2012
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2012 (MMXII) is a leap year that started on a Sunday and is the current year. In the Gregorian calendar, it is the 2012th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 12th year of the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century, and the 3rd of the 2010s.
There are a variety of popular beliefs about the year 2012. These beliefs range from the spiritually transformative to the apocalyptic, and centre upon various contemporary interpretations of the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar. Scientists have disputed the apocalyptic versions.[1]
Events
January
- January 23 – Iran–European Union relations: The European Union adopts an embargo against Iran in protest of that nation's continued effort to enrich uranium.[2]
February
- February 1 – At least 79 people were killed and more than 1,000 were injured after a football match in Port Said, Egypt.[3][4]
- February 6 – The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II marks the 60th anniversary of her accession to the thrones of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and the 60th anniversary of her becoming Head of the Commonwealth.[5][6]
- February 15 – A fire at a prison in Comayagua, Honduras kills 360.[7]
- February 19 – Iran suspends oil exports to Britain and France following sanctions put in place by the European Union and the United States in January.[8]
- February 21 – Greek government debt crisis: Eurozone finance ministers reach an agreement on a second, €130-billion Greek bailout.[9]
- February 27 – Arab Spring: As a result of ongoing protests, Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh is succeeded by Vice President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi.[10]
March
- March 4 – A series of explosions are reported at a munitions dump in Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of the Congo, with at least 250 people dead.[11][12]
- March 13 – After 244 years since its first publication, the Encyclopædia Britannica discontinues its print edition.[13]
- March 22 – The President of Mali, Amadou Toumani Touré, is ousted in a coup d'état after mutinous soldiers attack government offices.[14]
April
- April 6 – The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad unilaterally declares the independence of Azawad from Mali.[15]
- April 12 – Mutinous soldiers in Guinea-Bissau stage a coup d'état and take control of the capital city, Bissau. They arrest interim President Raimundo Pereira and leading presidential candidate Carlos Gomes Júnior in the midst of a presidential election campaign.[16]
- April 13 – Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3, a North Korean Earth observation satellite, explodes shortly after launch. The United States and other countries had called the impending launch a violation of United Nations Security Council demands.[17] The launch was planned to mark the centenary of the birth of Kim Il-sung, the founder of the republic.[17]
- April 26 – Former Liberian President Charles Taylor is found guilty on 11 counts of aiding and abetting war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Sierra Leone Civil War.[18]
May
- May 2 – A pastel version of The Scream, by Norwegian painter Edvard Munch, sells for US$120 million in a New York City auction, setting a new world record for an auctioned work of art.[19][20]
- May 12 – August 12 – The 2012 World Expo takes place in Yeosu, South Korea.[21]
- May 22 – Tokyo Skytree, the tallest self-supporting tower in the world at 634 metres high, is opened to public.[22]
June
- June 5–6 – The century's second and last solar transit of Venus occurs. The next pair are predicted to occur in 2117 and 2125.[23]
- June 24
- Shenzhou 9, a Chinese spacecraft carrying three Chinese astronauts, including the first-ever female one, docked manually with an orbiting module Tiangong 1, first time as the country, making them as the third country, after the United States and Russia, to successfully perform the mission.[24]
- Lonesome George, the last known individual of the Pinta Island Tortoise subspecies, dies at a Galapagos National Park, thus making the subspecies extinct.[25]
July
- July 4 – CERN announces the discovery of a new particle with properties consistent with the Higgs boson after experiments at the Large Hadron Collider.[26][27][28][29][30]
- July 27 – August 12 – The 2012 Summer Olympics are held in London, United Kingdom.[31]
- July 30–31 – In the worst power outage in world history, the 2012 India blackouts leave 620 million people without power.[32][33][34]
August
- August 6 – Curiosity, the Mars Science Laboratory mission's rover, successfully lands on Mars.[35]
- August 31
- Researchers successfully perform the first implantation of an early prototype bionic eye with 24 electrodes.[36]
- Armenia severs diplomatic relations with Hungary, following the extradition to Azerbaijan and subsequent pardoning of Ramil Safarov, who was convicted of killing an Armenian soldier in Hungary in 2004. The move is also met with fierce criticism from other countries.[37]
September
- September 7 – Canada officially cuts diplomatic ties with Iran by closing its embassy in Tehran and ordered the expulsion of Iranian diplomats from Ottawa, over support for Syria, nuclear plans and human rights abuses.[38]
- September 11 – 22 – A series of terrorist attacks are directed against United States diplomatic missions worldwide, as well as diplomatic missions of Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In the United States, the Obama Administration cites the screening of a Youtube trailer for the film Innocence of Muslims as the cause, and declare the attacks to be protests. It is later discovered that these events were not spontaneous protests, but premeditated terrorist attacks.[39][40] In Libya, the attacks result in the deaths of the United States Ambassador to Libya J. Christopher Stevens and 3 other Americans.[41][42][43][44]
October
- October 14 – Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner becomes the first person to break sound barrier without mechanical assistance during a record space dive out of the Red Bull Stratos helium-filled balloon from 24 miles (39 kilometers) over Roswell, New Mexico in the United States.[45][46][47]
Predicted and scheduled events
December
- December 21 – The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, notably used by the pre-Columbian Mayan civilization among others, completes a "great cycle" of thirteen b'ak'tuns (periods of 144,000 days each) since the Mesoamerican creation date of the calendar's current era.[48][49] Although, The End Of The World on December, 21, 2012 will be Fake.
- December 31 – The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol ends.[50]
Date unknown
- Pleiades, a proposed supercomputer built by Intel and SGI for NASA's Ames Research Center, will be completed, reaching a peak performance of 10 Petaflops (10 quadrillion floating point operations per second).[51]
- Sequoia, a proposed super computer built by IBM for the National Nuclear Security Administration will be completed, reaching a peak performance of 20 Petaflops.[52]
- On the Sun, the solar maximum of Solar Cycle 24 in the 11-year sunspot cycle is forecast to occur. Solar Cycle 24 is regarded to have commenced January 2008, and on average will reach its peak of maximal sunspot activity around 2012.[citation needed]
- The Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway across the Caucasus is scheduled to be completed sometime in 2012.[53]
Births
- January 24 – Princess Athena of Denmark, Danish princess
- February 23 – Princess Estelle, Duchess of Östergötland, Swedish princess
Deaths
January
- January 1 – Kiro Gligorov, 1st President of the Republic of Macedonia (b. 1917)
- January 3 – Josef Škvorecký, Czech writer (b. 1924)
- January 9 – Malam Bacai Sanhá, 6th and 12th President of Guinea-Bissau (b. 1947)
- January 13
- Rauf Denktaş, Cypriot-born politician (b. 1924)
- Miljan Miljanić, Yugoslavian-born footballer (b. 1930)
- January 15 – Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Spanish politician (b. 1922)
- January 20
- Etta James, American singer (b. 1938)
- Jiří Raška, Czech ski jumper (b. 1941)
- January 24 – Theodoros Angelopoulos, Greek filmmaker (b. 1935)
- January 29
- François Migault, French racing driver (b. 1944)
- Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, 9th President of Italy (b. 1918)
February
- February 1 – Wisława Szymborska, Polish poet and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1923)
- February 3
- Ben Gazzara, American actor (b. 1930)
- Samuel Youd, British author (b. 1922)
- February 6 – Antoni Tàpies, Spanish artist (b. 1923)
- February 11 – Whitney Houston, American singer and actress (b. 1963)
- February 19 – Renato Dulbecco, Italian-born American Nobel virologist (b. 1914)
- February 25 – Maurice André, French trumpeter (b. 1933)
- February 29 – Davy Jones, British singer and actor (b. 1945)
March
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- March 6 – Francisco Xavier do Amaral, 1st President of East Timor (b. 1937)
- March 7 – Włodzimierz Smolarek, Polish footballer (b. 1957)
- March 10
- Jean Giraud, French comics artist (b. 1938)
- Frank Sherwood Rowland, American Nobel chemist (b. 1927)
- March 14 – Ċensu Tabone, 4th President of Malta (b. 1913)
- March 16 – Estanislau Basora, Spanish footballer (b. 1926)
- March 17
- John Demjanjuk, Ukrainian-American Nazi war crimes defendant (b. 1920)
- Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria (b. 1923)
- March 18 – George Tupou V, King of Tonga (b. 1948)
- March 21 – Tonino Guerra, Italian screenwriter (b. 1920)
- March 23
- Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, President of Somalia (2004–2008) (b. 1934)
- Naji Talib, 52nd Prime Minister of Iraq (b. 1917)
- March 25 – Antonio Tabucchi, Italian writer (b. 1943)
- March 27 – Adrienne Rich, American writer and feminist (b. 1929)
- March 28
- Alexander Arutiunian, Armenian composer (b. 1920)
- Earl Scruggs, American bluegrass musician (b. 1924)
April
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- April 1
- Miguel de la Madrid, 52nd President of Mexico (b. 1934)
- Giorgio Chinaglia, Italian footballer (b. 1947)
- April 5 – Bingu wa Mutharika, 3rd President of Malawi (b. 1934)
- April 7 – Mike Wallace, American journalist (b. 1918)
- April 11 – Ahmed Ben Bella, 1st President of Algeria (b. 1918)
- April 15 – Murray Rose, Australian swimmer (b. 1939)
- April 16 – Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller, Danish shipping magnate (b. 1913)
- April 18 – Dick Clark, American television host and producer (b. 1929)
- April 19 – Levon Helm, American musician (b. 1940)
- April 20 – Valeri Vasiliev, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1949)
- April 21 – Charles Colson, American evangelist (b. 1931)
- April 29
- Shukri Ghanem, Prime Minister of Libya (2003–2006) (b. 1942)
- Joel Goldsmith, American composer (b. 1957)
- April 30 – Alexander Dale Oen, Norwegian swimmer (b. 1985)
May
- May 4 – Rashidi Yekini, Nigerian footballer (b. 1963)
- May 8 – Maurice Sendak, American author (b. 1928)
- May 9 – Vidal Sassoon, British hairdresser (b. 1928)
- May 10 – Carroll Shelby, American automotive designer, racing driver and entrepreneur (b. 1923)
- May 15 – Carlos Fuentes, Panamanian-born Mexican writer (b. 1928)
- May 17 – Donna Summer, American singer (b. 1948)
- May 18 – Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, German lyric baritone and conductor (b. 1925)
- May 20 – Robin Gibb, British-Australian musician (b. 1949)
- May 29 – Kaneto Shindo, Japanese film director (b. 1912)
- May 30 – Andrew Huxley, British Nobel physiologist (b. 1917)
June
- June 2 – Kathryn Joosten, American actress (b. 1939)
- June 3 – Roy Salvadori, British racing driver (b. 1922)
- June 4 – Eduard Khil, Russian baritone (b. 1934)
- June 5 – Ray Bradbury, American author (b. 1920)
- June 11
- Ann Rutherford, Canadian-born American actress (b. 1917)
- Teófilo Stevenson, Cuban boxer (b. 1952)
- June 13 – William Standish Knowles, American Nobel chemist (b. 1917)
- June 16 – Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia (b. 1933)
- June 17 – Rodney King, American police brutality victim (b. 1965)
- June 26 – Nora Ephron, American film director and screenwriter (b. 1941)
- June 30 – Yitzhak Shamir, 7th Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1915)
July
- July 1 – Alan G. Poindexter, American astronaut (b. 1961)
- July 3
- Andy Griffith, American actor (b. 1926)
- Sergio Pininfarina, Italian automobile designer (b. 1926)
- July 8 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (b. 1917)
- July 13 – Richard D. Zanuck, American film producer (b. 1934)
- July 14 – Sixten Jernberg, Swedish cross-country skier (b. 1929)
- July 15 – Celeste Holm, American actress (b. 1917)
- July 16
- Stephen Covey, American author (b. 1932)
- Jon Lord, British musician and composer (b. 1941)
- July 19 – Omar Suleiman, Egyptian general, diplomat and intelligence officer (b. 1936)
- July 23 – Sally Ride, American astronaut and physicist (b. 1951)
- July 24 – John Atta Mills, 3rd President of Ghana (since 2009) (b. 1944)
- July 27 – Jack Taylor, English football referee (b. 1930)
- July 30
- Maeve Binchy, Irish author (b. 1940)
- Chris Marker, French writer and documentary filmmaker (b. 1921)
- July 31 – Gore Vidal, American author, playwright, screenwriter, and political activist (b. 1925)
August
- August 5 – Chavela Vargas, Costa Rican-born Mexican singer (b. 1919)
- August 6
- Marvin Hamlisch, American composer and conductor (b. 1944)
- Bernard Lovell, English physicist and astronomer (b. 1913)
- August 14 – Svetozar Gligorić, Serbian chess grandmaster (b. 1923)
- August 15 – Harry Harrison, American author (b. 1925)
- August 18
- Scott McKenzie, American singer and songwriter (b. 1939)
- William Windom, American actor (b. 1923)
- August 19 – Tony Scott, British film director (b. 1944)
- August 20
- Phyllis Diller, American comedian (b. 1917)
- Dom Mintoff, 8th Prime Minister of Malta (b. 1916)
- Meles Zenawi, 3rd President and 10th Prime Minister of Ethiopia (b. 1955)
- August 21 – William Thurston, American mathematician (b. 1946)
- August 24 – Félix Miélli Venerando, Brazilian footballer (b. 1937)
- August 25 – Neil Armstrong, American astronaut (b. 1930)
- August 31
- Carlo Maria Martini, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (b. 1927)
- Sergey Leonidovich Sokolov, Minister of Defence of Soviet Union (b. 1911)
September
- September 1 – Hal David, American lyricist (b. 1921)
- September 3
- Michael Clarke Duncan, American actor (b. 1957)
- Sun Myung Moon, Korean religious leader (b. 1920)
- September 8 – Thomas Szasz, Hungarian psychiatrist (b. 1920)
- September 12 – Sid Watkins, English neurosurgeon (b. 1928)
- September 16 – Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen, Norwegian princess (b. 1930)
- September 18 – Santiago Carrillo, Spanish politician (b. 1915)
- September 23
- Pavel Grachev, Defence Minister of the Russian Federation (b. 1948)
- Corrie Sanders, South African boxer (b. 1966)
- September 25 – Andy Williams, American singer (b. 1927)
- September 27 – Herbert Lom, Czech-born actor (b. 1917)
- September 28 – Michael O'Hare, American actor (b. 1952)
- September 30 – Barbara Ann Scott, Canadian Olympic figure skater (b. 1928)
October
- October 1 – Eric Hobsbawm, British Marxist historian (b. 1917)
- October 6 – Chadli Bendjedid, 3rd President of Algeria (b. 1929)
- October 11 – Helmut Haller, German footballer (b. 1939)
- October 14 – Arlen Specter, American politician (b. 1930)
- October 15 – Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia, Prime Minister of Cambodia and Head of State of Cambodia (b. 1922)
- October 17 – Sylvia Kristel, Dutch actress (b. 1952)
- October 20 – E. Donnall Thomas, American physician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
- October 21
- Yash Chopra, Indian director and producer (b.1932)
- George McGovern, American politician, historian and author (b. 1922)
Nobel Prizes
- Chemistry – Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka
- Economics – Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd Shapley
- Literature – Mo Yan
- Peace – European Union
- Physics – Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland
- Physiology or Medicine – John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka
Major religious holidays
- January 6 – Christmas Day (Celebrated by the Armenian Church)
- January 7 – Christmas Day (December 25 in the Julian Calendar, celebrated by Eastern Orthodoxy)
- February 1 – Imbolc, a Cross-quarter day (Celebrated on February 2 in some places)
- February 22 – Ash Wednesday – Western Christianity
- March 8
- March 20 – Spring Equinox, Persian New Year, also known as Ostara
- April 1 – Ramanavami – Hinduism
- April 6
- Good Friday – Western Christianity
- Hanuman Jayanti – Hinduism
- April 7 – Passover – Judaism
- April 8 – Easter – Western Christianity
- April 13 – Vaisakhi – Sikhism
- April 15 – Easter – Eastern Christianity
- May 1 – Beltane, a Cross-quarter day
- May 27 – Shavuot – Judaism
- June 4 – Vesak – Buddhism[54]
- June 20 – Summer solstice, also known as Midsummer
- July 20 – Ramadan begins – Islam
- August 1 – Lammas, a Cross-quarter day
- August 2 – Raksha Bandhan – Hinduism
- August 10 – Janmashtami – Hinduism
- August 19 – Eid al Fitr – Islam
- September 17 – Rosh Hashanah – Judaism
- September 21 – Autumn Equinox, also known as Mabon
- September 26 – Yom Kippur – Judaism
- October 1 – Sukkot – Judaism
- October 2 – Mehregan – Zoroastrianism and Persian Culture
- October 24 – Vijaya Dashami/Dusshera – Hinduism
- October 26 – Eid al-Adha, a religious festival in Islam
- November 1 – Samhain, a Cross-quarter day, Neopagan new year and Christian All Saints' Day
- November 13 – Diwali – Sikhism - Hinduism
- November 15 – Islamic New Year
- December 9 – Hanukkah – Judaism
- December 25 – Christmas – Western Christianity
In fiction
See also
References
- ^ "2012: Beginning of the End or Why the World Won't End?". NASA.
- ^ Jonathan Marcus (January 23, 2012). "''BBC News''". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ Fahmy, Mohamed Fadel; Lee, Ian (February 2, 2012). "Anger flares in Egypt after 79 die in soccer riot". Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
- ^ "Egypt football violence leaves many dead in Port Said". BBC News. February 1, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
- ^ The Government of Canada (January 23, 2012). "Official Canadian website for the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II". Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ^ "Diamond Jubilee: Queen celebrating 60-year reign". BBC News UK. bbc.co.uk. February 6, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
- ^ "Honduras Prison Fire Kills Hundreds Of Inmates". Sky News. February 15, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
- ^ CNN Wire Staff (February 19, 2012). "Iran suspends oil exports to Britain and France". CNN News. cnn.com. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
{{cite news}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "Euro zone strikes deal on Greece bailout". Reuters. www.smh.com.au. February 21, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ "Obama hails 'new beginning' for Yemen". BBC News. bbc.co.uk. February 25, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
- ^ "Reuters". In.reuters.com. March 4, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ "BBC". BBC. March 4, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ McCarthy, Tom (March 13, 2012). "Encyclopedia Britannica halts print publication after 244 years". The Guardian. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
- ^ Adam Nossiter (March 22, 2012). "Soldiers Declare Coup in Mali". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ "Tuareg rebels declare independence in north Mali". France 24. April 6, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ "The Associated Press: Military: Guinea-Bissau prime minister arrested". Google.com. April 13, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ a b Choe, Sang-hun (March 16, 2012). "North Korea Says It Will Launch Satellite Into Orbit". Nytimes.com. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
- ^ "'Taylor Sierra Leone war crimes verdiact welcomed'". BBC. April 26, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
- ^ "Edvard Munch's iconic artwork The Scream sold for $120m". BBC News. BBC. May 3, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ Michaud, Chris (May 3, 2012). ""The Scream" sells for record $120 million at auction". Reuters. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ 2012 World Expo (English) Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ^ "High winds mar opening of Tokyo's Skytree tower". BBC News. May 22, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
- ^ NASA. "NASA Transit of Venus". Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ^ Wall Street Journal. "Chinese Spacecraft Docks With Orbiting Module". Retrieved July 4, 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) [dead link] - ^ "Famed Galapagos tortoise dies". USA Today. June 24, 2012.
- ^ "CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson". CERN press release. July 4, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
- ^ Taylor, Lucas (July 4, 2012). "Observation of a New Particle with a Mass of 125 GeV". CMS Public Website. CERN.
- ^ "Latest Results from ATLAS Higgs Search". ATLAS. July 4, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
- ^ Video (04:38) – CERN Announcement (4 July 2012) Of Higgs Boson Discovery.
- ^ Overbye, Dennis (July 4, 2012). "A New Particle Could Be Physics' Holy Grail". New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
- ^ "London 2012". Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ^ Helen Pidd (July 31, 2012). "India blackouts leave 700 million without power". The Guardian. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
- ^ Hriday Sarma and Ruby Russell (July 31, 2012). "620 million without power in India after 3 power grids fail". USA Today. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
- ^ "India's Mass Power Failure Worst Ever in World History". Outlook. Press Trust of India. August 1, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
- ^ "NASA's Next Mars Rover Hoisted Atop Rocket". Space.com. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
- ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120831065003.htm
- ^ http://www.montrealgazette.com/life/Azerbaijani+military+officer+serving+life+murder+Hungary+freed+when/7173300/story.html
- ^ "Canada cuts diplomatic ties with Iran". The Guardian. September 7, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
- ^ http://www.npr.org/2012/09/20/161450341/official-versions-diverge-over-u-s-consulate-attack
- ^ http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/readersrespond/bs-ed-embassy-attack-20121012,0,5150938.story
- ^ "Christopher Stevens, U.S. ambassador to Libya, killed in Benghazi". Los Angeles Times. September 12, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
- ^ "Turmoil Over Contentious Video Spreads to Yemen and Iran". The New York Times. September 13, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
- ^ "Widespread protests against U.S. over anti-Muslim film". CBS News. September 14, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
- ^ "Middle East protests against US embassies - live". The Telegraph. September 14, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
- ^ (CNN). Retrieved October 14, 2012.
- ^ <span class="plainlinks"NYDaily News:Red Bull Stratos Retrieved October 15, 2012.
- ^ "Felix Baumgartner's jump from space's edge watched by millions". The Associated Press. October 15, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
- ^ Susan Milbrath, Curator of Latin American Art and Archaeology, Florida Museum of Natural History, quoted in USA Today, Wednesday, March 28, 2007, p. 11D
- ^ "The Sky Is Not Falling" New Wave, Tulane University, June 25, 2008.
- ^ Grubb, M. and J. Depledge (2001). "The Seven Myths of Kyoto" (PDF). Climate Policy. 1 (2): 169. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
- ^ "NASA, Intel, SGI Plan to 'Soup Up' Supercomputer". Nas.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Gonsalves, Antone. "IBM Tapped For 20-Petaflop Government Supercomputer". Informationweek.com. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
- ^ National Geographic, August 2010, page 62.
- ^ "2012 Calendar of Uposatha Days".