Jump to content

J. M. W. Turner

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Xtraelv (talk | contribs) at 18:55, 1 October 2012 (Reverted to revision 513427426 by Ccgrimm: vandalism. (TW)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

J. M. W. Turner
Self portrait, oil on canvas, circa 1799
Born
Joseph Mallord William Turner

(1775-04-23)23 April 1775
Covent Garden, London, England
Died19 December 1851(1851-12-19) (aged 76)
Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, London, England
NationalityEnglish
EducationRoyal Academy of Art
Known forPainting
MovementRomanticism

Joseph Mallord William Turner RA (23 April 1775 – 19 December 1851) was an English Romantic landscape painter, watercolourist, and printmaker. Turner was considered a controversial figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivaling history painting.[1] Although renowned for his oil paintings, Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolour landscape painting. He is commonly known as "the painter of light"[2] and his work is regarded as a Romantic preface to Impressionism.

Biography

Early life

Joseph Mallord William Turner was born on or around the 23 April 1775[a] in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, London, England.[3] His father, William Turner (1738–7 August 1829), was a barber and wig maker,[4] His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers.[5] A younger sister, Mary Ann Turner, was born in September 1778 but died aged four in August 1783.[6]

Drawing of St John's Church, Margate by Turner from around 1786, when he would have been 11 or 12 years old. The ambitious but unsure drawing shows an early struggle with perspective, which can be contrasted with his later work
A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth – this watercolour was Turner's first to be accepted for the Royal Academy's annual exhibition in April 1790, the month he turned fifteen. The image is a technical presentation of Turner's strong grasp of the elements of perspective with several buildings at sharp angles to each other, demonstrating Turner's thorough mastery of Thomas Malton's topographical style.[7]
Fishermen at Sea exhibited in 1796 was the first oil painting exhibited by Turner at the Royal Academy

In 1785, as a result of a "fit of illness" in the family[b][5] the young Turner was sent to stay with his maternal uncle, Joseph Mallord William Marshall, in Brentford, which was then a small town west of London on the banks of the River Thames. From this period, the earliest known artistic exercise by Turner is found, a series of simple colourings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales.[8] Around 1786, Turner was sent to Margate on the north-east Kent coast. Here Turner produced a series of early drawings of the town and surrounding area foreshadowing his later work. Turner would return to Margate many times in later life.[9] By this time, Turner's drawings were already being exhibited in his father's shop window and sold for a few shillings each.[5] His father boasted to the artist Thomas Stothard that: "My son, sir, is going to be a painter".[10] In 1789 Turner again stayed with his uncle, who by this time had retired to Sunningwell in Oxford. A whole sketchbook of work from his time in Oxford survives, as well as an early watercolour of Oxford. The use of pencil sketches on location as a basis for later finished paintings would form the basis of Turner's essential working style for his whole career.[8]

Many of the early sketches by Turner were studies of Architecture and/or exercises in perspective and it is known that the young Turner worked for several architects including Thomas Hardwick (junior), James Wyatt and Bonomi the Elder.[11] By the end of 1789 he had also begun to study under the topographical draughtsman Thomas Malton, whom Turner would later call "My real master".[12] He entered the Royal Academy of Art schools in 1789, when he was only 14 years old,[13] and was accepted into the academy a year later. Sir Joshua Reynolds, president of the Royal Academy, chaired the panel that admitted him. At first Turner showed a keen interest in architecture but was advised to continue painting by the architect Thomas Hardwick (junior). His first watercolour A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth was accepted for the Summer Exhibition of 1790 when Turner was only 15.

As a probationer in the Academy, he was taught drawing (not painting) from plaster casts of antique sculptures and his name appears in the registry of the Academy over a hundred times from July 1790 to October 1793.[14] In June 1792 he was admitted to the life class to learn to draw the human body from nude models.[15] Turner continued to exhibit watercolours each year at the Academy – travelling in the summer and painting in the winter. He travelled widely throughout Britain, particularly to Wales, and produced a wide range of sketches for working up into studies and watercolours. These particularly focused on architectural work, which utilised his skills as a draughtsman.[14] In 1793, he showed a watercolour with the title The Rising Squall – Hot Wells from St Vincent's Rock Bristol (now lost) that foreshadowed his later climatic effects.[7] Cunningham in his obituary of Turner wrote that it was: "recognised by the wiser few as a nobel attempt at lift in landscape art out of the tame insipidities...[and] evinced for the fist time that mastery of effect for which he is now justly celebrated."[16]

Turner exhibited his first oil painting at the Academy in 1796, Fishermen at Sea. A nocturnal moonlit scene, the image of boats in peril contrasts the cold light of the moon with the firelight glow of the fishermen's lantern.[17] Wilton has said that the image: "Is a summary of all that had been said about the sea by the artists of the eighteenth century."[18] and shows strong influence by artists such as Horace Vernet Philip James de Loutherbourg and Willem van de Velde the Younger. The image was praised by contemporary critics and would found Turner's reputation, both as an oil painter and as a painter of maritime scenes.[19]

Early career

Turner travelled widely in Europe, starting with France and Switzerland in 1802 and studying in the Louvre in Paris in the same year. He also made many visits to Venice. On a visit to Lyme Regis, in Dorset, England, he painted a stormy scene (now in the Cincinnati Art Museum).

Important support for his work also came from Walter Ramsden Fawkes, of Farnley Hall, near Otley in Yorkshire, who became a close friend of the artist. Turner first visited Otley in 1797, aged 22, when commissioned to paint watercolours of the area. He was so attracted to Otley and the surrounding area that he returned to it throughout his career. The stormy backdrop of Hannibal Crossing The Alps is reputed to have been inspired by a storm over Otley's Chevin while Turner was staying at Farnley Hall.

Turner was also a frequent guest of George O'Brien Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont at Petworth House in West Sussex and painted scenes that Egremont funded taken from the grounds of the house and of the Sussex countryside, including a view of the Chichester Canal. Petworth House still displays a number of paintings.

Personal life

As he grew older, Turner became more eccentric. He had few close friends except for his father, who lived with him for 30 years, eventually working as his studio assistant. His father's death in 1829 had a profound effect on him, and thereafter he was subject to bouts of depression. He never married but had a relationship with an older widow, Sarah Danby. He is believed to have been the father of her two daughters born in 1801 and 1811.[20]

Death

He died in the house of his mistress Sophia Caroline Booth in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea on 19 December 1851. He is said to have uttered the last words "The sun is God" before expiring.[21] At his request he was buried in St Paul's Cathedral, where he lies next to Sir Joshua Reynolds. His last exhibition at the Royal Academy was in 1850.

The architect Philip Hardwick (1792–1870) who was a friend of Turner's and also the son of the artist's tutor, Thomas Hardwick, was in charge of making his funeral arrangements and wrote to those who knew Turner to tell them at the time of his death that, "I must inform you, we have lost him." Other active executors were his cousin and executor, and chief mourner at the funeral, Henry Harpur IV (benefactor of Westminster – now Chelsea & Westminster – Hospital), Revd. Henry Scott Trimmer, George Jones RA and Charles Turner ARA.

Art

Joseph Mallord William Turner – Dutch Boats in a Gale (1801)
Joseph Mallord William Turner – Dutch Boats in a Gale (1801)
Willem van de Velde the Younger, Ships on a Stormy Sea (c. 1672)
Willem van de Velde the Younger, Ships on a Stormy Sea (c. 1672)
Turner's painting Dutch Boats in a Gale (the Bridgewater Sea Piece) was painted as a pendant to this painting by Willem van de Velde for the Duke of Bridgewater.

Style

Turner's talent was recognised early in his life. Financial independence allowed Turner to innovate freely; his mature work is characterised by a chromatic palette and broadly applied atmospheric washes of paint. According to David Piper's The Illustrated History of Art, his later pictures were called "fantastic puzzles." However, Turner was still recognised as an artistic genius: the influential English art critic John Ruskin described Turner as the artist who could most "stirringly and truthfully measure the moods of Nature." (Piper 321)

One of Turner's most successful "house portraits."[22] The Walters Art Museum.

Suitable vehicles for Turner's imagination were to be found in the subjects of shipwrecks, fires (such as the burning of Parliament in 1834, an event which Turner rushed to witness first-hand, and which he transcribed in a series of watercolour sketches), natural catastrophes, and natural phenomena such as sunlight, storm, rain, and fog. He was fascinated by the violent power of the sea, as seen in Dawn after the Wreck (1840) and The Slave Ship (1840).

Turner's major venture into printmaking was the Liber Studiorum (Book of Studies), a set of seventy prints that the artist worked on from 1806 to 1819. The Liber Studiorum was an expression of his intentions for landscape art. Loosely based on Claude Lorrain's Liber Veritatis (Book of Truth), the plates were meant to be widely disseminated, and categorised the genre into six types: Marine, Mountainous, Pastoral, Historical, Architectural, and Elevated or Epic Pastoral.[23] His printmaking was a major part of his output, and a whole museum is devoted to it, the Turner Museum in Sarasota, Florida, founded in 1974 by Douglass Montrose-Graem to house his collection of Turner prints.[24]

Turner placed human beings in many of his paintings to indicate his affection for humanity on the one hand (note the frequent scenes of people drinking and merry-making or working in the foreground), but its vulnerability and vulgarity amid the 'sublime' nature of the world on the other hand. 'Sublime' here means awe-inspiring, savage grandeur, a natural world unmastered by man, evidence of the power of God–a theme that artists and poets were exploring in this period. The significance of light was to Turner the emanation of God's spirit and this was why he refined the subject matter of his later paintings by leaving out solid objects and detail, concentrating on the play of light on water, the radiance of skies and fires. Although these late paintings appear to be 'impressionistic' and therefore a forerunner of the French school, Turner was striving for expression of spirituality in the world, rather than responding primarily to optical phenomena.

Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway painted (1844)

His early works, such as Tintern Abbey (1795), stayed true to the traditions of English landscape. However, in Hannibal Crossing the Alps (1812), an emphasis on the destructive power of nature had already come into play. His distinctive style of painting, in which he used watercolour technique with oil paints, created lightness, fluency, and ephemeral atmospheric effects.[25]

One popular story about Turner, though it likely has little basis in reality, states that he even had himself "tied to the mast of a ship in order to experience the drama" of the elements during a storm at sea.[26]

In his later years he used oils ever more transparently, and turned to an evocation of almost pure light by use of shimmering colour. A prime example of his mature style can be seen in Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway, where the objects are barely recognizable. The intensity of hue and interest in evanescent light not only placed Turner's work in the vanguard of English painting, but later exerted an influence upon art in France, as well; the Impressionists, particularly Claude Monet, carefully studied his techniques.

Chichester Canal's vivid colours may have been influenced by the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815.

High levels of ash in the atmosphere during 1816 the "Year Without a Summer", led to unusually spectacular sunsets during this period, and were an inspiration for some of Turner's work.

John Ruskin says in his "Notes" on Turner in March 1878, that an early patron, Dr Thomas Monro, the Principal Physician of Bedlam, was a significant influence on Turner's style:

His true master was Dr Monro; to the practical teaching of that first patron and the wise simplicity of method of watercolour study, in which he was disciplined by him and companioned by Giston, the healthy and constant development of the greater power is primarily to be attributed; the greatness of the power itself, it is impossible to over-estimate.

On one of his trips to Europe, circa 1820, he met the Irish physician Robert James Graves. Graves was travelling in a Diligence in the Alps when a man who looked like the mate of a ship got in, sat beside him, and soon took from his pocket a note-book across which his hand from time to time passed with the rapidity of lightning. Graves wondered if the man was insane, he looked, saw that the stranger had been noting the forms of clouds as they passed and that he was no common artist. The two travelled and sketched together for months. Graves tells that Turner would outline a scene, sit doing nothing for two or three days, then suddenly, "perhaps on the third day, he would exclaim 'there it is', and seizing his colours work rapidly till he had noted down the peculiar effect he wished to fix in his memory."

Wreckers Coast of Northumberland, painted ca. 1836. Yale Center for British Art
An engraving of a sketch by Turner depicting Brougham Castle. The sketch, made during a visit to the castle in 1809, provided the starting point for a later watercolour.
Turner's 1813 watercolour Ivy Bridge
The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up, 1839
The shipwreck of the Minotaur, oil on canvas
J.M.W. Turner, Calais Pier

The first American to buy a Turner painting was James Lenox of New York City, a private collector. Lenox wished to own a Turner and in 1845 bought one unseen through an intermediary, his friend C. R. Leslie. From among the paintings Turner had on hand and was willing to sell for £500, Leslie selected and shipped the 1832 atmospheric seascape Staffa, Fingal's Cave.[27] Worried about the painting's reception by Lenox, who knew Turner's work only through his etchings, Leslie wrote Lenox that the quality of Staffa, "a most poetic picture of a steam boat" would become apparent in time. Upon receiving the painting Lenox was baffled, and "greatly disappointed" by what he called the painting's "indistinctness". When Leslie was forced to relay this opinion to Turner, Turner said "You should tell Mr. Lenox that indistinctness is my forte." Staffa, Fingal's Cave is currently owned by the Yale Center for British Art.

Legacy

Turner left a small fortune which he hoped would be used to support what he called "decayed artists". He planned and designed an almshouse for them at Twickenham with a gallery for some of his works. His will was contested and in 1856, after a court battle, part of his fortune was awarded to his first cousins including Thomas Price Turner.[28] Another portion of the money went to the Royal Academy of Arts, which occasionally awards students the Turner Medal. His collection of finished paintings was bequeathed to the British nation, and he intended that a special gallery would be built to house them. This did not come to pass owing to a failure to agree on a site, and then to the parsimony of British governments. Twenty-two years after his death, the British Parliament passed an Act allowing his paintings to be lent to museums outside London, and so began the process of scattering the pictures which Turner had wanted to be kept together. In 1910 the main part of the Turner Bequest, which includes unfinished paintings and drawings, was rehoused in the Duveen Turner Wing at the Tate Gallery. In 1987 a new wing of the Tate, the Clore Gallery, was opened specifically to house the Turner bequest, though some of the most important paintings in it remain in the National Gallery in contravention of Turner's condition that the finished pictures be kept and shown together. Increasingly paintings are lent abroad, ignoring Turner's provision that they be kept "constantly" in Turner's Gallery. After the Turner content was diminished and diluted in the Clore Gallery from c. 2002, in 2010–12 only two of the nine rooms on the main floor were devoted to Turner. The claim that the Tate was fulfilling Turner's wishes was dropped in 1995, when the Charity Commission said that the Turner Bequest had been free of Turner's conditions. This was challenged by Leolin Price QC.

A commemorative stained glass window was added to St. Mary's Church, Battersea between 1976 and 1982.[29] There are statues representing him at St Paul's Cathedral, Victoria & Albert Museum, Royal Academy of Arts and Victoria & Albert Museum. A portrait drawing by Cornelius Varley with his patent graphic telescope (Sheffield Museums & Galleries) was compared with his death mask (National Portrait Gallery, London) by Kelly Freeman at Dundee University 2009–10 to ascertain whether it really depicts Turner (www.faceofturner.com). A memorial plaque on the site of his birthplace at 21 Maiden Lane, Covent Garden was unveiled on 2 June 1999. .[30]

The Turner Society was founded by Selby Whittingham at London and Manchester in 1975. After that endorsed the Tate Gallery's Clore Gallery wing as the solution (on the lines of the Duveen wing of 1910), to the controversy of what should be done with the Turner Bequest, Selby Whittingham resigned from that and founded the Independent Turner Society.

A prestigious annual art award, the Turner Prize, created in 1984, was named in Turner's honour, and twenty years later the Winsor & Newton Turner Watercolour Award was founded.

A major exhibition, "Turner's Britain", with material (including The Fighting Temeraire) on loan from around the globe, was held at Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery from 7 November 2003 to 8 February 2004.

In 2005, Turner's The Fighting Temeraire was voted Britain's "greatest painting" in a public poll organised by the BBC.[31]

Turner's Ovid Banished From Rome, 1838

In October 2005 Professor Harold V. Livermore (1914–2010), its owner for 60 years, gave Sandycombe Lodge, the villa at Twickenham which Turner designed and built for himself, to the Sandycombe Lodge Trust to be preserved as a monument to the artist. In 2006 he additionally gave some land to the Trust which had been part of Turner's domaine. The organisation The Friends of Turner's House was formed in 2004 to support it.

In April 2006, Christie's New York auctioned Giudecca, La Donna Della Salute and San Giorgio, a view of Venice exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1841, for US$35.8 million, setting a new record for a Turner. The New York Times stated that according to two sources who had requested anonymity the buyer was casino magnate Stephen Wynn.

In 2006, Turner's Glaucus and Scylla (1840) was returned by Kimbell Art Museum to the heirs of John and Anna Jaffe after a Holocaust Claim was made.[32] The painting was repurchased by the Kimbell for $5.7 million at a sale by Christie's in April 2007.[33][34]

Between 1 October 2007 and 21 September 2008, the first major exhibit of Turner's works in the United States in over forty years came to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, the National Gallery of Art, Washington, and the Dallas Museum of Art. It included over 140 paintings, more than half of which were from the Tate.

An art gallery known as the Turner Contemporary has been built in Margate to celebrate the association of the artist with the town.[35]

The "Turner and his painters" exhibition (Tate Britain, London, 23 September 2009 to 31 January 2010, Paris, Grand Palais, 22 February to 24 May 2010) retraces and illustrates the development of Turner's very personal vision, through the many chance or deliberate, but always opportune and enriching interaction that influenced his remarkable career. Nearly 100 paintings and other graphic works (studies and engravings) from major British and American collections, as well as the Louvre and the Prado will be on show.[36]

On 7 July 2010, Turner's final painting of Rome, Modern Rome – Campo Vaccino, from 1839, was bought by the J. Paul Getty Museum at a Sotheby’s auction in London for $44.9 million. In January 2011 The Painter, a biographical play on his life by Rebecca Lenkiewicz, premiered at the Arcola Theatre in London.

Selected works

Turner was an extremely prolific artist who produced over 550 oil paintings, 2,000 watercolours, 30,000 paper works.[37] The Tate Gallery in London produces the most comprehensive and up to date catalogue of Turner works in held by both public and private collections worldwide.

See also

Notes

a. ^ Turner was born some time in late April or early May 1775; the exact date of Turner's birth is unknown. The date of 23 April, which is both St George's Day and the supposed birthday of William Shakespeare, was the date Turner himself claimed to have been born, but this claim has never been verified.[3] The first verifiable date is that Turner was baptised on 14 May. This casts some doubt on the 23 April date, as high infant mortality rates meant parents would usually baptise their children shortly after birth.[38]

b.^ Mary Marshall died in 1804, after having been committed in 1799 to St Luke's Hospital and then to the Bethlem Royal Hospital, a mental asylum. Her illness possibly due in part to the early death of Turner's younger sister. Hamilton suggests that this "fit of illness" may have been an early sign of her madness.

References

  1. ^ "At the turn of the 18th century, history painting was the highest purpose art could serve, and Turner would attempt those heights all his life. But his real achievement would be to make landscape the equal of history painting." Lacayo, Richard, The Sunshine Boy, TIME Magazine, 11 October 2007.
  2. ^ Turner, Joseph Mallord William National Gallery, London
  3. ^ a b Shanes, Eric (2008). The life and masterworks of J.M.W. Turner (4th ed.). New York: Parkstone Press. ISBN 978-1-85995-681-6.
  4. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  5. ^ a b c Hamilton, James (2007). Turner. New York: Random House. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-0-8129-6791-3.
  6. ^ Bailey, Anthony (1998). Standing in the sun : a life of J.M.W. Turner. London: Pimlico. p. 8. ISBN 0-7126-6604-4.
  7. ^ a b Wilton, Andrew (2006). Turner in his time (New ed. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-500-23830-1. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  8. ^ a b Wilton, Andrew (2006). Turner in his time (New ed. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-500-23830-1. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  9. ^ Wilton, Andrew (2006). Turner in his time (New ed. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-500-23830-1. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  10. ^ Thornbury, George Walter (1862). The life of J.M.W. Turner. p. 8.
  11. ^ Hamilton, James (1997). "1". Turner : a life. London: Sceptre. ISBN 0-340-62811-1.
  12. ^ Thornbury, George Walter (1862). The life of J.M.W. Turner. p. 27.
  13. ^ Finberg, A. J. The Life of J.M.A. Turner, R.A, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961, p. 17
  14. ^ a b Hamilton, James (2007). Turner. New York: Random House. Chapter 2. ISBN 978-0-8129-6791-3.
  15. ^ Wilton, Andrew (2006). Turner in his time (New ed. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-500-23830-1. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  16. ^ Cunningham, Peter (27 December 1851). "Obituary of Turner". The Athenaeum. pp. 17–18.
  17. ^ Butlin, Martin (1984). The paintings of J.M.W. Turner (Rev. ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03276-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Wilton, Andrew (2006). Turner in his time (New ed. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-500-23830-1. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  19. ^ Wilton, Andrew (2006). Turner in his time (New ed. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-500-23830-1. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  20. ^ Roberts, Miquette. "The Unknown Turner" (PDF). Tate Britain. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  21. ^ Norman Davies Europe: A History, London: Pimlico, 1997, p. 687 ISBN 978-0-7126-6633-6
  22. ^ "Raby Castle, the Seat of the Earl of Darlington". The Walters Art Museum.
  23. ^ Tate Gallery[dead link‍]
  24. ^ "The Turner Museum". The Turner Museum and Thomas Moran Galleries. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  25. ^ Piper 321
  26. ^ Tate Gallery[dead link‍]
  27. ^ "The Art Archive, J.M.W. Turner, ''Staffa, Fingal's cave''". Artchive.com. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  28. ^ The Great Artists: JMW Turner R.A. William Cosmo Monkhouse 1879
  29. ^ "St. Mary's Church Parish website". St Mary's Modern Stained Glass
  30. ^ City of Westminster green plaques http://www.westminster.gov.uk/services/leisureandculture/greenplaques/
  31. ^ BBC news story[dead link‍]
  32. ^ Ignacio Villarreal. "Kimbell Art Museum Returns Turner Painting To Heirs". Artdaily.com. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  33. ^ "New CHRISTIE'S NEW YORK IMPORTANT OLD MASTER PAINTINGS SALE TOTALS $57.5 MILLION". News-antique.com. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  34. ^ "News:". Lootedart.com. 6 June 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  35. ^ "Turner Contemporary". Turner Contemporary. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  36. ^ "Turner – Grand Palais" (in French), Artistik Rezo. 2010-03-02 .
  37. ^ "Turner Society Homepage". Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  38. ^ Hamilton, James (2007). Turner (Random House Trade Paperback ed. ed.). New York: Random House. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8129-6791-3. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)

Bibliography

  • Bailey, Anthony (1998). Standing in the sun : a life of J.M.W. Turner. London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6604-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bockemühl, Michael (2006). J.M.W. Turner, 1775–1851 : the world of light and colour ([2nd ed.] ed.). Köln: Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-6325-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Finberg, A.J. The Life of J.M.W.Turner, R.A. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939 and 1961)
  • Hamilton, James (2007). Turner. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-6791-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Harrison, Colin. Turner's Oxford (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 2000)
  • Hill, David. Turner and Leeds: Image of Industry (Jeremy Mills Publishing, 2008)
  • Warburton, Stanley. Discovering Turner's Lakeland (Lytham St Annes, 2008)
  • Whittingham, Selby. An Historical Account of the Will of J.M.W.Turner, R.A. (J.M.W.Turner, R.A., Publications, London, 1993-6)
  • Wilton, Andrew (2006). Turner in his time (Revised ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-23830-1.

Further reading

  • Joll, ed. by Evelyn (2001). The Oxford companion to J. M. W. Turner. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-860025-9. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Barker, Elizabeth E. "Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • Ackroyd, Peter (2005). J.M.W. Turner (Ackroyd's Brief Lives) (1st ed. ed.). New York: Nan A. Talese. ISBN 0-385-50798-4. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  • Venning, Barry (2003). Turner (1st publ. ed.). Berlin: Phaidon Verlag GmbH. ISBN 0-7148-3988-4.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to J. M. W. Turner.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Turner, Joseph Mallord William".

Template:Persondata

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=J._M._W._Turner&oldid=515505835"