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Nuclear power in Russia

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Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant.

In 2010 total electricity generated in nuclear power plants in Russia was 170.1 TWh, 16% of all power generation. The installed capacity of Russian nuclear reactors stood at 21,244 MW.

The Russian energy strategy of 2003 set a policy priority for reduction in natural gas based power supply, aiming to achieve this through a doubling of nuclear power generation by 2020. In 2006 the Federal Atomic Energy Agency (Rosatom) announced targets for future nuclear power generation; providing 23% of electricity needs by 2020 and 25% by 2030.[2]

Russia has made plans to increase the number of reactors in operation from 31 to 59. Old reactors will be maintained and upgraded, including RBMK units similar to the reactors at Chernobyl. China and Russia agreed on further cooperation in the construction of nuclear power stations in October 2005.

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In accord with legislation passed in 2001, all Russian civil reactors are operated by Energoatom. More recently in 2007 Russian Parliament adopted the law "On the peculiarities of the management and disposition of the property and shares of organizations using nuclear energy and on relevant changes to some legislative acts of the Russian Federation", which created Atomenergoprom - a holding company for all Russian civil nuclear industry, including Energoatom, nuclear fuel producer and supplier TVEL, uranium trader Tekhsnabexport (Tenex) and nuclear facilities constructor Atomstroyexport.

Through membership in the ITER project, Russia is participating in the design of nuclear fusion reactors.

The Russian government plans to allocate 127 billion rubles ($5.42 billion) to a federal program dedicated to the next generation of nuclear energy technology. About 1 trillion rubles ($42.7 billion) is to be allocated from the federal budget to nuclear power and industry development before 2015.[1]

The Russian nuclear industry employs around 200,000 people.[2]

Using the experience of Chernobyl as a selling point for its current safety measures and crisis management expertise, Russia is also pursuing an ambitious plan to increase sales of Russian-built reactors overseas. [3]

Nuclear power reactors

Main article: List_of_power_stations_in_Russia § Nuclear

Reactors in operation

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Nuclear power plants in Russia (view)
 Active plants
 Closed plants
 Unfinished plants
 Plants under construction

Eleven of Russia's reactors are of the RBMK 1000 type, similar to the one at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Some of these RBMK reactors were originally to be shut down but have instead been given life extensions and uprated in output by about 5%. Critics say that these reactors are of an "inherently unsafe design", which cannot be improved through upgrades and modernization, and some reactor parts are impossible to replace. Russian environmental groups say that the lifetime extensions "violate Russian law, because the projects have not undergone environmental assessments".[4]

Name Location Type Capacity, MWe Operational Notes
Obninskaya Obninsk AM-1 5 1954–2002
Sibirskaya Seversk EI-2 100 1958–1990
ADE-3 1961–1992
ADE-4 1963–2008
ADE-5 1965–2008
Beloyarskaya Zarechny AMB-100 100 1964–1981
AMB-200 200 1967–1989
BN-600 600 1980–
BN-800 800 under construction
Novovoronezhskaya Novovoronezh VVER 210 1964–1984
VVER 365 1969–1990
VVER 417 1971–
VVER 417 1972–
VVER 1000 1980–
Novovoronezhskaya II Novovoronezh VVER 1170 under construction
Dimitrovgradskaya Dimitrovgrad BOR-60 12 1968–
Leningradskaya Sosnovy Bor RBMK 1000 1973–
RBMK 1000 1975–
RBMK 1000 1979–
RBMK 1000 1981–
Kolskaya Polyarnye Zori VVER 440 1973–
VVER 440 1974–
VVER 440 1981–
VVER 440 1984–
Bilibinskaya Bilibino EGP 12 1974– combined heat and power production
EGP 12 1974–
EGP 12 1975–
EGP 12 1976–
Kurskaya Kurchatov RBMK 1000 1976–
RBMK 1000 1979–
RBMK 1000 1983–
RBMK 1000 1985–
Smolenskaya Desnogorsk RBMK 1000 1982–
RBMK 1000 1985–
RBMK 1000 1990–
Kalininskaya Udomlya VVER 1000 1984–
VVER 1000 1986–
VVER 1000 2004–
VVER 1000 2011–
Balakovskaya Balakovo VVER 1000 1985–
VVER 1000 1987–
VVER 1000 1988–
VVER 1000 1993–
Volgodonskaya Volgodonsk VVER 1000 2001–
VVER 1000 2009-

Nuclear power reactors under construction

Reactor Type MWe net, each Will be commercially operational
Volgodonsk-3 VVER-1000 950 2014
Kalinin-4 VVER-1000 950 2011
Beloyarsk-4 FBR (BN-800) 750 2012
Novovoronezh II-1 VVER-1200/V491 (AES-2006) 1085 2012
Leningrad II-1 & II-2 VVER-1200 1100/1200 2012, 2013
Baltiiskaya 1 VVER-1200 1200 2015
Total: 6 7235 MWe

Nuclear Engineering Companies

  • Atomenergomash - power engineering company; produces steam generators for NPPs
  • Atommash - by far Russia's largest nuclear engineering plant designed to build up to 8 reactors per year
  • Atomstroyexport - nuclear power equipment and service export monopoly

Safety

Russia, responding to the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, will perform a 'stress test' on all its reactors "to judge their ability to withstand earthquakes more powerful than the original design anticipated".[5]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Commons:RIA Novosti/Nuclear industry.

References

  1. ^ RIA Novosti
  2. ^ "Nuclear rethink urged". The Moscow News. 21 March 2011.
  3. ^ [1] Pulitzer Center On Crisis Reporting
  4. ^ Igor Koudrik and Alexander Nikitin (13 December 2011). "Second life: The questionable safety of life extensions for Russian nuclear power plants". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
  5. ^ Matthew L. Wald (24 March 2011). "Russia Plans to Test Reactors For Ability to Survive Quakes". New York Times.

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