Philosophy of logic
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Following the developments in Formal logic with symbolic logic in the late nineteenth century and mathematical logic in the twentieth, topics traditionally treated by logic not being part of formal logic have tended to be termed either philosophy of logic or philosophical logic if no longer simply logic.
Compared to the history of logic the demarcation between philosophy of logic and philosophical logic is of recent coinage and not always entirely clear. Characterisations include
- Philosophy of logic is the arena of philosophy devoted to examining the scope and nature of logic.[1]
- Philosophy of logic is the investigation, critical analysis and intellectual reflection on issues arising in logic. The field is considered to be distinct from philosophical logic.
- Philosophical logic is the branch of logic concerning aspects other than or outside of formal logic.[citation needed]
- Philosophical logic is the application of formal logical techniques to philosophical problems.[2]
This article outlines issues in philosophy of logic or provides links to relevant articles or both.
Introduction
This article makes use the following terms and concepts:
Truth
Parmenides said To say that that which is, is not or that which is not is, is a falsehood; and to say that which is, is and that which is not is not, is true[3]
This apparent truism has not proved unproblematic.
Truthbearers
Logic uses such terms as true, false, inconsistent, valid, and self-contradictory. Questions arise as Strawson (1952) writes[4]
(a) when we use these words of logical appraisal, what is it exactly that we are appraising? and (b) how does logical appraisal become possible?
- See also: Sentence, Statement, Proposition.
Tarski's definition of Truth
See:-
- Semantic theory of truth#Tarski's Theory
- T-schema
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Tarski's Truth Definitions
- Self-reference:2.1 Consequences of the Semantic Paradoxes in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Analytic Truths, Logical truth, Validity, Logical consequence and Entailment
Since the use, meaning, if not the meaningfulness, of the terms is part of the debate, it is possible only to give the following working definitions for the purposes of the discussion:
- A necessary truth is one that is true no matter what the state of the world or, as it is sometimes put, in all possible worlds.[5]
- Logical truths are those necessary truths that are necessarily true owing to the meaning of their logical constants only.[6]
- In formal logic a logical truth is just a "statement" (string of symbols in which no variable occurs free) which is true under all possible interpretations.
- An analytic truth is one whose predicate concept is contained in its subject concept.
The concept of logical truth is intimately linked with those of validity, logical consequence and entailment (as well as self-contradiction, necessarily false &c.).
- If q is a logical truth, then p therefore q will be a valid argument.
- If p1, p2, p3...pn therefore q is a valid argument then its corresponding conditional (logic) will be a logical truth.
- If p1 & p2 & p3...pn entails q then If (p1 & p2 & p3..pn) then q is a logical truth.
- If q is a logical consequence of p1 & p2 & p3...pn if and only if p1 & p2 & p3...pn entails q and if and only if If (p1 & p2 & p3..pn) then q is a logical truth
Issues that arise include:
- If there are truths that must be true, what makes them so?
- Are there analytic truths that are not logical truths?
- Are there necessary truths that are not analytic truths?
- Are there necessary truths that are not logical truths?
- Is the distinction between analytic truth and synthetic truth spurious?
see also [1]
Paradox
Meaning and reference
See
- Sense and reference
- Theory of reference
- Mediated reference theory
- Direct reference theory
- Causal theory of reference (section References)
- Descriptivist theory of names (section References)
- Saul Kripke (section References)
- Frege's Puzzle (section New Theories of Reference and the Return of Frege's Puzzle)
- Gottlob Frege (section References)
- Fictional beings and reference failure (section References)
- Rigid designator (section Causal-Historical Theory of Reference)
- Philosophy of language (section References)
- Index of philosophy of language articles
- Supposition theory (section References)
- Referring expression
- Meaning (philosophy of language)
- Denotation Connotation
- Extension Intension
- Extensional definition
- Intensional definition
- Metacommunicative competence
- Absent referent
Names and descriptions
- Fictional beings and reference failure
- Proper name (philosophy)
- Definite description
- Descriptivist theory of names
- Theory of descriptions
- Singular term
- Term logic#Singular terms
- Empty name
- Bas van Fraassen#Singular Terms, Truth-value Gaps, and Free Logic
- The Foundations of Arithmetic#Development of Frege's own view of a number
- Philosophy of language#references
- direct reference
- Mediated reference theory
Formal and material consequence
- The problem of the material conditional: see Material conditional
Logical constants and connectives
Quantifiers and quantificational theory
Modal logic
Deviant logics
Classical v. non-classical logics
Philosophical theories of logic
- Conceptualism
- Constructivism
- Dialetheism
- Fictionalism
- Finitism
- Formalism
- Intuitionism
- Logical atomism
- Logicism
- Nominalism
- Realism
- Platonic realism
- Structuralism
Other Topics
- Leibniz's Law: see Identity of indiscernibles
- Vacuous names
- Do predicates have properties?: See Second-order logic
- Sense, Reference, Connotation, Denotation, Extension, Intension
- The status of the Laws of Logic
- Classical Logic
- Intuitionism
- Realism: see Platonic realism, Philosophical realism
- The Law of Excluded Middle: see Law of excluded middle
- Modality, Intensionality and Propositional Attitude
- Counter-factuals
- Psychologism
See also
Resources
- Haack, Susan. 1978. Philosophy of Logics. Cambridge University Press. (ISBN 0-521-29329-4)
- Quine, W. V. O. 2004. Philosophy of Logic. 2nd ed. Harvard University Press. (ISBN 0-674-66563-5)
References
- ^ Audi, Robert, ed. (1999). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (2nd ed.). CUP.
- ^ Russell, Gillian Thoughts, Arguments, and Rants, Jc's Column.
- ^ Aristotle, Metaphysics,Books Γ, Δ, Ε 2nd edition 1011b25 (1993) trans Kirwan,: OUP
- ^ name="Strawson 1952" Strawson, P.F. (1952). Introduction to Logical Theory. Methuen: London. p. 3.
- ^ Wolfram (1989) p. 80
- ^ Wolfram (1989), p.273
Important figures
Important figures in the philosophy of logic include (but are not limited to):
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Philosophers of logic
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Literature
- Fisher Jennifer, On the Philosophy of Logic, Thomson Wadworth, 2008, ISBN 978-0-495-00888-0
- Goble, Lou, ed., 2001. (The Blackwell Guide to) Philosophical Logic. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-20693-0.
- Grayling, A. C., 1997. An Introduction to Philosophical Logic. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19982-9.
- Jacquette, Dale, ed., 2002. A Companion to Philosophical Logic. Oxford Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-4575-7.
- Kneale, W&M (1962). The development of logic. Oxford.
- McGinn, Colin, 2000. Logical Properties: Identity, Existence, Predication, Necessity, Truth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926263-2.
- Quine, Willard Van Orman (1970). Philosophy Of Logic. Prentice Hall: New JerseyUSA.
- Sainsbury, Mark, 2001. Logical Forms: An Introduction to Philosophical Logic. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21679-0.
- Strawson, PF (1967). Philosophical Logic. OUP.
- Wolfram, Sybil, 1989. Philosophical Logic: An Introduction. London: Routledge. 290 pages. ISBN 0-415-02318-1, ISBN 978-0-415-02318-4
- Journal of Philosophical Logic, Springer SBM
External links
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