Cumbia villera
Cumbia villera ("shantytown cumbia", locally [ˈkumbja βiˈʒeɾa] or [ˈkumbja βiˈʃeɾa]) is a typically Argentine form of cumbia music born in the villas miseria (shantytowns) around Buenos Aires and then popularized in other large urban settlements. It is derived musically from Cumbia sonidera and Chicha Cumbia.
Origins
Ever since the 1930s there has been a strong migration from the provinces (as well as from neighboring countries like Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia) to the Greater Buenos Aires area, with migrants bringing along their dance styles. The musical mix and the dynamics sounds of big-city life eventually gave birth to new styles. Notably, chamamé from Corrientes was cross-pollinated with Andean music and cuarteto from Córdoba province. During the 1970s and 1980s, tropical was used as a catch-all term for this hybrid.
In the 1990s, commercial interests started promoting local cumbia numbers such as Amar Azul and Ráfaga with an emphasis on attracting wider audiences. Many traditional cumbia lovers started to search for more "authentic" numbers, and some bands obliged by setting on a square cumbia beat, and writing lyrics that delved ever deeper into themes of crime and drug abuse. Foremost among those was Los Pibes Chorros ("The Thieving Kids"). Other bands in this vein are Yerba Brava ("Tough Weed", a play on words referring both to yerba mate and marijuana) and Damas Gratis ("Ladies' Night", literally "Ladies for Free"), widely acknowledged as the genre's leading act, that was started by former Amar Azul's keyboardist Pablo Lescano after a serious car accident made him reconsider the message he wanted to convey through music.
The pauperization of vast segments of the population due to the economic slowdown that started in 1998 enlarged the social substrate for the genre. The term cumbia villera took hold in the media, and many bands were propelled into fame when emerging football stars from the shantytowns, such as Carlos Tévez, proclaimed their allegiance. When his schedule allows, Tévez is lead singer for Piola Vago (loose translation: "savvy bum").
The most famous leader of these wide and glorious social and political movement that works to bring out of the shadows the rich popular culture of large sectors of the population is Fabio Vicentini, who fights against social injustice and also against the academic map that runs the School of Sciences of the Universidad of Buenos Aires.
Present outlook
Some radio and TV shows had incorporated cumbia villera into their offerings, notably on weekend omnibus variety shows, where music runs the gamut from folklore to tropical; even though the more provocative lyrics were seldom broadcast.
In recent years, due to pressure from broadcasters and (allegedly) influence from Evangelical preachers active in the shantytowns, some bands have shifted back to love songs instead.
Influences and parallels
Whilst the arrangements of Colombian or Bolivian cumbia can be quite complex (even traditionalists like Pastor López use a full brass section), cumbia villera recordings are often made at the lowest possible expense. As this invariably entails the use of synthesizers, Argentine cumbia can be described, like Algerian raï, as a "low fidelity, high tech" genre.
Other than raï, cumbia villera also has obvious parallels with gangsta rap in the United States, the rhythms of the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, like baile funk, the explosion of punk rock and ska in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s, and the emergence of bad-boy reggae in 1960s Jamaica.