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Andrographis paniculata

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Andrographis paniculata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Acanthaceae
Genus:
Andrographis
Species:
A. paniculata
Binomial name
Andrographis paniculata

Andrographis paniculata is a herbaceous plant in the family Acanthaceae, native to India and Sri Lanka.

It is widely cultivated in Southern and Southeastern Asia, where it is used to treat infections and some diseases, often being used before antibiotics were created. Mostly the leaves and roots were used for medicinal purposes.

Etymology

Andrographis paniculata is an erect annual herb extremely bitter in taste in all parts of the plant body. The plant is known in north-eastern India as Maha-tita, literally "king of bitters", and known by various vernacular names (see the table below). As an Ayurveda herb it is known as Kalmegh or Kalamegha, meaning "dark cloud". It is also known as Bhui-neem, meaning "neem of the ground", since the plant, though being a small annual herb, has a similar strong bitter taste as that of the large Neem tree (Azadirachta indica). In Malaysia, it is known as Hempedu Bumi, which literally means 'bile of earth' since it is one of the most bitter plants that are used in traditional medicine. The genus Andrographis consists of 28 species of small annual shrubs essentially distributed in tropical Asia. Only a few species are medicinal, of which A. paniculata is the most popular.

List of vernacular names of A. paniculata Nees

Language Common name
Assamese Chiorta
Arabic Quasabhuva
Marathi kadu kirayata,Oli-kiryata
Bengali Kālmegh (কালমেঘ)
Oriya ଭୂଇଁନିମ୍ବ (Bhuinimba)
Chinese Chuan Xin Lian (穿心蓮)
English Green chirayta, creat, king of bitters, andrographis, India echinacea
Persian Naine-havandi
Gujarati કરિયાતુ (Kariyatu)
Sanskrit Kālamegha (कालमेघ), Bhūnimba (भूनिम्ब)[2]
Hindi Kirayat
Tamil Nilavembu
Kannada Nelabevu
Malayalam NilavEpp (നിലവേപ്പ്), Kiriyathth (കിരിയത്ത്)
Telugu Nelavemaa (నేలవేము) or Nelavepu meaning "Neem of the ground". "Nela" = ground and "vemaa" = neem.
Malay Hempedu Bumi
Bahasa Indonesia Sambiloto
Thai Fa Thalai Chon (ฟ้าทะลายโจร), literally meaning 'the heavens strike the thieves'
Lao La-Sa-Bee
Sinhalese Hīn Kohomba / Heen Kohomba (හීන් කොහොඹ), meaning "small neem," or Hīn Bīm Kohomba / Heen Bim Kohomba(හීන් බිම් කොහොඹ) meaning "small neem of the ground."

Description

Andrographis paniculata grows erect to a height of 30–110 cm in moist, shady places. The slender stem is dark green, squared in cross-section with longitudinal furrows and wings along the angles. The lance-shaped leaves have hairless blades measuring up to 8 centimeters long by 2.5 wide. The small flowers are borne in spreading racemes. The fruit is a capsule around 2 centimeters long and a few millimeters wide. It contains many yellow-brown seeds.

Distribution

A. paniculata is distributed in tropical Asian countries, often in isolated patches. It can be found in a variety of habitats, such as plains, hillsides, coastlines, and disturbed and cultivated areas such as roadsides, farms, and wastelands. Native populations of A. paniculata are spread throughout south India and Sri Lanka which perhaps represent the center of origin and diversity of the species. The herb is an introduced species in northern parts of India, Java, Malaysia, Indonesia, the West Indies, and elsewhere in the Americas. The species also occurs in Hong Kong, Thailand, Brunei, Singapore, and other parts of Asia where it may or may not be native. The plant is cultivated in many areas, as well.

Unlike other species of the genus, A. paniculata is of common occurrence in most places in India, including the plains and hilly areas up to 500 m, which accounts for its wide use. Since time immemorial, village and ethnic communities in India have been using this herb for treating a variety of ailments.

Cultivation

It does best in a sunny location. The seeds are sown during May and June. The seedlings are transplanted at a distance of 60 cm x 30 cm.

Medicinal use

Since ancient times, A. peniculata is used in traditional Siddha and Ayurvedic[3] systems of medicine as well as in tribal medicine in India and some other countries for multiple clinical applications. From a biomedicinal perspective, the therapeutic value of Kalmegh is due to its mechanism of action which is perhaps by enzyme induction. The plant extract exhibits antityphoid and antifungal activities. Kalmegh is also reported[citation needed] to possess antihepatotoxic, antibiotic, antimalarial, antihepatitic, antithrombogenic, antiinflammatory,[4] anti-snake venom, and antipyretic properties to mention a few, besides its general use as an immunostimulant agent.[5] A study conducted at Bastyr University, showed a significant rise in the mean CD4 lymphocyte level of HIV subjects after administration of 10 mg/kg andrographolide,[6] the chief constituent extracted from the leaves of the plant.

The herb has shown an ability to reduce inflammation (heat) and fight viral infection, and is used as a principal ingredient in traditional Chinese medicinal formulas for lung support from colds. [7]

Andrographolide is a bitter water-soluble lactone exhibiting protective effects in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Its LD50 in male mice was 11.46 gm/kg, ip. This bitter principle was isolated in pure form by Gorter (1911). Such other activities as liver protection under various experimental conditions of treatment with galactosamine, paracetamol etc. are also attributed to andrographolide. The hepatoprotective action of andrographolide is related to activity of certain metabolic enzymes.[citation needed]

Andrographis paniculata plant extract is known to possess a variety of pharmacological activities. Andrographolide, the major constituent of the extract, is implicated in its pharmacological activity. A study has been conducted on the cellular processes and targets modulated by andrographolide treatment in human cancer and immune cells. Andrographolide treatment inhibited the in vitro proliferation of different tumor cell lines, representing various types of cancers. The compound exerts direct anticancer activity on cancer cells by cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase through induction of cell cycle inhibitory protein p27 and decreased expression of cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)[citation needed]. Immunostimulatory activity of andrographolide is evidenced by increased proliferation of lymphocytes and production of interleukin 2. Andrographolide also enhanced the tumor necrosis factor α production and CD marker expression, resulting in increased cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes against cancer cells, which may contribute for its indirect anticancer activity. The in vivo anticancer activity of the compound is further substantiated against B16F0 melanoma syngenic and HT 29 xenograft models. These results suggest that andrographolide is an interesting pharmacophore with anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and hence has the potential for being developed as a cancer therapeutic agent.[citation needed]

In one Chilean study, the herb had a significant drying effect on the nasal secretions of cold sufferers who took 1,200 milligrams of andrographis extract daily for five days.[8] A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials also suggested the herb alone or in combination with eleuthero may be an appropriate alternative treatment of uncomplicated acute upper respiratory tract infection.,[9][10]

The herb is the well-known drug Kalmegh 'green chiretta', and forms the principal ingredient of a household medicine ('alui'), used as a bitter tonic and febrifuge.[citation needed]

The Tamils have been using Nilavempu - as it is called in Tamil - for centuries. In Siddha medicine, Andrographis Paniculata is used widely to treat fevers like chikenguinea, swine-flu, typhoid etc.[11][unreliable source?]

A recent(2011)randomised, double-blind, multicentre,study found Andrographis paniculata as effective as mesalazine (mesalamine) in ulcerative colitis.[12] Further, andrographolide inhibits interleukin-6 expression and suppresses prostate cancer cell growth in vitro.[13]

Andrographis has been shown to be a safe traditional botanical for supporting upper respiratory tract health, per analysis of seven double-blind controlled trials.[14] The herb has been shown to inhibit RANTES secretion in inflamed bronchial cells.[15] RANTES is a chemoattractant for eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes that is stored in, and released by, platelets and activated T-cells. In related research: Andrographolide, an active ingredient in Andrographis, has been shown to be responsible for the herb's inflammatory modulating actions, including the reduction of cytokine and peritoneal deposition of neutrophils, and modulation of lung inflammation in vivo.[16] Extracts of Andrographis exhibit potent inflammatory modulating and antioxidant actions in mouse models.[17]

Andrographis paniculata extracts are mosquito repellent and can also be adulticidal to mosquitoes, viz., Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti.[18]

Phytochemistry

Andrographolide is the major constituent extracted from the leaves of the plant which is a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone. This bitter principle was isolated in pure form by Gorter (1911). Such other activities as liver protection under various experimental conditions of treatment with galactosamine (Saraswat et al., 1995), paracetamol (Visen et al., 1993) etc. are also attributed to Andrographolide. The hepatoprotective action of andrographolide is related to the activity of certain metabolic enzymes (Choudhury and Poddar, 1984, 1985; Choudhury et al., 1987). Systematic studies on chemistry of A. paniculata have been carried out.[19]

Some known constituents are:

  • "14-Deoxy-11-dehydroandrographolide, Plant
  • 14-Deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide, Plant
  • 5-Hydroxy-7,8,2',3'-Tetramethoxyflavone, Plant
  • 5-Hydroxy-7,8,2'-Trimethoxyflavone, Tissue Culture
  • Andrographine, Root
  • Andrographolide, Plant
  • Neoandrographolide, Plant
  • Panicoline, Rlkjlkjoot
  • Paniculide-A, Plant
  • Paniculide-B, Plant
  • Paniculide-C, Plant"[20]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrographis paniculata.

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ GRIN Species Profile
  2. ^ sanskrit synonyms of bhunimb Amarkosha ch. 2, section - forest medicinal plants, verse - 143
  3. ^ medicinal properties of bhunimb Nighatu adarsh[page needed]
  4. ^ C.V., Thiyagarajan P., Deepak H.B., Agarwal A. , "In vitro modulation of LPS/calcimycin induced inflammatory and allergic mediators by pure compounds of Andrographis paniculata (King of bitters) extract Chandrasekaran" International Immunopharmacology 2011 11:1 (79-84)
  5. ^ Burgos R.A., Hancke J.L., Bertoglio J.C., Aguirre V., Arriagada S., Calvo M., Cáceres D.D. "Efficacy of an Andrographis paniculata composition for the relief of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms: A prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial" Clinical Rheumatology 2009 28:8 (931-946)
  6. ^ Calabrese, Carlo; Berman, Sheryl H.; Babish, John G.; Ma, Xinfang; Shinto, Lynne; Dorr, Melissa; Wells, Kameron; Wenner, Cynthia A.; Standish, Leanna J. (2000). "A phase I trial of andrographolide in HIV positive patients and normal volunteers". Phytotherapy Research. 14 (5): 333–8. doi:10.1002/1099-1573(200008)14:5<333::AID-PTR584>3.0.CO;2-D. PMID 10925397.
  7. ^ Kate Wright (2009). "Natural Anti-Viral Support for Coughs and Congestion". Nutrition Review. 4 (4).
  8. ^ Cáceres, DD; Hancke, JL; Burgos, RA; Sandberg, F; Wikman, GK (1999). "Use of visual analogue scale measurements (VAS) to asses the effectiveness of standardized Andrographis paniculata extract SHA-10 in reducing the symptoms of common cold. A randomized double blind-placebo study". Phytomedicine. 6 (4): 217–23. PMID 10589439.
  9. ^ Poolsup, N.; Suthisisang, C.; Prathanturarug, S.; Asawamekin, A.; Chanchareon, U. (2004). "Andrographis paniculata in the symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection: systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 29 (1): 37–45. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00534.x. PMID 14748896.
  10. ^ Schulz V. "Extract from Andrographis herb for the symptomatic treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections: Results of a placebo-controlled study in India with 223 patients" Zeitschrift fur Phytotherapie 2010 31:3 (141-142)
  11. ^ "swine flu".
  12. ^ Tang T., Targan S.R., Li Z.-S., Xu C., Byers V.S., Sandborn W.J. ,"Randomised clinical trial: Herbal extract HMPL-004 in active ulcerative colitis - A double-blind comparison with sustained release mesalazine." Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2011 33:2 (194-202)
  13. ^ hun JY, Tummala R, Nadiminty N, Lou W, Liu C, Yang J, Evans CP, Zhou Q, Gao AC.,"Andrographolide, an herbal medicine, inhibits interleukin-6 expression and suppresses prostate cancer cell growth.", Genes Cancer. 2010 Aug 1;1(8):868-876 C
  14. ^ Coon JT, Ernst E. Andrographis paniculata: a systematic review of safety and efficacy, Planta, 2004 Apr. Pubmed ID: 15095142.
  15. ^ Ko HC, Wei BL, Chiou WF. The effect of medicinal plants used in Chinese folk medicine on RANTES, Ethnopharmacol, 2006 Mar 17. Pubmed ID: 16621378.
  16. ^ Xia YF, Ye BQ, Li YD, Wang JG, He XY, Lin X, Yao X, Ma D, Slungaard A, Hebbel RP, Key NS, Geng JG. Andrographolide modulates inflammation by inhibition of NF-kappa B activation through covalent modification of reduced cysteine 62 of p50, Immunol. 2004 Sep 15. Pubmed ID: 15356172.
  17. ^ Sheeja K, Shihab PK, Kuttan G. Antioxidant and inflammatory modulating activities of the plant Andrographis paniculata Nees, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2006. Pubmed ID: 16684672.
  18. ^ Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R. " Adulticidal and repellent properties of indigenous plant extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).Parasitol Res. 2011 Oct 20.
  19. ^ Chao W-W., Lin B.-F. "Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds in Andrographis paniculata (Chuanxinlian) Chinese Medicine 2010 5 Article Number 17
  20. ^ "Species Information". sun.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-07.

General references

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