Jump to content

2012 United States presidential election

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Hamiltonian (talk | contribs) at 15:25, 14 November 2012 (Results table: source wyoming). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

United States presidential election, 2012

← 2008 November 6, 2012 2016 →

538 electoral votes of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout57.5% (voting eligible)[1]
 
Nominee Barack Obama Mitt Romney
Party Democratic Republican
Home state Illinois Massachusetts
Running mate Joe Biden Paul Ryan
Electoral vote 332 206
States carried 26 + DC 24
Popular vote 62,613,405[2] 59,140,591[2]
Percentage 50.6%[3] 47.8%[3]

 

2012 United States presidential election in California2012 United States presidential election in Oregon2012 United States presidential election in Washington (state)2012 United States presidential election in Idaho2012 United States presidential election in Nevada2012 United States presidential election in Utah2012 United States presidential election in Arizona2012 United States presidential election in Montana2012 United States presidential election in Wyoming2012 United States presidential election in Colorado2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico2012 United States presidential election in North Dakota2012 United States presidential election in South Dakota2012 United States presidential election in Nebraska2012 United States presidential election in Kansas2012 United States presidential election in Oklahoma2012 United States presidential election in Texas2012 United States presidential election in Minnesota2012 United States presidential election in Iowa2012 United States presidential election in Missouri2012 United States presidential election in Arkansas2012 United States presidential election in Louisiana2012 United States presidential election in Wisconsin2012 United States presidential election in Illinois2012 United States presidential election in Michigan2012 United States presidential election in Indiana2012 United States presidential election in Ohio2012 United States presidential election in Kentucky2012 United States presidential election in Tennessee2012 United States presidential election in Mississippi2012 United States presidential election in Alabama2012 United States presidential election in Georgia2012 United States presidential election in Florida2012 United States presidential election in South Carolina2012 United States presidential election in North Carolina2012 United States presidential election in Virginia2012 United States presidential election in West Virginia2012 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia2012 United States presidential election in Maryland2012 United States presidential election in Delaware2012 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania2012 United States presidential election in New Jersey2012 United States presidential election in New York2012 United States presidential election in Connecticut2012 United States presidential election in Rhode Island2012 United States presidential election in Vermont2012 United States presidential election in New Hampshire2012 United States presidential election in Maine2012 United States presidential election in Massachusetts2012 United States presidential election in Hawaii2012 United States presidential election in Alaska2012 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia2012 United States presidential election in Maryland2012 United States presidential election in Delaware2012 United States presidential election in New Jersey2012 United States presidential election in Connecticut2012 United States presidential election in Rhode Island2012 United States presidential election in Massachusetts2012 United States presidential election in Vermont2012 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Presidential election results map
Blue denotes states/districts won by Obama/Biden
Red denotes those won by Romney/Ryan
Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state


President before election

Barack Obama
Democratic

Elected President

Barack Obama
Democratic

Template:Wikinewshas

The United States presidential election of 2012 was the 57th quadrennial presidential election and took place on November 6, 2012. The Democratic nominee, President Barack Obama, and his running mate, Vice President Joe Biden, were elected to a second term. Their major challengers were the Republican nominee and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and his running mate, Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin.

Four major debates were held during the last weeks of the campaign: three presidential and one vice-presidential. Issues debated included the economy and jobs, the national deficit, social policy, immigration and foreign policy. Prior to the election, media outlets typically said the election was too close to predict in advance,[4] although analysts using statistical models,[5] bookmakers[6] and betting markets[7] had Obama as a clear favorite to win.[8][9]

On November 6, by around 11:15 PM EST, most major television networks projected the winners would be President Obama and Vice President Biden. [10] At about 1:00 AM EST (6:00 AM GMT) on November 7, Mitt Romney conceded the election to Barack Obama, just as the polls in Alaska were closing. Compared to the Republican John McCain's performance in the previous election, Romney gained the electoral votes of North Carolina, Indiana and Nebraska's 2nd congressional district – each of which had been narrowly won by Obama in 2008. As of Saturday, November 10, the electoral outcomes of all 50 states and the District of Columbia had been definitively projected, with final vote counts still outstanding in some states.[11]

As specified in the Constitution, the 2012 presidential election coincided with the United States Senate elections where one-third of the Senators faced re-election (33 Class I seats), and the biennial United States House of Representatives elections to elect the members for the 113th Congress. Eleven gubernatorial elections and many elections for state legislatures also took place at the same time, as well as many local ballot initiatives.

Electoral college changes

The 2010 Census changed the Electoral College vote apportionment for the presidential elections from 2012 to 2020 in the states listed below.[12]

Changes in states' electoral votes (increases in blue, decreases in orange) following 2010 Census

States won by Democrats
in 2000, 2004 and 2008

  • Illinois −1
  • Massachusetts −1
  • Michigan −1
  • New Jersey −1
  • New York −2
  • Pennsylvania −1
  • Washington +1

States won by Republicans
in 2000, 2004 and 2008

  • Arizona +1
  • Georgia +1
  • Louisiana −1
  • Missouri −1
  • South Carolina +1
  • Texas +4
  • Utah +1

Remaining states

  • Florida (Democratic in 2008, Republican in 2000 and 2004) +2
  • Iowa (Democratic in 2000 and 2008, Republican in 2004) −1
  • Nevada (Democratic in 2008, Republican in 2000 and 2004) +1
  • Ohio (Democratic in 2008, Republican in 2000 and 2004) −2
The result of the 2008 presidential election
Changes from the 2000 to the 2010 census

Eight states (Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Nevada, South Carolina, Texas, Utah and Washington) gained votes, due to reapportionment based on the 2010 Census. Similarly ten states (Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania) lost votes.

In the political climate of 2012, this gave the Democratic Party a net loss of six electoral votes in states won by Al Gore, John Kerry and Obama in the past three presidential elections, rendering the party a national total of 242. Conversely, the Republican Party achieved a net gain of six electoral votes in states won by George W. Bush and McCain] in the past three presidential elections, rendering the Republican Party a national total of 180. Votes allocated to remaining states (i.e., those where the majority voted for both Democratic and Republican candidates during the last three presidential elections) remain unchanged from the national total of 115.

In 2011, several states enacted new laws, paticularly related to voter identification, that were attacked by the Democratic Party as attempts to suppress voting among its supporters and to improve the Republican Party's presidential prospects. Measures were approved in Florida, Georgia, Ohio,[13] Tennessee and West Virginia to shorten early voting periods. Florida and Iowa barred all felons from voting. Kansas, South Carolina,[14] Tennessee, Texas[15] and Wisconsin[16] began requiring voters to identify themselves with government-issued IDs before they could cast their ballots. Obama, the NAACP, and the Democratic Party fought against many of the new state laws,[17] and former President Bill Clinton denounced them, saying, "There has never been in my lifetime, since we got rid of the poll tax and all the Jim Crow burdens on voting, the determined effort to limit the franchise that we see today".[18] He said the moves would effectively disfranchise core voter blocs that trend liberal, including college students, Blacks, and Latinos.[19][20] Rolling Stone magazine criticized the American Legislative Exchange Council for lobbying in states to bring about these laws.[17] The Obama campaign fought against the Ohio law, pushing for a petition and statewide referendum to repeal it in time for the 2012 election.[21] Republicans claim they are trying to cut down on "voter fraud", although it has not been proven to be a problem in any state.

Pennsylvania proposed a plan to change its representation in the electoral college from the traditional winner-take-all model to a district-by-district model.[22] As the governorship and both houses of its legislature were Republican-controlled, and the move was viewed by some as an attempt to reduce Democratic chances.[23][24][25]

Nominations

Democratic Party

Primaries

With an incumbent president running for reelection against token opposition, the race for the Democratic nomination was largely uneventful. The nomination process consisted of primaries and caucuses, held by the 50 states, as well as Guam, Puerto Rico, Washington, D.C., U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Additionally, high-ranking party members known as superdelegates each received one vote in the convention. A few of the primary challengers surpassed the president's vote total in individual counties in several of the seven contested primaries, though none made a significant impact in the delegate count. Running unopposed everywhere else, President Obama cemented his status as the Democratic presumptive nominee on April 3, 2012 by securing the minimum number of pledged delegates needed to clinch the nomination.[26][27]

Candidates

Republican Party

The nomination process consisted of primaries and caucuses, held by the 50 states, as well as Guam, Puerto Rico, Washington, D.C., U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. The caucuses allocated delegates to the respective state delegations to the national convention, but the actual election of the delegates were many times at a later date. Delegates were elected in different ways that vary from state to state. They could be elected at local conventions, selected from slates submitted by the candidates, selected at committee meetings, or elected directly at the caucuses and primaries. Additionally, high-ranking RNC members, known as superdelegates, each received one vote in the convention.

Primaries

Candidates with considerable name recognition who entered the race for the Republican presidential nomination in the early stages of the primary campaign included: Congressman and former Libertarian nominee Ron Paul, former Governor Tim Pawlenty, who co-chaired John McCain's campaign in 2008, former Governor Mitt Romney, who was widely considered the runner-up for the nomination in the 2008 cycle, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.

The first debate took place on May 5, 2011 in Greenville, South Carolina, with businessman Herman Cain, former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson, Paul, Pawlenty, and former Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum participating. There was another about a month later, with Gingrich, Romney, former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman and Rep. Michele Bachmann participating and Johnson excluded. A total of thirteen debates were held before the Iowa caucuses.

The first major event of the campaign was the Ames Straw Poll, which took place in Iowa on August 13, 2011. Pawlenty withdrew from the race after doing poorly, as did Thaddeus McCotter, the only candidate among those who qualified for the ballot who was refused entrance into the debate.[28] Bachmann won the straw poll, and this proved to be the acme of her campaign.[29]

A segment of the conservative primary electorate found Romney to be too liberal or moderate for their tastes, and a number of potential "anti-Romney" candidates were put forward,[30][31] including Donald Trump,[32] Sarah Palin,[33] and Texas Governor Rick Perry,[34] the last of whom ultimately decided to run. He did poorly in subsequent debates, and Cain and Gingrich came into the fore.

Due to a number of scandals, Cain withdrew just before the end of the year, after getting on the ballot in several states.[35] Johnson, who had been able to get into only one other debate, withdrew in order to seek the Libertarian Party nomination.[36]

For the first time in modern GOP history, three different candidates won the first three primary contests.[37] Although Romney was thought to have won in Iowa and New Hampshire, Santorum was declared the winner (by 34 votes) in Iowa a few weeks after the caucuses.[38] Gingrich won South Carolina by a large and surprising margin.[39]

A number of candidates dropped out at this time. Bachmann, who finished fifth in Iowa, withdrew after the caucuses.[40] Huntsman withdrew after coming in third in New Hampshire, and Perry withdrew when polls showed him drawing low numbers in South Carolina.[41]

Santorum, who had previously run an essentially one-state campaign in Iowa, took his campaign national and carried three more states on February 7.[42] Romney won all other contests after South Carolina, including Florida, seen at the time as a major win over Gingrich.

The Super Tuesday primaries took place on March 6. With ten states voting and 391 delegates being allocated, it had nearly half the potential impact of its 2008 predecessor. Romney carried six states and Santorum three, while Gingrich won only in his home state of Georgia.[43] Throughout the rest of March, 266 delegates were allocated in 12 events, including all of the territorial contests and the first local conventions that allocated delegates (Wyoming's county conventions). Santorum won Kansas and three Southern primaries, but he was unable to make any gain on Romney, who remained the frontrunner after securing more than half of the delegates allocated in March.

On April 10, Santorum suspended his campaign, leaving Mitt Romney as the undisputed front-runner for the presidential nomination and Gingrich to claim he was the "last conservative" still actively campaigning for the nomination.[44] Gingrich withdrew on May 1 after a spokesman announced on April 25 that he would do so.[45] On the same day as Gingrich's spokesman announced his future withdrawal, the Republican National Committee (RNC) declared Romney the party's presumptive nominee.[46] Paul officially remained in the race, but he stopped campaigning on May 14. On May 29, Romney won the Texas 2012 Republican primaries; the subsequent accumulation of the state's 155 delegates was enough for him to clinch the party's nomination.[47]

On August 28, 2012, delegates at the Republican National Convention officially named Romney as the party's presidential nominee.[48] Romney formally accepted the delegates' nomination on August 30, 2012.[49]

Candidates

Third parties

Four other parties nominated candidates that had ballot access to 270 electoral votes, which is the minimum number needed to win the presidency through a majority of the electoral college.

Write-in states that were confirmed to have full elector slates, and included in the final ballot count, appear in bold.

Libertarian Party

Gary Johnson
  Ballot access
  Write-in access
Candidate Ballot Access:[79] The Johnson/Gray ticket is on all state ballots except in Michigan and Oklahoma where its ballot access has been challenged. (515 electoral votes)
Write-In Candidate Access:[80] Michigan – (16 electoral votes)
Total: 531 possible electoral votes

Green Party

File:Jill Stein 2012.jpg
Jill Stein
  Ballot access
  Write-in access
Candidate Ballot Access:[84] Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin – (447 electoral votes)
Write-In Candidate Access:[84] Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, Vermont, Wyoming – (11 electoral votes)
Total: 458 possible electoral votes

Constitution Party

Virgil Goode
  Ballot access
  Write-in access
Candidate Ballot Access:[87] Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming – (257 electoral votes)
Write-In Candidate Access:[87] Arizona, California, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia – (133 electoral votes)
Total: 390 possible electoral votes

Justice Party

File:Rocky Anderson speech cropped.jpg
Rocky Anderson
  Ballot access
  Write-in access
Candidate Ballot Access:[90][91][92][93] Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Washington – (145 electoral votes)
Write-In Candidate Access: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming(160 electoral votes)[94]
Total: 305 possible electoral votes

Americans Elect

  • No candidates nominated
Ballot access: Before ending its primary process, the organization had gained ballot access in 29 states with 286 electoral votes.[95]

Following the unsuccessful Unity08, Peter Ackerman started Americans Elect, a non-partisan non-profit organization, with the objective of having the first online nomination process in American history. Americans Elect's motto was "Pick a president, not a party". No candidates met the requirements of online support set out by the organization to enter into its online caucus, so on May 17 the primary process came to an end without a nominee and no AE candidate will run for President in 2012. The online caucus site is now inactive except for a home page with the phrase "See You in 2013".[96]

Peace and Freedom

Roseanne Barr, running as a Peace and Freedom Party candidate with running mate Cindy Sheehan, received about 50,000 votes, and was on the ballot in California, Colorado, and Florida.[97]

Party conventions

Map of United States showing Charlotte, Tampa, Nashville, Las Vegas, Los Angeles and Baltimore
Charlotte
Charlotte
Tampa
Tampa
Nashville
Nashville
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Baltimore
Baltimore
Sites of the 2012 National Party conventions

Other candidates

A total of 417 people filed a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission to run for President in 2012. Most did not appear on the ballot in any state in the general election on November 6.[104]

Campaigns

Debates

The Commission on Presidential Debates held four debates.[105] Candidates must appear on sufficient state-ballots to be mathematically eligible to win the presidency and achieve at least 15% support in five national polls as of the date of determination.[106] Two third party candidates were organized by Free and Equal, and co-moderated by Christina Tobin.

An independent presidential debate featuring minor party candidates took place on Tuesday October 23, at University Club of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois.[110] The debate was moderated by Larry King[111] and organized by the Free and Equal Elections Foundation.[110] Gary Johnson (Libertarian), Jill Stein (Green), Virgil Goode (Constitution) and Rocky Anderson (Justice) were the participants.[110][111] A second debate between Stein and Johnson was announced for Monday, November 5, and took place in Washington, D.C.;[112][113] it was hosted by RT,[114] and moderated by Thom Hartmann and Christina Tobin.

Election

Early voting in some of the states began in September or October and continued as late as November 5.[115] The election will proceed as follows:

  • November 6, 2012 – Election Day.
  • December 17, 2012 – Electoral College will formally elect a President and Vice President.
  • January 3, 2013 – The 113th Congress is sworn in.
  • January 6, 2013 – Electoral votes are formally counted before a joint session of Congress.
  • January 20, 2013 – Oaths of office are taken by the President and Vice President; the new presidential term starts at noon.
  • January 21, 2013 – Inauguration Day (as the 20th falls on a Sunday).[116]

The first results available were from Dixville Notch, New Hampshire, with 5 votes for Obama and 5 for Romney, and from Hart's Location, New Hampshire, with 23 votes for Obama, nine for Romney, and one for Gary Johnson. Both towns vote at midnight each election, and results are available shortly thereafter.[117] Additional results became available after the polls closed, beginning at 7 PM Eastern Time.[118]

There were several firsts this election. For the first time, a sitting President voted early. For the first time, candidates spent over $1 billion in advertising. Total cost in all campaigns was close to $5.8 billion, about $50/voter.[119]

Two astronauts on the International Space Station voted from space using ballots which were transmitted to them over the weekend.[120]

For the first time, voters in New Jersey were permitted to vote using e-mail. Election officials were not prepared for the 15 minutes it took to validate each request, and as a result, electronic voting was extended until Friday, November 9.[121][122]

Results

The election of 2012 marks the first time since 1820 that three consecutive American presidents have achieved re-election, as well as the first time since 1944 that a presidential candidate from the Democratic party has succeeded in winning a majority of the popular vote in two consecutive elections. Third-party voting was not significant. Only three candidates of the modern Democratic party have secured a majority of the popular vote in consecutive elections: Andrew Jackson, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Barack Obama. Before Obama in 2012, Ronald Reagan was the last president to win 50% or more of the popular vote in consecutive presidential elections.

In the election of 2012, only two states switched their presidential vote in comparison to the last election: Indiana and North Carolina. In addition, Romney won Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, which Obama won in 2008. All of the other states carried by Obama in 2008 remained in his column. In American history, there has been only one other contested re-election campaign that saw only two states switch sides, the election of 1888, in which Indiana and New York moved from the Democratic column to the Republican column to deny Grover Cleveland re-election in favor of Benjamin Harrison. Obama became only the second Democrat (after Bill Clinton) to win the White House without winning North Carolina.

The presidential election of 2012 marked the end of a 20-year period of six presidential elections in which the Republican party lost the popular vote five times. Since the foundation of the modern Republican party in the 1850s, there have only been two similar periods in which it won the popular vote in only one of six consecutive presidential elections: 1928-1948 and 1932-1952. The modern Democratic party failed to win the popular vote more than once during two twenty-year periods of six presidential elections: 1860-1880 and 1968-1988. No American political party has ever won the popular vote in six consecutive presidential elections.

2012 United States presidential election in California2012 United States presidential election in Oregon2012 United States presidential election in Washington (state)2012 United States presidential election in Idaho2012 United States presidential election in Nevada2012 United States presidential election in Utah2012 United States presidential election in Arizona2012 United States presidential election in Montana2012 United States presidential election in Wyoming2012 United States presidential election in Colorado2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico2012 United States presidential election in North Dakota2012 United States presidential election in South Dakota2012 United States presidential election in Nebraska2012 United States presidential election in Kansas2012 United States presidential election in Oklahoma2012 United States presidential election in Texas2012 United States presidential election in Minnesota2012 United States presidential election in Iowa2012 United States presidential election in Missouri2012 United States presidential election in Arkansas2012 United States presidential election in Louisiana2012 United States presidential election in Wisconsin2012 United States presidential election in Illinois2012 United States presidential election in Michigan2012 United States presidential election in Indiana2012 United States presidential election in Ohio2012 United States presidential election in Kentucky2012 United States presidential election in Tennessee2012 United States presidential election in Mississippi2012 United States presidential election in Alabama2012 United States presidential election in Georgia2012 United States presidential election in Florida2012 United States presidential election in South Carolina2012 United States presidential election in North Carolina2012 United States presidential election in Virginia2012 United States presidential election in West Virginia2012 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia2012 United States presidential election in Maryland2012 United States presidential election in Delaware2012 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania2012 United States presidential election in New Jersey2012 United States presidential election in New York2012 United States presidential election in Connecticut2012 United States presidential election in Rhode Island2012 United States presidential election in Vermont2012 United States presidential election in New Hampshire2012 United States presidential election in Maine2012 United States presidential election in Massachusetts2012 United States presidential election in Hawaii2012 United States presidential election in Alaska2012 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia2012 United States presidential election in Maryland2012 United States presidential election in Delaware2012 United States presidential election in New Jersey2012 United States presidential election in Connecticut2012 United States presidential election in Rhode Island2012 United States presidential election in Massachusetts2012 United States presidential election in Vermont2012 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states/districts won by Obama/Biden, and Red denotes those won by Romney/Ryan. Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state.
Candidate (Party) Electoral
votes
States
carried
Popular
vote
Pct.
bgcolor="Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color"| Obama (Democratic) 332 26+DC 62,600,051 50.61%
bgcolor="Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color" width=10px | Romney (Republican) 206 24 59,123,945 47.80%
bgcolor="Template:Libertarian Party (United States)/meta/color"| Johnson (Libertarian) 0 0 1,211,209 0.98%
bgcolor="Template:Green Party (United States)/meta/color"| Stein (Green) 0 0 431,458 0.35%
bgcolor="Template:Constitution Party (United States)/meta/color"| Goode (Constitution) 0 0 118,161 0.10%
bgcolor="Template:Peace and Freedom Party (United States)/meta/color"| Barr (Peace and Freedom) 0 0 56,349 0.05%
bgcolor="Template:Justice Party (United States)/meta/color"| Anderson (Justice) 0 0 38,706 0.03%
Hoefling (America's) 0 0 33,509 0.03%
Others 0 0 71,884 0.06%
Total   538 50+DC 123,685,272 100.00%

Popular vote count is preliminary. Many states will not certify their results until late November or early December.[123][124][125]Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).[126]

Vote by state

Visualizations

Cartogram of the electoral vote results, with each square representing one electoral vote.
Treemap of votes by county, state and locally predominant recipient.
The Empire State Building was lit blue when CNN called Ohio for Obama, projecting him the winner of the election; had Romney won, it would have been lit red.[127]
Graph of Electoral votes won by each candidate in the 2012 Presidential Election and their margins of victory in each state. Data from the New York Times

The following are preliminary vote counts and projected wins for either Obama or Romney, sources are from various networks.[128]

Results table

State Electoral
votes
Projected winner Obama Romney Johnson Stein Goode Barr Anderson Others Total
Alabama 9 Romney 793,620 1,252,453 12,283 3,382 2,961 2,064,699
Alaska[129] 3 Romney 102,138 136,848 6,131 2,366 2,344 249,827
Arizona[130] 11 Romney 929,422 1,114,974 28,556 7,048 7,011 2,114,011
Arkansas 6 Romney 391953 644123 16179 9257 1722 1063234
California[131] 55 Obama 6414573 4136120 115068 68301 42970 31297 10808329
Connecticut 7 Obama 1252679 1135403 32939 7019 5902 4653 1194 5223 2445012
Colorado 9 Obama 912531 631432 12628 5596 751 1562938
Delaware 3 Obama 242547 165476 3882 1939 413844
Florida 29 Obama 4235270 4162081 44681 8933 2603 8147 1753 6774 8470242
Georgia 16 Romney 1772586 2078027 45302 3895915
Hawaii 4 Obama 306545 120975 3838 3181 434539
Idaho 4 Romney 212699 420390 9454 4401 2220 2497 651661
Illinois 20 Obama 2916811 2090116 54798 29336 5091061
Indiana 11 Romney 1151893 1414883 50041 248 112 61 2617238
Iowa 6 Obama 816429 727928 12825 3739 3022 8720 1572663
Kansas 6 Romney 427918 678719 19870 4737 1131244
Kentucky 8 Romney 679357 1087136 17062 6337 6873 1796765
Louisiana 8 Romney 808441 1152122 18149 6971 2499 1366 3651 1993199
Maine1 4 Obama 397754 290437 13446 9101 710738
Maryland 10 Obama 1591435 943759 28793 16242 9812 2590041
Massachusetts 11 Obama 1900575 1177370 30526 19663 3128134
Michigan 16 Obama 2560016 2111141 21831 16106 5145 4714239
Minnesota 10 Obama 1546021 1320048 35095 13023 3721 1992 16317 2936217
Mississippi 6 Romney 528260 674302 6408 1534 2531 1213035
Missouri 10 Romney 1215043 1478976 43030 7914 2744963
Montana 3 Romney 199008 265995 13978 478981
Nebraska1 5 Romney 290758 464696 10648 2348 768450
Nevada 6 Obama 529005 462607 10908 3234 5753 1011507
New Hampshire 4 Obama 368529 327870 8319 1156 705874
New Jersey 14 Obama 1960744 1383233 19483 9036 1911 3374407
New Mexico 5 Obama 409298 332826 27433 2653 976 1148 774334
New York 29 Obama 3875826 2226637 42452 35595 6371 6186881
North Carolina 15 Romney 2178388 2275853 44798 4499039
North Dakota 3 Romney 124564 187717 5218 1358 1182 1851 321890
Ohio 18 Obama 2697260 2593779 47287 17860 12148 5368334
Oklahoma 7 Romney 443547 891325 1334872
Oregon 7 Obama 932459 732288 22909 18547 3130 15054 1724387
Pennsylvania 20 Obama 2907448 2619583 48758 20710 5596499
Rhode Island 4 Obama 279244 157088 4380 2416 430 416 1509 445483
South Carolina 9 Romney 857713 1066191 16282 5402 4782 1950370
South Dakota 3 Romney 144997 210560 5795 2371 363723
Tennessee 11 Romney 959054 1459965 18569 6498 6014 2633 1737 2454470
Texas 38 Romney 3294482 4555857 88111 24450 804 273 691 7964668
Utah 6 Romney 229463 671747 11071 3378 2572 4725 345 923301
Vermont 3 Obama 199239 92698 3487 1128 2738 299290
Virginia 13 Obama 1964049 1820512 31154 8598 13309 7063 3844685
Washington [132] 12 Obama 1620432 1210369 37732 18316 8071 4332 2247 2901499
Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C. 3 Obama 222332 17337 1634 2045 647 243995
West Virginia 5 Romney 234925 412406 6204 4341 3767 661643
Wisconsin 10 Obama 1613950 1408745 20278 7598 5088 1143 3056802
Wyoming[133] 3 Romney 68,584 169,475 5,282 1,394 2,010 246,745
Totals 538 62,711,814 59,189,598 1,213,154 432,653 109,256 55,770 37,328 166,344 123,915,917
Percentage 50.61% 47.77% 0.98% 0.35% 0.09% 0.05% 0.03% 0.13% 100.00%

1 Maine and Nebraska each allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates. In the 2012 election, all four of Maine's electoral votes were won by Obama and all five of Nebraska's electoral votes were won by Romney.[134]

Notable races

Red font color denotes states won by Republican Mitt Romney; blue denotes those won by Democrat Barack Obama.

States/districts where the margin of victory was under 5% (84 electoral votes):[3]

  1. Florida, 0.9%
  2. Ohio, 1.9%
  3. North Carolina, 2.2%
  4. Virginia, 3.7%[135]
  5. Colorado, 4.7%

States/districts where margin of victory was more than 5% but less than 10% (103 electoral votes):

  1. Pennsylvania, 5.1%
  2. Iowa, 5.7%
  3. New Hampshire, 5.8%
  4. Nevada, 6.6%
  5. Wisconsin, 6.7%
  6. Minnesota, 7.6%
  7. Georgia, 8.0%
  8. Michigan, 8.5%
  9. Missouri, 9.6%
  10. New Mexico, 9.9%
Results on a county-wide level.

Romney's concession

After the networks called Ohio for Barack Obama, Mitt Romney was at first reluctant to concede the race, as many counties in Ohio were still outstanding. Once Colorado was called for the President, however, in tandem with Obama's apparent lead in Florida, Romney realized he had lost and conceded. Despite public polling suggesting Romney was behind in the swing states, his campaign was genuinely surprised by the loss, having believed that public polling was oversampling Democrats.[136] One factor was a disorganization in getting voters to the polls, in project Orca.[137] The Romney campaign had already set up a transition website, and had scheduled and purchased a fireworks display to celebrate his expected victory.[138]

Reactions

Financial markets, the media and other countries' political leaderships reacted with both positive and mixed messages. Most world leaders congratulated and praised Barack Obama on his re-election victory; however, Venezuela and some other states had tempered reactions; Pakistan commented that Romney's defeat made Pakistan-United States relations more safe. Notably, international reactions came from Kenya, where Sarah Obama led the celebration.[139] Global stock markets fell noticeably after the President's re-election. Specifically, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ and S&P 500 all fell over two percent the day after the election.[140] Reasons given for the sharp drop were the potential "fiscal cliff" looming over the United States, because of a split Congress; in addition, speculators are hedging on differences between the Executive and the House of Representatives as a result of differing political control of each institution. They also have renewed concerns about Europe's debt crisis following warnings given by the European Central Bank's President.[141][142]

Cabinet reshuffle

Obama's first priority was said to be finding a replacement for Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, with White House Chief of Staff Jack Lew rumored to take over.[143] The timing of this announcement was read by the media as crucial, because the "fiscal cliff" of tax hikes and budget cuts is due to begin in 2013 if no debt-reduction agreement is reached between the White House and Congress.[144] Hillary Clinton has said she is ready to leave the Secretary of State position in 2013; Susan Rice, the incumbent U.S. Ambassador to the UN, is rumored to replace her; Senator other candidates mentioned have been John Kerry and Tom Donilon, the National Security Adviser. Additionally, the Secretary of Defence Leon Panetta, Director of National Intelligence James Clapper and U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk may leave their posts.[145] Former Senate majority leader Tom Daschle said: "The first thing is to try to find a way out of the box we're in with regards to the fiscal cliff. When the new Congress convenes they'll begin the nominating process for what I expect will be a good number of vacancies.[146]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Election results 2012: Voter turnout lower than 2008 and 2004, report says". ABC 15. November 13, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
  2. ^ a b "Election Results: Presidential, Governor, Congressional". NBC News. November 14, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
  3. ^ a b c "Pollster: Pictures, Videos, Breaking News". Huffington Post. November 10, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  4. ^ For example, the Financial Post (from Reuters) [1], Forbes [2], and Globe & Mail [3] all described the election as "too close to call".
  5. ^ FiveThirtyEight, Pollster, Princeton Consortium, Votamatic
  6. ^ "BlueSquare". Bluesq.com. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  7. ^ Intrade, Betfair
  8. ^ "Leighton Vaughan Williams: Prediction Markets: The Other Big Winners on Election Night". Huffingtonpost.com. June 14, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  9. ^ "Drew Linzer: The stats man who predicted Obama's win". BBC News. November 8, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  10. ^ "Obama's Night", The New York Times, CBS News, CNN, Fox News and NBC News all projected that Mr. Obama would defeat Mr. Romney after concluding that he would win the necessary 270 electoral votes.
  11. ^ Lush, Tamara (November 10, 2012). "Obama Wins Fla., Topping Romney in Final Tally". Associated Press. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  12. ^ "Table 1. Apportionment Population and Number of Representatives, by State: 2010 Census" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. December 21, 2010. Retrieved December 30, 2010.
  13. ^ "David Callahan: Ohio's Voter ID Law and the 2012 Election". The Huffington Post. March 25, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  14. ^ "New SC voter ID requirements clears Senate". WCBD-TV 2. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  15. ^ "Rick Perry's agenda may signal run for W.H. – Andy Barr". Politico.Com. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  16. ^ "The Next Election: The Surprising Reality by Andrew Hacker". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  17. ^ a b Ari Berman (August 30, 2011). "The GOP War on Voting". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  18. ^ "Bill Clinton likens GOP effort to Jim Crow laws – Darren Samuelsohn". Politico.Com. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  19. ^ Sonmez, Felicia (May 23, 2011). "Republicans rewriting state election laws in ways that could hurt Democrat". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  20. ^ "38-states-rigging-voting-rules-for-GOP". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  21. ^ Provanceblade, Jim. "Politics". Toledo Blade. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  22. ^ "Pennsylvania's 'Democrat-screwing' 2012 'genius plan'". The Week. September 15, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  23. ^ Olson, Laura (September 13, 2011). "Change proposed for state's electoral vote process". Post-gazette.com. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  24. ^ Rosenbaum, Ron (September 13, 2011). "Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat-Screwing Electoral Plan". Slate.com. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  25. ^ "Pennsylvania GOP looks to split electoral votes". The Washington Times. September 15, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  26. ^ Jackson, David (April 4, 2012)"It's official: Obama clinches Democratic nomination", USA Today. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  27. ^ (April 4, 2012) "Obama Clinches Democratic Nomination", CNN. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  28. ^ Summers, Juana (August 11, 2011). "Barred hopefuls make debate plans". Politico. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  29. ^ Goldman, Russell (July 5, 2012). "Michele Bachmann Drops Out of Presidential Race". ABC News.
  30. ^ Reid, Tim (January 9, 2012). "Romney's rivals running out of time to stop him". Reuters. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  31. ^ Norington, Brad "Romney has money but lacks conviction", The Australian. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  32. ^ Cohn, Alicia M. "Trump says Romney lacks the 'courage' to participate in Newsmax debate", The Hill. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  33. ^ Stanley, Timothy (March 30, 2012) "If only Sarah Palin had run ...", CNN. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  34. ^ Cohen, Tom; Silverleib, Alan (September 1, 2011) "Seeking the 'anti-Romney' in the Republican presidential race", CNN.com. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  35. ^ "Herman Cain suspends presidential campaign". Newsday. December 3, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  36. ^ Stewart, Rebecca (December 28, 2011). "'Liberated' Gary Johnson seeks Libertarian nomination". CNN. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
  37. ^ Knickerbocker, Brad (January 21, 2012). "Newt Gingrich wins South Carolina. Can he do the same in Florida?". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  38. ^ Rick Santorum Is Declared Winner of Iowa Caucuses by State Party Leaders" (January 21, 2012). Bloomberg News.
  39. ^ Begala, Paul (January 21, 2012). "Newt Gingrich's Surprise Win in South Carolina Panics Republicans".
  40. ^ Sarah Wheaton, "Bachmann Says She Will Not Continue in the Race" (January 4, 2012). The New York Times.
  41. ^ Zeleny, Jeff; Shear, Michael D. (January 19, 2012). "Perry to End Bid for Presidency". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2012. {{cite news}}: More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)
  42. ^ Madison, Lucy (February 8, 2012) "Santorum hopes to build momentum from 3-state sweep", CBS News. Retrieved August 27, 2012
  43. ^ "Results: March 6, 2012 – Super Tuesday", CNN. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  44. ^ Gabriel, Trip (April 10, 2012) "Gingrich Says He's in the Race to the End", The New York Times.
  45. ^ "Overheard on CNN.com: What brought down Gingrich's campaign? What's next?", CNN. April 25, 2012.
  46. ^ Shear, Michael D. (April 25, 2012). "Republican National Committee Backs Romney". The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  47. ^ Holland, Steve (May 30, 2012) "Romney clinches Republican 2012 nomination in Texas", Reuters. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  48. ^ Caldwell, Leigh Ann (August 28, 2012). "Republican delegates nominate Mitt Romney". CBS News. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  49. ^ O'Brien, Michael (August 30, 2012) "Romney accepts nomination, says 'The time has come to turn the page' ", NBC News. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  50. ^ "Mitt Romney announces bid to be US president in 2012", BBC. June 2, 2011
  51. ^ Elliott, Philip (June 2, 2011). "Romney opens presidential bid — he's got company". Deseret News. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  52. ^ Good, Chris (May 14, 2012). "Ron Paul to Stop Campaigning in New States". ABC News. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  53. ^ Marr, Kendra (May 11, 2011). "Newt Gingrich running for president". Politico. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ Shear, Michael (May 11, 2011) "Video: Gingrich Announces for President", The New York Times. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  55. ^ Montopoli, Brian (May 2, 2012) "Newt Gingrich suspends presidential campaign", CBS News. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  56. ^ George, Stephanopoulos (June 6, 2011). "Rick Santorum Will Run for President: 'We're In It to Win'". ABC News. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  57. ^ Salant, Jonathan D. (June 6, 2011). "Ex-Pennsylvania Senator Santorum Announces '12 Republican Presidential Bid". Bloomberg News. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  58. ^ "Republican Rick Santorum announces presidential run". The Patriot News. Associated Press. June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  59. ^ "Roemer kicks off 2012 presidential bid". KRQE. July 21, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  60. ^ McKinnon, Mark (July 21, 2011). "Listen to Candidate Roemer". The Daily Beast. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  61. ^ "Texas Gov. Rick Perry Jumps In Presidential Race". ABC News. August 11, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  62. ^ Hamby, Peter (January 19, 2012). "BREAKING: Perry drops out, endorses Gingrich". CNN. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
  63. ^ Reston, Maeve (August 13, 2011). "Texas Gov. Rick Perry declares GOP presidential bid". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  64. ^ "Huntsman's sly web strategy", The Hill. May 11, 2011.
  65. ^ "Jon Huntsman: My Mormonism is 'tough to define'", Politico. May 12, 2011.
  66. ^ Rucker, Philip (January 4, 2012). "Michele Bachmann drops out of GOP race after Iowa caucuses". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
  67. ^ Rosenwald, Michael S. (June 14, 2011). "Michele Bachmann files paperwork to run for president". The Washington Post.
  68. ^ Burns, Alexander (June 13, 2011). "Michele Bachmann is in". Politico. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  69. ^ Camia, Catalina (April 21, 2011). "Ex-N.M. governor Gary Johnson announces for president". USA Today.
  70. ^ "Gary Johnson throws his hat into the GOP presidential ring, will he be the 2012 Ron Paul?". Los Angeles Times.
  71. ^ Green, Joshua (May 21, 2011) "Herman Cain Makes It Official", The Atlantic. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  72. ^ Creed, Ryan (May 21, 2011) "Herman Cain, Former CEO of Godfather's Pizza, Announces His Candidacy", ABC News. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  73. ^ Madison, Lucy (July 1, 2011). "Michigan Rep. Thaddeus McCotter to jump into Republican presidential race". CBS News. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  74. ^ Summers, Juana (July 20, 2011). "Candidates face off on Twitter". Politico. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  75. ^ Bakst, Brian (August 14, 2011). "Ex-Minn. Gov. Tim Pawlenty ends White House bid". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  76. ^ Reinhard, Beth (August 13, 2011). "Bachmann Boom; TPaw Bust?". National Journal. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  77. ^ "Libertarians nominate ex-Governor Gary Johnson for president". Reuters. May 5, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  78. ^ Riggs, Mike (May 5, 2012). "Judge Jim Gray Is the 2012 Libertarian Party Vice Presidential Nominee". Reason Online. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  79. ^ "Ballot Access of the Libertarian Party". Libertarian Party. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  80. ^ Winger, Richard (September 20, 2012) "Michigan Will Canvass Gary Johnson Write-in Votes", Ballot Access News. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  81. ^ a b "Mass. doctor Jill Stein wins Green Party's presidential nod". USA Today. Associated Press. July 14, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  82. ^ Kilar, Steve (July 14, 2012). "Green Party nominates Jill Stein for president at Baltimore convention". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  83. ^ Steinmetz, Katy (July 11, 2012) "The Green Team: Jill Stein's Third-Party Bid to Shake Up 2012", TIME.com. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  84. ^ a b "Ballot Access of the Green Party". Jill Stein for President. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
  85. ^ "Goode gets Constitution Party's nomination for president". The Roanoke Times. April 21, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  86. ^ "Constitution Party Convention Wrap-Up: vice Presidential Candidate and Officer Elections". Independent Political Report. April 21, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  87. ^ a b "Constitution Party ballot access". Virgil Goode for President. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  88. ^ Gehrke, Robert (July 17, 2012). "Rocky picks activist-author as his VP running mate". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
  89. ^ Schwarz, Hunter (January 13, 2012). "Rocky Anderson accepts his newly-formed party's presidential nomination". Deseret News. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
  90. ^ "Utah valid". Ballot Access News. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  91. ^ Winger, Richard. "Oregon Progressive Party Nominates Rocky Anderson for President". Ballot Access News. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  92. ^ "Candidates for President" (PDF). New Jersey Department of State — Division of Elections. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
  93. ^ "Ballot Access News » Blog Archive » Independent Party of Connecticut Nominates Rocky Anderson for President". Ballot-access.org. August 21, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
  94. ^ "Ballot Access News for Anderson Rodriguez 2012". Voterocky.org. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
  95. ^ "Maryland 29th state with AE ballot access". Americans Elect. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
  96. ^ "Americans Elect (home page)". Americans Elect. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  97. ^ "Roseanne Barr is running for president - check out 5 of her goals". Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  98. ^ Winger, Richard (November 18, 2010) "2012 Constitution Party National Convention Set for Nashville", Ballot Access News. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
  99. ^ Myers, Laura (November 30, 2010) "Las Vegas will host Libertarian convention" Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  100. ^ Cristina Silva (May 5, 2012). "Gary Johnson Wins 2012 Libertarian Nomination". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
  101. ^ "Green Party National Convention will be in Baltimore". Ballot Access News. November 11, 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
  102. ^ Barr, Andy,; Mike Allen (May 12, 2010) "Republicans pick Tampa for 2012 convention", Politico. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
  103. ^ Falcone, Michael (February 1, 2011). "2012 Democratic National Convention To Be Held In Charlotte, N.C." ABC News. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  104. ^ "2012 Presidential Form 2 Filers". Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  105. ^ "Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2012 General Election", Commission on Presidential Debates.
  106. ^ "2012 Candidate Selection Criteria", Commission on Presidential Debates.
  107. ^ a b c d Kiely, Kathy (October 31, 2011). "Fall 2012 Presidential Debates Set". National Journal. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
  108. ^ a b c d Blake, Aaron (August 13, 2012) "Presidential debate moderators announced: Crowley is first woman in 20 years", The Washington Post. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  109. ^ Little, Morgan (July 25, 2012) "Presidential debate formats announced, feature town hall", Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
  110. ^ a b c Sullivan, Sean (October 23, 2012). "Third-party candidates debate: United against Obama, Romney". The Seattle Times. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
  111. ^ a b October 17, 2012. "Larry King to moderate third-party debate". CBS News. Associated Press. Retrieved October 18, 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  112. ^ Falkenthal, Gayle (October 28, 2012). "Third party Presidential debate date changed to Nov. 5 due to Hurricane Sandy". The Washington Times. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  113. ^ Hicks, Josh (October 24, 2012). "Another third party debate in the works". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
  114. ^ "RT to host final US presidential third-party debate". RT.com. October 26, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  115. ^ "Early Voting 2012 Presidential Election". Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  116. ^ "Schumer Elected as Chair of 2013 Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  117. ^ "Dixville Notch voters split between Obama, Romney". November 6, 2012.
  118. ^ "Poll Closing Times".
  119. ^ "2012 election costs could reach record $5.8 billion". Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  120. ^ "Two astronauts cast ballot from outer space". Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  121. ^ "New Jersey lets Sandy victims vote via e-mail". Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  122. ^ "N.J. Extends Email Voting to Friday, Other States Hurry to Fix Polling Problems". Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  123. ^ "Results for the November 2012 General Election". National Association of Secretaries of State. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  124. ^ "Election Results". Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  125. ^ "Working Totals for Third Party Presidential Candidates". Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  126. ^ "US President - Popular Vote". Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  127. ^ Empire State Building lights up to broadcast election results, Charlie Wells, New York Daily News, November 6, 2012
  128. ^ "Presidential Network Calls". Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  129. ^ "GEMS ELECTION RESULTS". Retrieved November 14, 2012.
  130. ^ "AZ - Election Results". Retrieved November 14, 2012.
  131. ^ "President - Statewide Results". Retrieved November 14, 2012.
  132. ^ "President/Vice-President". Retrieved November 14, 2012.
  133. ^ "Statewide Candidates Unofficial Summary" (PDF). Retrieved November 14, 2012.
  134. ^ politico.com Maine and Nebraska. . Retrieved Nov 10, 2012.
  135. ^ http://electionresults.virginia.gov/resultsCTY.aspx?type=PRE&rid=3545232527424045364&osn=0&map=CTY
  136. ^ "Adviser: Romney "shellshocked" by loss". CBS News. November 8, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  137. ^ Joel B. Pollack (November 8, 2012), "Exclusive - Inside Orca: How the Romney Campaign Suppressed Its Own Vote", breitbart.com
  138. ^ "Romney campaign spent $25,000 on fireworks". Boston Globe. November 9, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  139. ^ "World reaction to Barack Obama's victory". Associated Press. November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  140. ^ Cheng, Jonathan (November 7, 2012). "Dow's 300-Point Slide Takes It Back to August Levels". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  141. ^ "Market Reflections". Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  142. ^ "Stock Market News for November 8, 2012". Retrieved November 12, 2012.
  143. ^ "Jack Lew, Tim Geithner's Possible Replacement As Treasury Secretary, Could Disappoint". Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  144. ^ "Hillary Clinton, Timothy Geithner likely to leave Obama's team". Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  145. ^ "UN Envoy Susan Rice Is Top Candidate to Succeed Clinton". Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  146. ^ "Change coming to Obama's team, just not right away". Retrieved November 10, 2012.

Further reading

  • Mayer, William G.; Bernstein, Jonathan, eds. (2012). The Making of the Presidential Candidates, 2012. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1170-4. Scholars explore nominations in the post-public-funding era, digital media and campaigns, television coverage, and the Tea Party.