Sun characteristics
| |
| Observation data | |
|---|---|
| Mean distance from Earth |
1.496×108 km 8 min 19 s at light speed |
| Visual brightness (V) | −26.74[1] |
| Absolute magnitude | 4.83[1] |
| Spectral classification | G2V |
| Metallicity | Z = 0.0122[2] |
| Angular size | 31.6′ – 32.7′[3] |
| Adjectives | Solar |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Mean distance from Milky Way core |
~2.5×1017 km 26000 light-years |
| Galactic period | (2.25–2.50)×108 a |
| Velocity | ~220 km/s (orbit around the center of the Galaxy) ~20 km/s (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood) ~370 km/s[4] (relative to the cosmic microwave background) |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean diameter | 1.392684×106 km[5] |
| Equatorial radius | 6.96342×105 km[5] 109 × Earth[6] |
| Equatorial circumference | 4.379×106 km[6] 109 × Earth[6] |
| Flattening | 9×10−6 |
| Surface area | 6.0877×1012 km2[6] 11990 × Earth[6] |
| Volume | 1.412×1018 km3[6] 1300000 × Earth |
| Mass | 1.9891×1030 kg[1] 333000 × Earth[1] |
| Average density | 1.408×103 kg/m3[1][6][7] |
| Density | Center (model): 1.622×105 kg/m3[1] Lower photosphere: 2×10−4 kg/m3 Lower chromosphere: 5×10−6 kg/m3 Corona (Template:Dabbr): 1×10−12 kg/m3[8] |
| Equatorial surface gravity | 274.0 m/s2[1] 27.94 g 27542.29 cgs 28 × Earth[6] |
| Escape velocity (from the surface) |
617.7 km/s[6] 55 × Earth[6] |
| Temperature | Center (modeled): ~1.57×107 K[1] Photosphere (effective): 5778 K[1] Corona: ~5×106 K |
| Luminosity (Lsol) | 3.846×1026 W[1] ~3.75×1028 lm ~98 lm/W efficacy |
| Mean intensity (Isol) | 2.009×107 W·m−2·sr−1 |
| Age | 4.57 billion years[9] |
| Rotation characteristics | |
| Obliquity | 7.25°[1] (to the ecliptic) 67.23° (to the galactic plane) |
| Right ascension of North pole[10] |
286.13° 19 h 4 min 30 s |
| Declination of North pole |
+63.87° 63° 52' North |
| Sidereal rotation period (at equator) |
25.05 days[1] |
| (at 16° latitude) | 25.38 days[1] 25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s[10] |
| (at poles) | 34.4 days[1] |
| Rotation velocity (at equator) |
7.189×103 km/h[6] |
| Photospheric composition (by mass) | |
| Hydrogen | 73.46%[11] |
| Helium | 24.85% |
| Oxygen | 0.77% |
| Carbon | 0.29% |
| Iron | 0.16% |
| Neon | 0.12% |
| Nitrogen | 0.09% |
| Silicon | 0.07% |
| Magnesium | 0.05% |
| Sulfur | 0.04% |
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Williams, D. R. (2004). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
- ^
Asplund, M. (2006). "The new solar abundances - Part I: the observations". Communications in Asteroseismology. 147: 76–79. Bibcode:2006CoAst.147...76A. doi:10.1553/cia147s76.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions". NASA. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
- ^
Hinshaw, G. (2009). "Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Emilio, Marcelo; Kuhn, Jeff R.; Bush, Rock I.; Scholl, Isabelle F. (March 5, 2012), "Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits", arXiv, retrieved March 28, 2012
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures". NASA. Archived from the original on 2008-01-02.
- ^ Ko, M. (1999). Elert, G. (ed.). "Density of the Sun". The Physics Factbook.
- ^ "Principles of Spectroscopy". University of Michigan, Astronomy Department. 30 August 2007.
- ^ Bonanno, A.; Schlattl, H.; Paternò, L. (2008). "The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 390 (3): 1115–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0204331. Bibcode:2002A&A...390.1115B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020749.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ a b
Seidelmann, P. K. (2000). "Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000". Retrieved 2006-03-22.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "The Sun's Vital Statistics". Stanford Solar Center. Retrieved 2008-07-29., citing Eddy, J. (1979). A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab. NASA. p. 37. NASA SP-402.