June 28
| June 28 in recent years |
| 2024 (Friday) |
| 2023 (Wednesday) |
| 2022 (Tuesday) |
| 2021 (Monday) |
| 2020 (Sunday) |
| 2019 (Friday) |
| 2018 (Thursday) |
| 2017 (Wednesday) |
| 2016 (Tuesday) |
| 2015 (Sunday) |
June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 186 days remain until the end of the year.
In common years it is always in ISO week 26.
This date is the only date each year where both the month and day are different perfect numbers, June 6 being the only date where the month and day are the same perfect number.
Events
- 1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosull.
- 1389 – Battle of Kosovo takes place between Serbian and Ottoman army.
- 1461 – Edward IV is crowned King of England.
- 1519 – Charles V is elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1635 – Guadeloupe becomes a French colony.
- 1651 – The Battle of Beresteczko between Poland and Ukraine starts.
- 1745 – War of the Austrian Succession: A New England colonial army captures Louisbourg, New France, after a forty-seven-day siege (New Style).
- 1776 – The Battle of Sullivan's Island ends with the first decisive American victory in the American Revolutionary War leading to the commemoration of Carolina Day.
- 1776 – Thomas Hickey, Continental Army private and bodyguard to General George Washington, is hanged for mutiny and sedition.
- 1778 – The American Continentals engage the British in the Battle of Monmouth resulting in standstill and withdrawal under cover of darkness.
- 1807 – Second British invasion of the Río de la Plata; John Whitelock lands at Ensenada on an attempt to recapture Buenos Aires and is defeated by the locals.
- 1838 – Coronation of Victoria of the United Kingdom.
- 1841 – The Paris Opera Ballet premieres Giselle in the Salle Le Peletier
- 1846 – The saxophone is patented by Adolphe Sax in Paris, France.
- 1859 – The first conformation dog show is held in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England.
- 1865 – The Army of the Potomac is disbanded.
- 1880 – The Australian bushranger Ned Kelly is captured at Glenrowan.
- 1881 – Secret treaty between Austria and Serbia.
- 1882 – The Anglo-French Convention of 1882 marks the territorial boundaries between Guinea and Sierra Leone.
- 1894 – Labor Day becomes an official US holiday.
- 1895 – El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua form the Greater Republic of Central America.
- 1895 – Court of Private Land Claims rules James Reavis' claim to Barony of Arizona is "wholly fictitious and fraudulent."
- 1896 – An explosion in the Newton Coal Company's Twin Shaft Mine in Pittston City, Pennsylvania results in a massive cave-in that kills 58 miners.
- 1902 – The U.S. Congress passes the Spooner Act, authorizing President Theodore Roosevelt to acquire rights from Colombia for the Panama Canal.
- 1904 – The SS Norge runs aground and sinks
- 1914 – Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his wife are assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, the casus belli of World War I.
- 1919 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed in Paris, bringing fighting to an end in between Germany and the Allies of World War I.
- 1921 – Serbian King Alexander I proclaimed the new constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, known thereafter as the Vidovdan Constitution.
- 1922 – The Irish Civil War begins with the shelling of the Four Courts in Dublin by Free State forces.
- 1936 – The Japanese puppet state of Mengjiang is formed in northern China.
- 1940 – Romania cedes Bessarabia (current-day Moldova) to the Soviet Union.
- 1942 – Nazi Germany started its strategic summer offensive against the Soviet Union, codenamed Case Blue
- 1948 – The Cominform circulates the "Resolution on the situation in the Communist Party of Yugoslavia"; Yugoslavia is expelled from the Communist bloc.
- 1948 – Boxer Dick Turpin beats Vince Hawkins at Villa Park in Birmingham to become the first black British boxing champion in the modern era.
- 1950 – Korean War: Seoul is captured by North Korean troops.
- 1950 – Korean War: Suspected communist sympathizers, argued to be between 100,000 and 1,200,000 are executed in the Bodo League massacre.
- 1950 – Korean War: Packed with its own refugees fleeing Seoul and leaving their 5th Division stranded, South Korean forces blow up the Hangang Bridge to in attempt to slow North Korea's offensive.
- 1950 – Korean War: North Korean Army conducted Seoul National University Hospital Massacre.
- 1956 – in Poznań, workers from HCP factory went to the streets, sparking one of the first major protests against communist government both in Poland and Europe.
- 1964 – Malcolm X forms the Organization of Afro-American Unity.
- 1967 – Israel annexes East Jerusalem.
- 1969 – Stonewall Riots begin in New York City marking the start of the Gay Rights Movement.
- 1973 – Elections are held for the Northern Ireland Assembly, which will lead to power-sharing between unionists and nationalists in Northern Ireland for the first time.
- 1976 – The Angolan court sentenced US and UK mercenaries to death sentences and prison terms in the Luanda Trial.
- 1978 – The United States Supreme Court, in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke bars quota systems in college admissions.
- 1981 – A powerful bomb explodes in Tehran, killing 73 officials of Islamic Republic Party.
- 1983 – Partial collapse of Connecticut's busy I-95 Mianus River Bridge, killing three.
- 1987 – For the first time in military history, a civilian population was targeted for chemical attack when Iraqi warplanes bombed the Iranian town of Sardasht.
- 1989 – On the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo, Slobodan Milošević delivers the Gazimestan speech at the site of the historic battle.
- 1992 – The Constitution of Estonia is signed into law.
- 1994 – Members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult release sarin gas in Matsumoto, Japan; 7 persons are killed, 660 injured.
- 1996 – The Constitution of Ukraine is signed into law.
- 1997 – Holyfield–Tyson II – Mike Tyson is disqualified in the 3rd round for biting a piece off Evander Holyfield's ear.
- 2001 – Slobodan Milošević deported to ICTY to stand trial.
- 2004 – Sovereign power is handed to the interim government of Iraq by the Coalition Provisional Authority, ending the U.S.-led rule of that nation.
- 2009 – Honduran president Manuel Zelaya is ousted by a local military coup following a failed request to hold a referendum to rewrite the Honduran Constitution. This was the start of the 2009 Honduran political crisis.
Births
- 1476 – Pope Paul IV (d. 1559)
- 1490 – Albert of Mainz, Roman archbishop (d. 1545)
- 1491 – Henry VIII of England (d. 1547)
- 1503 – Giovanni della Casa, Italian poet (d. 1556)
- 1547 – Cristofano Malvezzi, Italian composer (d. 1599)
- 1577 – Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter (d. 1640)
- 1641 – Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien, Polish wife of John III Sobieski (d. 1716)
- 1664 – Nicolas Bernier, French composer (d. 1734)
- 1703 – John Wesley, English theologian, founder of Methodism (d. 1791)
- 1712 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher and polymath (d. 1778)
- 1719 – Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul (d. 1785)
- 1734 – Jean-Jacques Beauvarlet-Charpentier, French organist and composer (d. 1794)
- 1824 – Paul Broca, French physician (d. 1880)
- 1831 – Joseph Joachim, Austrian violinist (d. 1907)
- 1836 – Emmanuel Rhoides, Greek writer and journalist (d. 1904)
- 1852 – Charles Cruft, English showman, founded Crufts Dog Show (d. 1938)
- 1867 – Luigi Pirandello, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)
- 1873 – Alexis Carrel, French surgeon and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1944)
- 1875 – Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician (d. 1941)
- 1883 – Pierre Laval, French politician, 101st Prime Minister of France (d. 1945)
- 1884 – Lamina Sankoh, Sierra Leone politician (d. 1964)
- 1891 – Esther Forbes, American writer (d. 1968)
- 1891 – Carl Panzram, American serial killer (d. 1930)
- 1891 – Carl Spaatz, American general (d. 1974)
- 1900 – Bob Taggart, Scottish centenarian (d. 2009)
- 1902 – Richard Rodgers, American composer (d. 1979)
- 1906 – Maria Goeppert-Mayer, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1972)
- 1907 – Jimmy Mundy, American saxophonist and composer (d. 1983)
- 1907 – Emily Perry, English actress (d. 2008)
- 1909 – Eric Ambler, English writer (d. 1998)
- 1912 – Sergiu Celibidache, Romanian conductor (d. 1996)
- 1912 – Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, German physicist and philosopher (d. 2007)
- 1913 – Franz Antel, Austrian director and producer (d. 2007)
- 1913 – Walter Oesau, German pilot (d. 1944)
- 1914 – Aribert Heim, Austrian physician (d. 1992)
- 1915 – David "Honeyboy" Edwards, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2011)
- 1916 – Olle Björklund, Swedish actor and journalist (d. 1981)
- 1917 – Katherine Rawls, American swimmer (d. 1982)
- 1918 – Willie Whitelaw, English politician (d. 1999)
- 1920 – A. E. Hotchner, American novelist and playwright
- 1921 – P. V. Narasimha Rao, Indian lawyer, politician, and activist, 9th Prime Minister of India (d. 2004)
- 1922 – Michael Vale, American actor (d. 2005)
- 1923 – Pete Candoli, American trumpeter (d. 2008)
- 1923 – Adolfo Schwelm Cruz, Argentine race car driver (d. 2012)
- 1923 – Gaye Stewart, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2010)
- 1926 – Mel Brooks, American actor, director, producer, and writer
- 1927 – Correlli Barnett, English historian
- 1927 – Frank Sherwood Rowland, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)
- 1928 – Hans Blix, Swedish diplomat and politician
- 1928 – Harold Evans, English journalist and editor
- 1928 – Cyril Smith, English politician (d. 2010)
- 1930 – Itamar Franco, Brazilian politician, 33rd President of Brazil (d. 2011)
- 1931 – Junior Johnson, American race car driver
- 1931 – Lucien Victor, Belgian cyclist (d. 1995)
- 1932 – Pat Morita, American actor (d. 2005)
- 1933 – Gusty Spence, Irish politician (d. 2011)
- 1934 – Robert Carswell, Baron Carswell, Irish lord
- 1934 – Carl Levin, American politician
- 1935 – John Inman, English actor (d. 2007)
- 1936 – Richard H. Cracroft, American academic and author (d. 2012)
- 1936 – Chuck Howley, American football player
- 1937 – Richard Bright, American actor (d. 2006)
- 1937 – George Knudson, Canadian golfer (d. 1989)
- 1937 – Ron Luciano, American baseball umpire and author (d. 1995)
- 1937 – Tom Magliozzi, American radio host
- 1938 – John Byner, American comedian and actor
- 1938 – Leon Panetta, American politician, 23rd United States Secretary of Defense
- 1940 – Karpal Singh, Malaysian politician
- 1940 – Roderick Wright, Scottish bishop (d. 2005)
- 1940 – Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1941 – Al Downing, American baseball player
- 1941 – Joseph Goguen, American computer scientist, developed the OBJ language (d. 2006)
- 1941 – David Johnston, Canadian academic, author, and statesman, 28th Governor-General of Canada
- 1941 – Ann Leslie, English journalist
- 1942 – Chris Hani, South African politician (d. 1993)
- 1942 – David Miner, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (The Great Society)
- 1942 – Frank Zane, American bodybuilder
- 1943 – Jens Birkemose, Danish painter
- 1943 – Donald Johanson, American paleontologist
- 1943 – Klaus von Klitzing, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1945 – Ken Buchanan, Scottish boxer
- 1945 – David Knights, English bassist and producer (Procol Harum)
- 1945 – Raul Seixas, Brazilian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 1989)
- 1946 – Howard Barker, English playwright
- 1946 – Bruce Davison, American actor
- 1946 – David Duckham, English rugby player
- 1946 – Roger Godsiff, English politician
- 1946 – Jaime Guzmán, Chilean politician (d. 1991)
- 1946 – Gilda Radner, American comedian and actress (d. 1989)
- 1947 – Robert Bondi, American politician
- 1947 – Mark Clark, American activist (d. 1969)
- 1947 – Clarissa Dickson Wright, English chef and author
- 1947 – Anny Duperey, French actress
- 1947 – Mark Helprin, American writer
- 1948 – Kathy Bates, American actress
- 1950 – David Lanz, American pianist
- 1950 – Mauricio Rojas, Swedish politician
- 1951 – Lalla Ward, English actress
- 1952 – Ray Ashcroft, English actor
- 1952 – Pietro Mennea, Italian sprinter
- 1954 – A. A. Gill, English writer and columnist
- 1954 – Alice Krige, South African actress
- 1955 – Shirley Cheriton, English actress
- 1955 – Eric Gates, English footballer
- 1955 – Steven M. Greer, American ufologist and author
- 1955 – Thomas Hampson, American singer
- 1956 – Amira Hass, Israeli journalist
- 1956 – Noel Mugavin, Australian footballer
- 1957 – Lance Nethery, Canadian ice hockey player and executive
- 1957 – Georgi Parvanov, Bulgarian historian and politician, 4th President of Bulgaria
- 1957 – Mike Skinner, American race car driver
- 1957 – Jim Spanarkel, American basketball player
- 1958 – Donna F. Edwards, American politician
- 1958 – Félix Gray, French singer-songwriter
- 1959 – Clint Boon, English singer and keyboardist (Inspiral Carpets and The Clint Boon Experience)
- 1960 – John Elway, American football player
- 1961 – Jeff Malone, American basketball player
- 1962 – Artur Hajzer, Polish mountaineer
- 1963 – Peter Baynham, Welsh comedian and writer
- 1963 – Charlie Clouser, American musician, composer, and producer (Nine Inch Nails)
- 1963 – Wisit Sasanatieng, Thai director
- 1963 – Tierney Sutton, American singer
- 1964 – Mark Grace, American baseball player
- 1964 – DJ Quicksilver, Turkish-German DJ and producer
- 1965 – Jessica Hecht, American actress
- 1965 – Sonny Strait, American voice actor
- 1966 – Bobby Bare, Jr., American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1966 – John Cusack, American actor
- 1966 – Mary Stuart Masterson, American actress
- 1966 – Sara Stewart, Scottish actress
- 1967 – Gil Bellows, Canadian actor
- 1967 – Lars Riedel, German discus thrower
- 1968 – Chayanne, Puerto Rican singer and actor (Los Chicos)
- 1968 – Adam Woodyatt, English actor
- 1969 – Danielle Brisebois, American actress
- 1969 – Ayelet Zurer, Israeli actress
- 1970 – Mushtaq Ahmed, Pakistani cricketer
- 1970 – Steve Burton, American actor
- 1970 – Tom Merritt, American journalist
- 1970 – Mike White, American director, producer, writer, and actor
- 1971 – Lorenzo Amoruso, Italian footballer
- 1971 – Tichina Arnold, American actress and singer
- 1971 – Fabien Barthez, French footballer
- 1971 – Kenny Cunningham, Irish footballer
- 1971 – Norika Fujiwara, Japanese actress
- 1971 – Bobby Hurley, American basketball player
- 1971 – Ron Mahay, American baseball player
- 1971 – Louise Mensch, English politician and novelist
- 1971 – Aileen Quinn, American actress
- 1971 – Ray Slijngaard, Dutch musician
- 1972 – Ngo Bao Chau, Vietnamese-French mathematician
- 1972 – Jon Heidenreich, American wrestler
- 1972 – Christopher Leslie, English politician
- 1972 – Alessandro Nivola, American actor
- 1973 – Adrián Annus, Hungarian hammer thrower
- 1973 – Corey Koskie, Canadian baseball player
- 1974 – Rob Dyrdek, American skateboarder, actor, and producer
- 1975 – Ning Baizura, Malaysian singer and producer
- 1975 – Jon Nödtveidt, Swedish singer-songwriter, and musician (Dissection and Ophthalamia) (d. 2006)
- 1976 – Shinobu Asagoe, Japanese tennis player
- 1976 – Seth Wescott, American snowboarder
- 1977 – Measha Brueggergosman, Canadian soprano
- 1977 – Chris Spurling, American baseball player
- 1977 – Mark Stoermer, American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer (The Killers)
- 1977 – Harun Tekin, Turkish singer, musician, and poet (Mor ve Ötesi)
- 1978 – Simon Larose, Canadian tennis player
- 1978 – Ha Ji-won, South Korean actress and singer
- 1979 – Jeanette Aw, Singaporean actress
- 1979 – Felicia Day, American actress, singer, and writer
- 1979 – Randy McMichael, American football player
- 1979 – Florian Zeller, French novelist and playwright
- 1981 – Michael Crafter, Australian singer-songwriter and musician (Confession, I Killed the Prom Queen, Carpathian, and Bury Your Dead)
- 1981 – Brandon Phillips, American baseball player
- 1982 – Elaine Tan, English actress
- 1983 – Maui Taylor, Filipino-English model, singer, and actress
- 1984 – Tamara Ecclestone, English model and television host
- 1985 – Phil Bardsley, English footballer
- 1986 – Kellie Pickler, American singer-songwriter
- 1986 – Shadia Simmons, Canadian actress
- 1987 – Sonata Tamošaitytė, Lithuanian athlete
- 1987 – Bailey Tzuke, English singer-songwriter
- 1987 – Terrence Williams, American basketball player
- 1988 – Gaku Hamada, Japanese actor
- 1988 – Lacey Schwimmer, American dancer and singer
- 1989 – Nicole Rottmann, Austrian tennis player
- 1990 – Nick Purcell, American actor
- 1990 – Jasmine Richards, Canadian actress and singer
- 1990 – Daisy Turner, English model and actress
- 1991 – Seohyun, South Korean singer, dancer, and actress (Girls' Generation and Girls' Generation-TTS)
- 1991 – Kevin De Bruyne, Belgian footballer
- 1992 – Gemmenne de la Peña, American actress
- 1993 – Bradley Beal, American basketball player
- 1994 – Hussein bin Al Abdullah, Crown Prince of Jordan
- 1994 – Madeline Duggan, English actress
- 1995 – Kåre Hedebrant, Swedish actor
- 1996 – Donna Vekić, Croatian tennis player
Deaths
- 548 – Theodora, Byzantine wife of Justinian I (b. 500)
- 572 – Alboin, Italian king (b. 530)
- 767 – Pope Paul I (b. 700)
- 928 – Louis the Blind, Roman emperor (b. 880)
- 1061 – Floris I, Count of Holland (b. 1020)
- 1175 – Andrey Bogolyubsky, Russian prince (b. 1111)
- 1194 – Emperor Xiaozong of Song (b. 1127)
- 1385 – Andronikos IV Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1348)
- 1389 – Lazar of Serbia (b. 1329)
- 1586 – Primož Trubar, Slovenian author and reformer (b. 1508)
- 1598 – Abraham Ortelius, Flemish cartographer (b. 1527)
- 1716 – George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English general (b. 1665)
- 1813 – Gerhard von Scharnhorst, Prussian general (b. 1755)
- 1834 – Joseph Bové, Russian architect, designed the Triumphal Arch of Moscow (b. 1784)
- 1836 – James Madison, American politician and theorist, 4th President of the United States (b. 1751)
- 1880 – Texas Jack Omohundro, American cowboy and actor (b. 1846)
- 1881 – Jules Armand Dufaure, French politician, 33rd Prime Minister of France (b. 1798)
- 1889 – Maria Mitchell, American astronomer (b. 1818)
- 1892 – Alexandros Rhizos Rhankaves, Greek poet and statesman (b. 1810)
- 1913 – Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 4th President of Brazil (b. 1841)
- 1914 – Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg (b. 1868)
- 1914 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1863)
- 1915 – Victor Trumper, Australian cricketer (b. 1877)
- 1916 – Ştefan Luchian, Romanian painter (b. 1868)
- 1922 – Velimir Khlebnikov, Russian poet (b. 1885)
- 1929 – Edward Carpenter, English poet (b. 1844)
- 1935 – Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople (b. 1871)
- 1936 – Alexander Berkman, American anarchist and writer (d. 1870)
- 1946 – Raymond Lawler, American soccer player (b. 1888)
- 1960 – Jake Swirbul, American businessman, co-founded the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation (b. 1898)
- 1962 – Mickey Cochrane, American baseball player (b. 1903)
- 1962 – Cy Morgan, American baseball player (b. 1878)
- 1965 – Red Nichols, American cornet player, bandleader, and composer (The California Ramblers) (b. 1905)
- 1971 – Franz Stangl, Austrian SS officer (b. 1908)
- 1974 – Frank Sutton, American actor (b. 1923)
- 1975 – Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis, Greek architect (b. 1913)
- 1975 – Serge Reding, Belgian weightlifter (b. 1941)
- 1975 – Rod Serling, American scriptwriter, producer, and author (b. 1924)
- 1976 – Stanley Baker, Welsh actor and producer (b. 1927)
- 1978 – Clifford Dupont, English-Rhodesian politician, 1st President of Rhodesia (b. 1905)
- 1980 – José Iturbi, Spanish pianist and conductor (Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra) (b. 1895)
- 1981 – Terry Fox, Canadian athlete and activist (b. 1958)
- 1984 – Yigael Yadin, Israeli archeologist and politician (b. 1917)
- 1985 – Lambros Konstantaras, Greek actor (b. 1913)
- 1989 – Joris Ivens, Dutch director, writer, and producer (b. 1898)
- 1992 – Mikhail Tal, Latvian chess player (b. 1936)
- 1993 – GG Allin, American singer-songwriter and musician (The Murder Junkies and The Jabbers) (b. 1956)
- 1995 – Petri Walli, Finnish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (Kingston Wall) (b. 1969)
- 2000 – Jane Birdwood, English activist (b. 1913)
- 2000 – Nils Poppe, Swedish actor (b. 1908)
- 2001 – Mortimer Adler, American philosopher (b. 1902)
- 2001 – Joan Sims, English actress (b. 1930)
- 2003 – Willem Slijkhuis, Dutch runner (b. 1923)
- 2004 – Anthony Buckeridge, English author (b. 1912)
- 2005 – Brenda Howard, American activist (b. 1946)
- 2005 – Michael P. Murphy, American lieutenant, recipient of the Medal of Honor (b. 1976)
- 2006 – Jim Baen, American publisher and editor (b. 1943)
- 2006 – George Page, American television host and producer (b. 1935)
- 2006 – Peter Rawlinson, Baron Rawlinson of Ewell, English politician and author (b. 1919)
- 2006 – George Unwin, English pilot (b. 1913)
- 2007 – Eugene Bennett Fluckey, American navy officer (b. 1913)
- 2007 – Kiichi Miyazawa, Japanese politician, 78th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1919)
- 2008 – Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakh model (b. 1987)
- 2009 – A. K. Lohithadas, Indian screenwriter, director, and producer (b. 1955)
- 2009 – Billy Mays, American advertising pitchman (b. 1958)
- 2009 – Fred Travalena, American comedian and actor (b. 1942)
- 2010 – Bill Aucoin, American band manager (b. 1943)
- 2010 – Robert Byrd, American politician (b. 1917)
- 2011 – Angélico Vieira, Portuguese singer and actor (D'ZRT) (b. 1982)
- 2012 – Richard Isay, American psychiatrist (b. 1934)
- 2012 – Leontine T. Kelly, American bishop (b. 1920)
- 2012 – Robert Sabatier, French author (b. 1923)
- 2012 – Doris Sams, American baseball player (b. 1927)
- 2012 – Zhang Ruifang, Chinese actress (b. 1918)
Holidays and observances
- Christian Feast Day:
- Soviet Occupation Day (Moldova)
External links
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