Academy Award for Best Actress
| Academy Award for Best Actress | |
|---|---|
| Description | Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role |
| Country | United States |
| Presented by | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |
| Currently held by | Meryl Streep, The Iron Lady (2011) |
| Website | http://www.oscars.org |
Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role is one of the Academy Awards of merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance while working within the film industry. Prior to the 49th Academy Awards ceremony (1976), this award was known as the Academy Award of Merit for Performance by an Actress. Since its inception, however, the award has commonly been referred to as the Oscar for Best Actress. While actresses are nominated for this award by Academy members who are actors and actresses themselves, winners are selected by the Academy membership as a whole.
History
Throughout the past 84 years, accounting for ties and repeat winners, AMPAS has presented a total of 85 Best Actress awards to 70 different actresses. Winners of this Academy Award of Merit receive the familiar Oscar statuette, depicting a gold-plated knight holding a crusader's sword and standing on a reel of film. The first recipient was Janet Gaynor, who was honored at the 1st Academy Awards ceremony (1929) for her performances in Seventh Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. The most recent recipient was Meryl Streep, who was honored at the 84th Academy Awards ceremony (2012) for her performance in The Iron Lady.
In the first three years of the Academy Awards, individuals such as actors and directors were nominated as the best in their categories. Then all of their work during the qualifying period (as many as three films, in some cases) was listed after the award. However, during the 3rd Academy Awards ceremony (1930), only one of those films was cited in each winner's final award, even though each of the acting winners had had two films following their names on the ballots. For the 4th Academy Awards ceremony (1931), this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a specific performance in a single film. Such nominations are limited to five per year. Until the 8th Academy Awards ceremony (1936), nominations for the Best Actress award were intended to include all actresses, whether the performance was in either a leading or supporting role. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony (1937), however, the Best Supporting Actress category was specifically introduced as a distinct award following complaints that the single Best Actress category necessarily favored leading performers with the most screen time. Currently, Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role, Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role, Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role, and Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role constitute the four Academy Awards of Merit for acting annually presented by AMPAS.
Other awards for acting
Actors have also received special awards, or Academy Honorary Awards, for acting in specific films (such as in the case of James Baskett, who received a special honorary award for Disney's Song of the South). Child actors have also been awarded the Academy Juvenile Award.
Winners and nominees
Following the Academy's practice, the films below are listed by year of their Los Angeles qualifying run, which is usually (but not always) the film's year of release. For example, the Oscar for Best Actress of 1999 was announced during the award ceremony held in 2000.
For the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. For example, the 2nd Academy Awards presented on April 3, 1930, recognized films that were released between August 1, 1928 and July 31, 1929. Starting with the 7th Academy Awards, held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31.
Winners are listed first in bold, followed by the other nominees.
1920s
| Year | Actress | Film | Role(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1927/28 (1st) | |||
| Janet Gaynor | Seventh Heaven | Diane | |
| Street Angel | Angela | ||
| Sunrise | The Wife – Indre | ||
| Louise Dresser | A Ship Comes In | Mrs. Pleznik | |
| Gloria Swanson | Sadie Thompson | Sadie Thompson | |
| 1928/29 (2nd) | |||
| Mary Pickford | Coquette | Norma Besant | |
| Ruth Chatterton | Madame X | Jacqueline Floriot | |
| Betty Compson | The Barker | Carrie | |
| Jeanne Eagels (posthumous nomination) | The Letter | Leslie Crosbie | |
| Corinne Griffith | The Divine Lady | Emma, Lady Hamilton | |
| Bessie Love | The Broadway Melody | Hank Mahoney |
1930s
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
| Year | Actress | Film | Role(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 (83rd) | |||
| Natalie Portman | Black Swan | Nina Sayers | |
| Annette Bening | The Kids Are All Right | Nic | |
| Nicole Kidman | Rabbit Hole | Becca Corbett | |
| Jennifer Lawrence | Winter's Bone | Ree Dolly | |
| Michelle Williams | Blue Valentine | Cindy Heller | |
| 2011 (84th) | |||
| Meryl Streep | The Iron Lady | Margaret Thatcher | |
| Glenn Close | Albert Nobbs | Albert Nobbs | |
| Viola Davis | The Help | Aibileen Clark | |
| Rooney Mara | The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo | Lisbeth Salander | |
| Michelle Williams | My Week with Marilyn | Marilyn Monroe |
Superlatives
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2012) |
| Superlative | Best Actress | Best Supporting Actress | Overall | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actress with most awards | Katharine Hepburn | 4 | Shelley Winters Dianne Wiest |
2 | Katharine Hepburn | 4 |
| Actress with most nominations | Meryl Streep | 14 | Thelma Ritter | 6 | Meryl Streep | 17 |
| Actress with most nominations (without ever winning) |
Deborah Kerr | 6 | Thelma Ritter | 6 | Deborah Kerr Thelma Ritter Glenn Close |
6 |
| Film with most nominations | All About Eve Suddenly, Last Summer The Turning Point Terms of Endearment Thelma & Louise |
2 | Tom Jones | 3 | All About Eve | 4 |
| Oldest winner | Jessica Tandy | 80 | Peggy Ashcroft | 77 | Jessica Tandy | 80 |
| Oldest nominee | Jessica Tandy | 80 | Gloria Stuart | 87 | Gloria Stuart | 87 |
| Youngest winner | Marlee Matlin | 21 | Tatum O'Neal | 10 | Tatum O'Neal | 10 |
| Youngest nominee | Keisha Castle-Hughes | 13 | Tatum O'Neal | 10 | Tatum O'Neal | 10 |
Katharine Hepburn, with four wins, has more Best Actress Oscars than any other actress. Twelve women have won two Best Actress Academy Awards; in chronological order, they are Luise Rainer, Bette Davis, Olivia de Havilland, Vivien Leigh, Ingrid Bergman, Elizabeth Taylor, Glenda Jackson, Jane Fonda, Sally Field, Jodie Foster, Hilary Swank and Meryl Streep.
With two Best Actress Oscars and one for Best Supporting Actress, Ingrid Bergman and Meryl Streep are the only actresses, after Katharine Hepburn, to have won three competitive acting Oscars.
Only two actresses have won this award in consecutive years: Luise Rainer (1937 and 1938) and Katharine Hepburn (1967 and 1968).
Five women have won both the Best Actress and the Best Supporting Actress awards: Helen Hayes, Ingrid Bergman, Maggie Smith, Meryl Streep, and Jessica Lange.
Emma Thompson won a Best Actress Oscar for Howards End (1992) and a Best Adapted Screenplay Award for Sense and Sensibility (1995).
Meryl Streep holds the record of 14 nominations in the Best Actress category. Streep has been nominated 17 times (14 for Best Actress and 3 for Best Supporting Actress), which makes her the overall most-nominated performer of all time.
There has been only one tie in the history of this category. This occurred in 1969 when Katharine Hepburn and Barbra Streisand were both given the award. Unlike the earlier 1932 tie for Best Actor, however, Hepburn and Streisand each received exactly the same number of votes.
Barbra Streisand is the only actress who won a Best Actress Award (for Funny Girl) and a Best Original Song Award (for composing the song "Evergreen"); the latter one shared with lyricist Paul Williams.
Only twice have siblings been nominated for the Best Actress award during the same year: Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine in 1942, and Lynn Redgrave and Vanessa Redgrave in 1967.
Only two pairs of actresses have been nominated for Best Actress for the same role: Jeanne Eagels and Bette Davis as Leslie Crosbie in The Letter (1929 and 1940), and Janet Gaynor and Judy Garland as Vicki Lester in A Star is Born (1937 and 1954).
In addition, Judi Dench and Kate Winslet both received nominations (Dench for Best Actress and Winslet for Best Supporting Actress) for their portrayals of Iris Murdoch at different ages in 2001's Iris. Winslet and Gloria Stuart were also both nominated (Winslet for Best Actress and Stuart for Best Supporting Actress) for their portrayals of Rose DeWitt Bukater in Titanic (1997). These are the only instances of the younger and older versions of a character in the same film both yielding Academy Award nominations, thus making Kate Winslet the only actor to twice share an Oscar nomination with another for portraying the same character.
The 71st Academy Awards (1999) presented the unique case of actresses being nominated in the same year for the same character in different films. Cate Blanchett was nominated for Best Actress for playing Queen Elizabeth I of England in Elizabeth, while Judi Dench was nominated for (and won) Best Supporting Actress for playing the same character in Shakespeare in Love.
Cate Blanchett is the only actress to be nominated twice for the same role (Queen Elizabeth I), first for 1998's Elizabeth and then again for 2007's Elizabeth: The Golden Age.
Halle Berry, who won in 2002 for her role in Monster's Ball, is the only black woman to win the Best Actress award.[1] Eight other black actresses have been nominated: Dorothy Dandridge, Diana Ross, Cicely Tyson, Diahann Carroll, Whoopi Goldberg, Angela Bassett, Gabourey Sidibe and Viola Davis. Ross and Tyson were nominated in the same year (1972) for their respective performances in Lady Sings the Blues and Sounder; both lost to Liza Minnelli in Cabaret.
Charlize Theron, a South African, is the only African actress to win the Academy Award for Best Actress, for her role in Monster (2003).
The only Asian actresses to win are Vivien Leigh, whose mother had an Irish and Indian background, and Natalie Portman, who was born in Israel from an Israeli father and has dual Israeli and American citizenship. Merle Oberon, born to an Anglo-Sri Lankan mother and father of unknown ethnic origin, was nominated.
Ida Kaminska is the only Polish actress nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, for her role in The Shop on Main Street (1965).
Only five actresses of Hispanic or Latin American descent have been nominated for the Best Actress award, but as of 2008 none has yet won: Helena Bonham Carter (1997; her mother is Spanish), Fernanda Montenegro, Brazilian, (1998; the first Latin American actress ever nominated), Salma Hayek, Mexican (2002), Catalina Sandino Moreno, Colombian (2004), and Penélope Cruz, Spanish (2006). However, Cruz won the Best Supporting Actress award for her role in the 2008 film Vicky Cristina Barcelona.
Nicole Kidman is the only Australian actress to win the Best Actress award (The Hours, 2002). Kidman also received nominations for Moulin Rouge! (2001) and Rabbit Hole (2010); other Australian nominees include May Robson for Lady for a Day (1933), Judy Davis for A Passage to India (1984), Cate Blanchett for Elizabeth (1998) and Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) and Naomi Watts for 21 Grams (2003). New-Zealander Keisha Castle-Hughes was nominated for Whale Rider (2003).
Sophia Loren, Marlee Matlin, and Marion Cotillard are the only actresses to win this award for a foreign-language performance: Loren for her Italian-language performance in Two Women (1961), Matlin for her American Sign Language performance in Children of a Lesser God and Cotillard for her French-language performance in La Vie en rose (2007).
Cotillard was the second French actress to win the Best Actress award after Simone Signoret for her role in Room at the Top (1959). Claudette Colbert, who won the award in 1934 for her comedic performance in It Happened One Night, was born French but later became a U.S. naturalized citizen.
Jane Wyman, Marlee Matlin and Holly Hunter are the only actresses in the post–silent era to receive Academy Awards for roles that were non-speaking (in Wyman's case) or predominantly non-speaking (in Matlin and Hunter's cases). Wyman, playing a deaf rape victim in Johnny Belinda (1948), was the first person in the sound era to win an acting Oscar without speaking a line of dialogue. Matlin, who speaks just once when she argues with actor William Hurt, won the award for her American Sign Language performance in Children of a Lesser God (1986), and Hunter, who narrates several scenes and speaks on camera in the last scene (although her face is covered) for her British sign language role in The Piano (1993). Unlike Matlin, who is almost completely deaf in real life, Hunter and Wyman can hear.
No Best Actress winning or nominated performance is lost, although Sadie Thompson (1928) is incomplete and missing portions have been reconstructed with stills.
There have been no posthumous winners of the award. The only posthumous nomination of a woman for any acting award was Jeanne Eagels, who was nominated for Best Actress in 1929 for The Letter. She was the first woman to be posthumously nominated for an Oscar in any category.
The earliest nominee in this category who is still alive is Luise Rainer (1936), followed by sisters Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine (both 1941).
Luise Rainer is one of only two acting winners who have ever reached the age of 100, the other being George Burns.
The earliest Oscars where all 5 Best Actress nominations are alive is at the 44th Academy Awards. The most recent where all 5 have died is at the 35th Academy Awards
As of 2011 the earliest Oscars where all 4 acting winners are alive is the 34th Academy Awards, while the most recent where all 4 have died is the 54th Academy Awards.
The earliest Oscars where both lead acting winning are alive is at the 34th Academy Awards. The most recent where both have died is at the 54th Academy Awards.
The earliest Oscars where all 20 acting nominations are alive is at the 56th Academy Awards (1983), the most recent all 20 have died is at the 15th Academy Awards (1942).
The first woman to win Best Actress for a Performance in a color film was Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind; to date the last woman to win an Academy Award for Best Actress in an all black-and-white film was Elizabeth Taylor in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?.
The longest living winner is Luise Rainer, still alive at 102. The most short-lived to date is Judy Holliday, dying at 43 years of age.
In 1984, three of the five nominees—Sally Field in Places in the Heart, Jessica Lange in Country, and Sissy Spacek in The River—were all nominated for playing strikingly similar roles: farmers struggling to keep their properties running against the odds, not a particularly common role. Field won the Oscar for her performance; this was her second award. Lange and Spacek had both won previously.
Life expectancy of winners
In 2001 Donald A. Redelmeier and Sheldon M. Singh published a study in the Annals of Internal Medicine in which they found that
"Winning an Academy Award was associated with a large gain in life expectancy for actors and actresses... Winning an Academy Award can increase a performer’s stature and may add to their longevity. The absolute difference in life expectancy is about equal to the societal consequence of curing all cancers in all people for all time (22, 23). Moreover, movie stars who have won multiple Academy Awards have a survival advantage of 6.0 years (CI, 0.7 to 11.3 years) over performers with multiple films but no victories. Formal education is not the only way to improve health, and strict poverty is not the only way to worsen health. The main implication is that higher status may be linked to lower mortality rates even at very impressive levels of achievement."[2]
The authors did an update to 29 March 2006 in which they found 122 more individuals and 144 more deaths since their first publication. Their unadjusted analysis showed a smaller survival advantage of 3.6 years for winners compared to their fellow nominees and costars in the films in which their performance garnered them their award.[3] However, in a 2006 published study by Marie-Pierre Sylvestre, MSc, Ella Huszti, MSc, and James A. Hanley, PhD, the authors found:
"The statistical method used to derive this statistically significant difference gave winners an unfair advantage because it credited an Oscar winner's years of life before winning toward survival subsequent to winning. When the authors of the current article reanalyzed the data using methods that avoided this "immortal time" bias, the survival advantage was closer to 1 year and was not statistically significant. The bias in Redelmeier and Singh's study is not limited to longevity comparisons of persons who reach different ranks within their profession."[4]
International presence
As the Academy Awards are based in the United States and are centered on the Hollywood film industry, the majority of Academy Award winners have been Americans. Nonetheless, there is significant international presence at the awards, as evidenced by the following list of winners for the Academy Award for Best Actress.
- Australia: Nicole Kidman (Kidman was born in the United States of Australian parents who were temporarily living in Hawaii; she is a citizen of both countries.)
- Canada: Marie Dressler, Mary Pickford, Norma Shearer (Pickford, Shearer, and Dressler won their respective awards in three consecutive years, 1929–1931.)
- France: Claudette Colbert, Marion Cotillard, Simone Signoret (Colbert later became a dual French and American citizen.)
- Germany: Luise Rainer
- Italy: Sophia Loren, Anna Magnani
- Israel: Natalie Portman (Portman, born in Israel, has an Israeli father and an American mother, and is a dual Israeli and American citizen.)
- The Netherlands: Audrey Hepburn (Hepburn had a British father and a Dutch mother; hence, she was a native-born citizen of both countries. Hepburn spent her childhood and teenage years mostly in The Netherlands and Belgium.)
- South Africa: Charlize Theron (Theron later became an American citizen.)
- Sweden: Ingrid Bergman (Bergman became an Italian by marriage.)
- United Kingdom: Julie Andrews, Julie Christie, Olivia de Havilland, Joan Fontaine, Greer Garson, Audrey Hepburn, Glenda Jackson, Vivien Leigh, Helen Mirren, Maggie Smith, Jessica Tandy, Elizabeth Taylor, Emma Thompson, Kate Winslet (Taylor was born in England of American parents who were living there temporarily and who returned to the United States permanently in 1939. Hence, Taylor had dual citizenship and has been eligible to receive a damehood in the United Kingdom.)
There have been two years in which all four of the top acting Academy Awards were presented to non-Americans.
- At the 37th Academy Awards (1964), the winners were Rex Harrison (British), Julie Andrews (British), Peter Ustinov (British), and Lila Kedrova (Russian-born French).
- At the 80th Academy Awards (2007), the winners were Daniel Day-Lewis (British and Irish), Marion Cotillard (French), Javier Bardem (Spanish), and Tilda Swinton (British).
Multiple awards for Best Actress
Katharine Hepburn is the most-honored actress, winning four awards. Twelve actresses have won two awards: Ingrid Bergman, Bette Davis, Olivia De Havilland, Sally Field, Jane Fonda, Jodie Foster, Glenda Jackson, Vivien Leigh, Luise Rainer, Meryl Streep, Hilary Swank, and Elizabeth Taylor.[5]
Multiple nominations for Best Actress
|
2 nominations[5]
|
3 nominations
4 nominations
|
5 nominations
6 nominations
7 nominations
10 nominations
12 nominations
14 nominations
|
Note: Bette Davis has ten nominations. Her performance in Of Human Bondage was not nominated for an Oscar. Several influential people at the time campaigned to have her name included on the list, so for that year (and the following year also) the Academy relaxed its rules and allowed a write-in vote. Technically this meant that any performance was eligible, however, the Academy does not officially recognize this as a nomination for Davis.
Multiple Nominations for Best Actress without winning
6 nominations
- Deborah Kerr
5 nominations
- Irene Dunne
4 nominations
- Judi Dench+
- Greta Garbo
- Marsha Mason
- Vanessa Redgrave+
- Rosalind Russell
- Barbara Stanwyck
3 nominations
- Annette Bening
- Glenn Close
- Eleanor Parker
- Gloria Swanson
- Debra Winger
2 nominations
- Isabelle Adjani
- Jane Alexander
- Cate Blanchett+
- Leslie Caron
- Ruth Chatterton
- Jill Clayburgh
- Laura Linney
- Bette Midler
- Julianne Moore
- Michelle Pfeiffer
- Gena Rowlands
- Liv Ullmann
- Emily Watson
- Sigourney Weaver
- Michelle Williams
- Natalie Wood
- Renée Zellweger+
+ has won a Best Supporting Actress Oscar.
Multiple awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress combined
|
2 awards[5]
|
3 awards
4 awards
|
Note: Ingrid Bergman, Helen Hayes, Jessica Lange, Maggie Smith and Meryl Streep have won Oscars in both the Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress categories, while Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have both won two Best Supporting Actress Oscars.
Multiple nominations for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress combined
|
3 nominations[5]
|
4 nominations
5 nominations
|
6 nominations
7 nominations
8 nominations
10 nominations
12 nominations
17 nominations
|
Note: All three nominations received by Adams, Cooper, Holm, Ladd, Lansbury, Revere, Tomei, Trevor and Wiest, as well as all four received by Barrymore and Moorehead and all six received by Ritter, were in the Supporting Actress category.
See also
- List of Academy Awards ceremonies
- List of Best Actress winners by age
- Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
- List of actors who have won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe, a SAG, and a Critic's Choice Award for a single performance
- List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances
- List of actors nominated for two Academy Awards in the same year
- List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories
- List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees
- List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees
- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
- BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
- César Award for Best Actress
References
- ^ "Halle Berry Biography: Page 2". People.com. Accessed 2007-12-20.
- ^ Redelmeier, Donald A. & Singh, Sheldon M. (15 May 2001), "Survival in Academy Award–Winning Actors and Actresses" (PDF), Annals of Internal Medicine: 961, retrieved 14 Jan 2009
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Redelmeier, Donald A. & Singh, Sheldon M. (5 Sep 2006), "Reanalysis of Survival of Oscar Winners" (PDF), Annals of Internal Medicine: 392, retrieved 14 Jan 2009
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sylvestre, Marie-Pierre, Huszti, Ella & Hanley, James A. (5 Sep 2006), "Do Oscar Winners Live Longer than Less Successful Peers? A Reanalysis of the Evidence" (PDF), Annals of Internal Medicine: 361, retrieved 14 Jan 2009
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/DisplayMain.jsp?curTime=1331103553275
External links
- Oscars.org (official Academy site)
- Oscar.com (official ceremony promotional site)
- The Academy Awards Database (official site)
- Photos of the best actress nominees for the 80th Academy Awards (People.com)
Academy Awards lists | |
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| Combined major Academy Awards | |
| Acting | |
| Directing | |
| Film |
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| Countries of the nominees |
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| Nominees demographics | |
| Other | |
| Combined major awards | |