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Baboon

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For other uses, see Baboon (disambiguation).

Baboon[1]
Olive baboon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Primates
Family:
Cercopithecidae
Genus:
Papio

Erxleben, 1777
Type species
Simia hamadryas
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

Papio hamadryas
Papio papio
Papio anubis
Papio cynocephalus
Papio ursinus

Synonyms
  • Chaeropitheus Gervais, 1839
  • Comopithecus J. A. Allen, 1925
  • Cynocephalus G. Cuvier and É. Geoffroy, 1795
  • Hamadryas Lesson, 1840 (non Hübner, 1804: preoccupied)

Baboons are African and Arabian Old World monkeys belonging to the genus Papio, part of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The five species are some of the largest nonhominoid members of the primate order; only the mandrill and the drill are larger. Previously, the closely related gelada (genus Theropithecus) and the two species (mandrill and drill) of genus Mandrillus were grouped in the same genus, and these Old World monkeys are still often referred to as baboons in everyday speech. They range in size and weight depending on species. The Guinea baboon is 50 cm (20 in) and weighs only 14 kg (30 lb) while the largest chacma baboon can be 120 cm (47 in) and weigh 40 kg (90 lb).

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Five species of Papio are commonly recognized, although there is some disagreement about whether they are really full species or subspecies. They are P. ursinus (chacma baboon, found in southern Africa), P. papio (western, red, or Guinea baboon, found in the far western Africa), P. hamadryas (hamadryas baboon, found in the Horn of Africa and southwestern Arabia), P. anubis (olive baboon, found in the north-central African savanna) and P. cynocephalus (yellow baboon, found in south-central and eastern Africa). Many authors distinguish P. hamadryas as a full species, but regard all the others as subspecies of P. cynocephalus and refer to them collectively as "savanna baboons". This may not be helpful: it is based on the argument that the hamadryas baboon is behaviorally and physically distinct from other baboon species, and that this reflects a separate evolutionary history. However, recent morphological and genetic studies of Papio show the hamadryas baboon to be more closely related to the northern baboon species (the Guinea and olive baboons) than to the southern species (the yellow and chacma baboons).[2][3][4]

The traditional five-form classification probably under-represents the variation within Papio. Some commentators[5] argue that at least two more forms should be recognized, including the tiny Kinda baboon (P. cynocephalus kindae) from Zambia, DR Congo, and Angola, and the gray-footed baboon (P. ursinus griseipes) found in Zambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and northern South Africa. However, current knowledge of the morphological, genetic, and behavioral diversity within Papio is too poor to make any final, comprehensive judgment on this matter.

The five species of baboons in the genus Papio are:[1]

Anatomy and physiology

Face of Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas)

All baboons have long, dog-like muzzles, heavy, powerful jaws with sharp canine teeth, close-set eyes, thick fur except on their muzzles, short tails, and rough spots on their protruding buttocks, called ischial callosities. These calluses are nerveless, hairless pads of skin that provide for the sitting comfort of the baboon.

All baboon species exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism, usually in size, but also sometimes in colour or canine development. Males of the hamadryas baboon species also have large white manes.

Behavior and ecology

Baboon with mother, Lake Manayara National Park, Tanzania

Baboons are terrestrial (ground dwelling) and are found in open savannah, open woodland and hills across Africa. Their diets are omnivorous, but mostly herbivorous, yet they eat insects and occasionally prey on fish, shellfish, hares, birds, vervet monkeys, and small antelopes.[6] They are foragers and are active at irregular times throughout the day and night. They can raid human dwellings, and in South Africa, they have been known to prey on sheep and goats.

Their principal predators are humans, the lion, both the spotted and striped hyena, and the leopard. They are considered a difficult prey for the leopard, though, which is mostly a threat to young baboons. Large males will often confront them by flashing their eyelids, showing their teeth by yawning, making gestures, and chasing after the intruder/predator.

Baboons in captivity have been known to live up to 45 years, while in the wild their life expectancy is about 30 years.

Baboons are able to acquire orthographic processing skills, which form part of the ability to read.[7]

I like monkeys

Mating and birth

Baboon with its young, Lake Manayara National Park, Tanzania
Female sex skin swelling

Baboon mating behavior varies greatly depending on the social structure of the troop. In the mixed groups of savanna baboons, each male can mate with any female. The mating order among the males depends partially on their social ranking, and fights between males are not unusual. There are, however, more subtle possibilities; in mixed groups, males sometimes try to win the friendship of females. To garner this friendship, they may help groom the female, help care for her young, or supply her with food. The probability is high that those young are their offspring. Some females clearly prefer such friendly males as mates. However, males will also take infants during fights to protect themselves from harm.

A female initiates mating by presenting her swollen rump to the male's face. But "presenting" can also be used as a submissive gesture and is observed in males, as well. This submissive gesture has many unspoken meanings amongst the troop[citation needed]. The dominant males often engage in what is known as a false-mount, in which they mount the submissive males. It is a sign of dominance, and happens very commonly to younger males in the troop.

Females typically give birth, usually to a single infant, after a six-month gestation. The young baboon weighs approximately 400 g and has a black epidermis when born. The females tend to be the primary caretaker of the young, although several females will share the duties for all of their offspring.

After about one year, the young animals are weaned. They reach sexual maturity in five to eight years. Baboon males leave their birth group, usually before they reach sexual maturity, whereas females are philopatric and stay in the same group their whole lives.

Relationship with humans

In Egyptian mythology, Babi was the deification of the hamadryas baboon and was therefore a sacred animal. It was known as the attendant of Thoth, so is also called the Sacred Baboon.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). "GENUS Papio". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 166–167. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Newman TK, Jolly CJ, Rogers J (2004). "Mitochondrial phylogeny and systematics of baboons (Papio)". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 124 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10340. PMID 15085544.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Frost SR, Marcus LF, Bookstein FL, Reddy DP, Delson E (2003). "Cranial allometry, phylogeography, and systematics of large-bodied papionins (Primates:Cercopithecinae) inferred from geometric morphometric analysis of landmark data". Anatomical Record. 275 (2): 1048–1072. doi:10.1002/ar.a.10112. PMID 14613306.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Wildman DE, Bergman TJ, al-Aghbari A, Sterner KN, Newman TK, Phillips-Conroy JE, Jolly CJ, Disotell TR (2004). "Mitochondrial evidence for the origin of hamadryas baboons". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (1): 287–296. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.12.014. PMID 15186814.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Jolly, CJ (1993). "Species, subspecies, and baboon systematics". In WH Kimbel and LB Martin, eds. (ed.). Species, Species Concepts, and Primate Evolution. New York: Plenum Press. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
  6. ^ "AWF: Wildlife: Baboon". African Wildlife Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Jonathan Grainger, Stéphane Dufau, Marie Montant, Johannes C. Ziegler, Joël Fagot (2012). "Orthographic processing in baboons (Papio papio)". Science. 336 (6078): 245–248. doi:10.1126/science.1218152.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Further reading

  • Cheney, Dorothy L. / Seyfarth, Robert M. (2007): Baboon Metaphysics: The Evolution of a Social Mind. Chicago.
Wikispecies has information related to Papio.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baboon.

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