including Broad Street and up Market Street near the courthouse. The trolley cars did not last long as the personal motor vehicle quickly gained popularity and slowly made the trolley system seem like a burden.[165] The Morris Canal also saw its days come to an end, only to be more recently used by the Newark City Subway, now known as the Newark Light Rail. Even today, many of the subway stations still portray the Canal in its original state in the form of mosaic works.

Present day

New York City and Jersey City skylines as seen from Newark Liberty International Airport
Newark Penn Station
Newark light rail system

Newark is a hub of air, road, rail, and ship traffic, making it a significant gateway into the New York metropolitan area and the northeastern United States.[166] Newark Liberty International Airport, the second-busiest airport in the New York region and the 14th-busiest in the United States (in terms of passenger traffic),[167] had 403,429 plane movements, transported 33,107,041 passengers, 860,845 tons of cargo and processed 82,479 tons of airmail in 2010.[168] Newark Airport was the New York City area's first commercial airport, opened in 1928 on land reclaimed by the Port Authority.[14] Just east of the airport lies Port Newark, the fifteenth-busiest port in the world and the largest container port on the East Coast of the United States. In 2003, the port moved over $100 billion in goods.[169]

Newark is served by numerous highways including the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95), Interstate 280, Interstate 78, the Garden State Parkway, U.S. Route 1/9, U.S. Route 22, and Route 21. Newark is connected to the Holland Tunnel and Lower Manhattan by the Pulaski Skyway, spanning both the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers., which was first constructed in 1938 and will be undergoing a $900 million renovation project.[170]

Local streets in Newark conform to a quasi-grid form, with major streets radiating outward (like spokes on a wheel) from the downtown area. Some major roads in the city are named after the towns to which they lead, including South Orange Avenue, Springfield Avenue, and Bloomfield Avenue, as well as Broadway, which had been renamed from Belleville Avenue.[171]

Newark is second in the U.S. to New York City in the proportion of households without an automobile, and is extensively served by mass transit. Newark Penn Station, situated just east of downtown, is the city's major train station, connecting the interurban PATH system (which links Newark to Manhattan) with three New Jersey Transit commuter rail lines and Amtrak service to Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. It was designed by McKim, Mead & White and completed in 1935. Only one mile north, the Newark Broad Street Station is served by two commuter rail lines. The two train stations are linked by the Newark Light Rail system, which also provides services from Newark Penn Station to Newark's northern communities and into the neighboring towns of Belleville and Bloomfield. Built in the bed of the Morris Canal, the light rail cars run underground in Newark's downtown area. The city's third train station, Newark Liberty International Airport, connects the Northeast Corridor and North Jersey Coast Line to the airport via AirTrain Newark. Bus service in Newark is provided by New Jersey Transit, CoachUSA contract operators and DeCamp in North Newark.[172]

Newark is served by New Jersey Transit bus routes 1, 5, 11, 13, 21, 25, 27, 28, 29, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 59, 62, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 99, 107, and 108. Bus route 308 is an express bus route to Six Flags Great Adventure from Newark Penn Station while 319 is an express service to Atlantic City.[173]

The go bus 25 and go bus 28 are bus rapid transit lines through the city to Irvington, Bloomfield, and Newark Liberty.[174][175]

Health and safety

Hospitals and medical care

Newark is home to four hospitals. University Hospital is the principal teaching hospital of the UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School and is the busiest Level I trauma center in the state.[176] UMDNJ also provides emergency medical services to the city. Newark Beth Israel Medical Center is the largest hospital in the city and is a part of Barnabas Health, the state's largest system of hospital and health care facilities.[177] Beth Israel is also one of the oldest hospitals in the city, dating back to 1901. This 669-bed regional facility is also home to the Children's Hospital of New Jersey. Catholic Health East operates Street Michael's Medical Center. Hospitals which have been closed in recent years include the Street James Hospital, Columbus Hospital, Mount Carmel Guild Hospital and the United Hospitals Medical Center.[178][179][180]

Emergency Medical Services

UMDNJ Staffs a full-time EMS system off of Cabinet Street behind the old Martland hospital building. The department operates a 24/7 fleet of 10 BLS units staffed with two EMTs, 5 ALS units staffed with two paramedics (units cover Port Newark, EWR, and most of Essex County), one Heavy Rescue unit, one Critical Care unit staffed with one paramedic and one nurse, and two Field Supervisors. University Hospital EMS (UH-EMS) carries special operations equipment that can cover any sepctrum of disaster. The fast-paced EMS system is the busiest system per unit in the nation. On average, a BLS unit may be sent to 20-25 dispatches in a 12-hour shift. UMDNJ also operates the Regional Emergency Medical Communications Service (REMCS), the regional dispatch center for UH-EMS as well as state-wide disaster management and the JEMSTAR medivac program, managing inter-facility and on-scene medivac requests to the state's aircraft (Northstar, Southstar, MEDIVAC1, Monoc Air 1, Atlantic Air 1, Atlantic Air 2). Staffed at all times by six EMD certified dispatchers, REMCS also dispatches the Orange, Maplewood, and Irvington NJ fire departments. The EMS system in Newark handles upwards of 125,000 requests for service annually.[181]

Fire Department

Complete Listing of all Fire Stations in the City of Newark[182]
Battalion 3
Engine Company Ladder Company Special Unit Battalion Address Neighborhood
Engine 6 Deputy 1 344 Springfield Avenue Springfield/Belmont
Engine 7 241 West Market Street University Heights
Engine 9 Battalion 3 197 Summer Avenue Mount Pleasant/Lower Broadway
Engine 13 Ladder 6 718 Mount Prospect Avenue Forest Hill
Engine 15 Ladder 7 271 Park Avenue Lower Roseville
Engine 28 691 N. 6th Street Upper Roseville
Battalion 4
Engine Company Ladder Company Special Unit Battalion Address Neighborhood
Engine 11 Ladder 11 Rescue 1, Haz-Mat. 1 345 S. 9th Street Fairmount
Engine 18 Battalion 4 395 Avon Avenue West Side
Engine 26 Ladder 12 420 Sanford Avenue Lower Valisburg
Engine 29 Ladder 10 86 Clinton Pl. Weequahic
Battalion 5
Engine Company Ladder Company Special Unit Battalion Address Neighborhood
Engine 5 Battalion 5 65 Congress Street North Ironbound
Engine 10 Ladder 5 360 Clinton Avenue South Broad Street
Engine 14 71 Vesey Street South Ironbound
Ladder 8 473 Ferry Street North Ironbound
Engine 19 528 Frelinghuysen Avenue Newark Liberty International Airport
Engine 27 Ladder 4 89 Elm Road South Ironbound

The city of Newark is protected 24/7, 365 by the 700 full-time, paid firefighters of the city of Newark Fire Department(NFD). Founded in 1863, the Newark Fire Department operates out of 16 Fire Stations, located throughout the city in 3 Battalions. The NFD also operates and maintains a front line fire apparatus fleet of 15 Engines, 8 Ladders, 1 Rescue, 4 Haz-Mat. Units, a Foam Unit, a Mobile Command Unit, an Air Unit, a Fireboat, and numerous other special, support, and reserve units. The Newark Fire Department responds to around 45,000 emergency calls annually. In 2006, of that 45,000, the NFD respond to 2681 fire and hazardous condition calls.[183]

Former Firehouse 8 building in the Ironbound neighborhood

On October 1, 2010, the NFD removed Battalion 1 from service and distributed the command of its Fire Stations and Companies over the remaining 3 Battalions. Also, Engine 12, Engine 16, and Ladder 1 were disbanded from service.[184][185][186]

Up to 2010, the firehouse located at 191 Orange Street was home to Ladder 1, Rescue 1, and Haz-Mat. 1. Currently, it no longer houses active fire companies, however it is the headquarters of the department's Special Operations Division and houses Haz-Mat. 2, the Haz-Mat. Spill Unit, the Haz-Mat. Decontamination Unit, the Dive Unit, the Foam Unit, the Mobile Command Unit, and many other Special Operations Units. Like other stations in the city, it also houses a fleet of reserve/spare fire apparatuses. Also, the Special Services and Fire Alarm Line Divisions are located at 56 Prospect Street (former quarters of Engine 5) in the North Ironbound neighborhood.[187]

International relations

Twin towns - sister cities

Newark has 11 sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:[188]

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ 2012 New Jersey Mayors Directory, New Jersey Department of Community Affairs, April 26, 2012. Accessed June 28, 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d e Gazetteer of New Jersey Places, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 14, 2012.
  3. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: City of Newark, Geographic Names Information System. Accessed February 14, 2012.
  4. ^ a b DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Newark city, Essex County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 14, 2012.
  5. ^ a b Municipalities Grouped by 2011-2020 Legislative Districts, New Jersey Department of State, p. 13. Accessed June 25, 2012.
  6. ^ a b Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Newark city, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed February 14, 2012.
  7. ^ a b c The Counties and Most Populous Cities and Townships in 2010 in New Jersey: 2000 and 2010, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 14, 2012.
  8. ^ ZIP codes for Newark, New Jersey, United States Postal Service. Accessed February 14, 2012.
  9. ^ A Cure for the Common Codes: New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed June 28, 2012.
  10. ^ Wells, J.C. Pronunciation Dictionary. Longman.
  11. ^ Table 27. Incorporated Places With 175,000 or More Inhabitants in 2010—Population: 1970 to 2010, United States Census Bureau. Accessed August 15, 2012.
  12. ^ History of Newark Liberty International Airport, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed February 14, 2012.
  13. ^ Facts & Information, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Accessed February 14, 2012.
  14. ^ a b c Sturken, Barbara. "Newark Airport Gains In International Travel", The New York Times, February 11, 1990. Accessed June 25, 2012. "The oldest airport in the New York metropolitan region, Newark opened in 1928 on 68 acres of reclaimed swampland. It underwent a major overhaul in 1973, when an immense $400 million complex opened to replace an outmoded 20-year-old terminal."
  15. ^ "Student scientists track nation's largest collection of [[cherry blossom]] trees at Essex County park". The Star-Ledger. August 13, 2010. Retrieved 2012-04-10. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  16. ^ Hinds, Kate (March 25, 2012). "Cherry Blossom Trees Flourish in Newark". WNYC. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
  17. ^ Drew Anne, Scarantino (March 14, 2011). "In Full Bloom". New Jersey Monthly. Retrieved 2012-04-10Template:Inconsistent citations{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  18. ^ Riche, Patrick. "Newark's Prudential Center: A Key Player in Newark's Re-Branding Efforts", Forbes, January 10, 2012. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Newark is currently undergoing a major revitalization. The Prudential Center, the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, The Newark Symphony, Riverfront Stadium and Red Bull Park in nearby Harrison and home to Major League Soccer’s New York Red Bulls represent just part of the nearly $2 billion in construction underway."
  19. ^ Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 130. Accessed February 14, 2012.
  20. ^ Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - United States -- Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area, in Principal City, Not in Principal City, and County; and for Puerto Rico. United States Census Bureau American Fact Finder. Accessed June 4, 2012.
  21. ^ The Official Website of the City of Newark, NJ. 2005. Accessed May 28, 2012.
  22. ^ A View of Mt. Prospect, NewarkHistory.com. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Of the upper class districts of Old Newark - High Street, Lincoln Park, Weequahic, and Forest Hill - Forest Hill is the most famous and best preserved."
  23. ^ Erminio, Vinessa. "Gateway? Renaissance? A reviving city earns its nicknames", The Star-Ledger, December 8, 2005. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Newark also was known as the Gateway City about 1960. This may have been because of a statewide tourism campaign in which regions of the state were designated with names. Newark, Jersey City and the surrounding communities were called Gateway."
  24. ^ "Newark City Ward Boundaries (2000)" (PDF). Rutgers University. 2000. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  25. ^ a b Living Here: Neighborhoods, Brick City Development Corporation for Newark, NJ. Accessed June 25, 2012. "The city is divided into five wards, each with distinct neighborhoods. Residential neighborhoods exist primarily in the North, Central and West Wards, while industry is concentrated largely in the East and South Wards near the airport and seaport.... East Ward. The most densely populated section of Newark, the East Ward, is home of one of the largest Portuguese-speaking communities in the country."
  26. ^ Reock, Ernest C., Jr. "Redistricting New Jersey After the Census of 2010", Rutgers University Center for Government Studies, March 2008, pp. 7-9. Accessed 2011-09-13. "The law requires that wards be formed of compact and contiguous territory. The most precise requirement is that the population of the largest ward may not exceed the population of the smallest ward by more than 10% of the mean average population of the wards."
  27. ^ Staff. "'Obvious gerrymander,' Scrimmage says of plans", Afro-American (newspaper), April 12, 1969. Accessed June 25, 2012.
  28. ^ Hernandez, Roger. "Hispanics Deserve a Slice of the Pie", Rocky Mountain News, May 31, 1991. Accessed June 25, 2012. "In Newark, NJ, Hispanic leaders are considering a lawsuit to reverse a decision that chops a heavily Hispanic ward among three legislative districts..."
  29. ^ Waggoner, Walter H. "Voting Boundaries Awaited in Essex", The New York Times, November 27, 1977. Accessed June 25, 2012.
  30. ^ "City of Newark, NJ - Central Ward". City of Newark. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  31. ^ a b "City of Newark, NJ - North Ward". Ci.newark.nj.us. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  32. ^ "City of Newark, NJ - West Ward". City of Newark. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  33. ^ Strunsky, Steve (March 4, 2012). "Fatal shooting of West Ward pizza chef is latest 'tragic and senseless' Newark slaying". The Star-Ledger. NJ.com. Retrieved 2012-06-25.
  34. ^ [url=http://www.ci.newark.nj.us/residents/neighborhood_services/south_ward.php South Ward], City of Newark. Accessed June 26, 2012.
  35. ^ "Home Page". Ironbound Business Improvement District. 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  36. ^ Staff. "EPA Grant to Help Newark Community Target Environmental Problems", Environmental Protection Agency, March 11, 2010. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Ironbound Community Corporation is the largest comprehensive social service provider located in the East Ward of Newark, NJ. The community that will be served has a population of more than 50,000 people and is one of the most densely populated and diverse areas of the city."
  37. ^ East Ward, City of Newark. Accessed June 25, 2012.
  38. ^ "NCDC: U.S. Climate Normals" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  39. ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  40. ^ "Monthly Averages for Newark Liberty International Airport". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  41. ^ Census Estimates for New Jersey April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011, United States Census Bureau. Accessed August 24, 2012.
  42. ^ Wack, Henry Wellington. Official guide and manual of the 250th anniversary celebration of the founding of Newark, New Jersey, 1666-1916: Te city of Newark, chief industrial center of New Jersey : historical, statistical and general review, together with numerous articles relating to the city and its celebration, Newark Sales and Advertising Co., 1916. Accessed June 25, 2012.
  43. ^ Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890, United States Census Bureau, p. 336. Accessed June 25, 2012.
  44. ^ Fifteenth Census of the United States : 1930 - Population Volume I, United States Census Bureau, p. 711. Accessed February 14, 2012.
  45. ^ New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1930 - 1990, Workforce New Jersey Public Information Network, backed up by the Internet Archive as of May 2, 2009. Accessed February 14, 2012.
  46. ^ Census 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Newark city, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 14, 2012.
  47. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers New Jersey's 2010 Census Population Totals". United States Census Bureau. February 3, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
  48. ^ a b DP03: Selected Economic Characteristics from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Newark city, Essex County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed February 14, 2012.
  49. ^ Wilwohl, Joshua (Sept 26 2011). "Report: Newarkers Among New Jersey's Poorest". Newark Patch. patch.com. Retrieved May 29, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ^ Burr, Ty. "Heart of Stone: Seeing the good one man can do", The Boston Globe, October 22, 2009. Accessed February 15, 2012. "The twin forces of light at Weequahic are principal Ron Stone and the school’s alumni association, the latter made up almost entirely of white middle-class Jews. Until the Newark riots and ensuing white flight crippled the neighborhood in the late 1960s, Weequahic was one of the country’s finest schools..."
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  155. ^ "NEW YORK LIBERTY RETURN TO MADISON SQUARE GARDEN FOR 2012 HOME OPENER", Prudential Center, May 14, 2012. Accessed June 26, 2012. "The Liberty's 2012 season will mark the second of three seasons the team will call Prudential Center home court while Madison Square Garden continues a historic, top-to-bottom Transformation."
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Further reading
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