Human rights in Germany
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Human rights in Germany are protected extensively by the Grundgesetz. The country has ratified most international human rights treaties. Reports from independent organizations such as Amnesty International certify a high level of compliance with human rights, while still pointing out several issues, in particular police brutality and mistreatment of refugees.
Law
The constitution of Germany, the Grundgesetz, which came into effect in 1949, puts a particular emphasis on human rights. Its first sentence, "Human dignity is inviolable", is being interpreted as protecting the sum of human rights. This paragraph is protected by an "eternity clause" and cannot be changed. It has wide-ranging effects on judicial practice; for example, it has been used to justify the right on Informational self-determination in a 1983 finding of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.
However, following experiences from the Weimar Republic, Germany sees itself as a wehrhafte Demokratie (fortified democracy); actions targeted towards removing the democratic order are not covered by human rights.
The constitution guarantees all rights from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (which itself is not legally binding), with the exception of an unlimited right for asylum.
The ratification of the European Convention on Human Rights allows citizens to appeal to the European Court of Human Rights.
Mandatory military service for male citizens was established in 1956.[1] At any time, conscientious objectors can opt to do Zivildienst (civilian service) instead. For the time of both services, many human rights such as freedom of movement are suspended. Since 1 July 2011, the government will no longer exercise its right under this article, that is, military service is currently de facto voluntary in Germany. However, there are no plans to abolish laws allowing conscription.[2]
Treaties
Germany is also a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council. It recognizes the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.
Reports
The Amnesty International reports of 2005 and 2006 mainly criticize police brutality, mistreatment of refugees, and racist attacks
The 2008 Freedom in the World report by US-funded Freedom House gives Germany a score of "1" (the best possible) for both political rights and civil liberties.
Topics
Custody
The death penalty is abolished. Remand must be ordered by a judge. Usually, a suspect cannot be detained for more than six months without a conviction. The courts may order that a person be detained indefinitely if he is convicted of particularly serious crimes and has completed his sentence but is judged, after expert testimony, to be a danger to the public (Sicherungsverwahrung).
The German citizen Khalid El-Masri was abducted by the CIA in 2005 and interred without trial for months, although innocent. German intelligence was informed early about this, but undertook nothing, which was subject to an intense political debate.
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of speech is guaranteed by the constitution. However, Volksverhetzung (incitement of the people) is a crime, defined as spreading hate against or insult against a part of the population. In 1994, a paragraph explicitly forbidding denial of Nazi crimes was added.
These practices were criticized by a United States Department of State report.[citation needed]
Freedom of Assembly
Open-air public rallies require (generally) prior announcement to the local authorities, but no permits. Local authorities can prohibit rallies only on grounds of public safety concerns or involvement of outlawed organizations.
Freedom of Press
Freedom of press is generally very established in Germany; the 2009 Press Freedom Index of Reporters Without Borders rates Germany at place 18 of 175 countries.
The most notable incident involving free press restrictions was the Spiegel scandal of 1962, when the Minister of Defense Franz Josef Strauß ordered the unlawful arrest of several journalists after an article accusing him of bribery. The scandal led to the dismissial of Strauß from office and severely damaged the reputation of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer.
In 2005, minister of the interior Otto Schily authorized a raid of offices of the periodical Cicero, which was criticized as an attack on press freedom by part of the German press. The raid was based on a substantiated suspicion of leaking of state secrets. However, on February 27, 2007, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that suspicion that a journalist is aiding the betrayal of state secrets is not sufficient to warrant a search, and thus the raid was illegal. The finding has been widely regarded as a strengthening of press freedom.[5]
A scandal regarding spying on journalists by the secret service Bundesnachrichtendienst, starting in May 2006, has not been cleared up yet.
Minority and foreign parents discrimination
Ethnic minorities are underrepresented in the political process and in public life, especially the civil service.[6] German Jugendamt tend to discriminate against foreign parents[citation needed] and right-wing groups attack minorities in the country.[7] In 2010 the US State Department reported that "right-wing extremist violence and harassment of racial minorities and foreigners were problems”.[8]
Human trafficking
There has been a growing awareness of human trafficking as a human rights issue in Europe (see main article: trafficking in human beings). The end of communism and collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia has contributed to an increase in human trafficking, with the majority of victims being women forced into prostitution. [1] [2] Germany is a transit and destination country for persons, primarily women, trafficked mainly from Central and Eastern Europe and from Africa for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Russia alone accounted for one-quarter of the 1,235 identified victims reported in 2003, the latest year for which statistics are available. For the first time, Germany’s statistics included German nationals who numbered 127. [3] [4]
Police brutality
Amana, A.Ö., died in a hospital on 5 March [year missing] after falling into a coma while in police custody in Hagen on 17 February where he had been bound face-down. The Office of the Public Prosecutor terminated its investigations and found that the force used by the police was proportionate, despite the fact that since 2000, police officers have been trained not to restrain a person face-down because of the danger of asphyxia.[9]
In December 2008, the regional court of Dessau acquitted two police officers of killing Oury Jalloh as a result of negligence.[10] Oury Jalloh had died 2005 when a fire broke out in his cell, where he was restrained to the bed. In its oral reasons for the judgment, the court stated lack of evidence as the reason for the acquittal, and strongly criticized the testimonies of most of the police officers who were witnesses in the court case. On 13 December 2012, the regional court of Magdeburg overruled the earlier acquittal, and ruled for negligent homicide. An earlier accusation of bodily harm with fatal consequences was dropped by the public prosecution for lack of evidence. The accused officer was condemed to a fine of 10,800 Euro by the court, in excess of the 6,300 Euro plead for by prosecution.[11]
Refugees
Amnesty International and other organizations reported several incidents of mistreatment of refugees. Also, the practice of deporting asylum seekers to countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq and Kosovo, where their safety is unclear, is widely criticized.
Torture
There are no reports on systematic use of torture in Germany. However, there were some related incidents.
In 2002, Frankfurt's police vice president Wolfgang Daschner ordered a subordinate officer to threaten the suspect of a kidnapping to use force in order to get information on the whereabouts of the abductee (the abductee was killed shortly after the kidnapping, but the suspect told the police that the child was still alive, and Daschner decided to break the law to save the child's life. Daschner himself wrote down an official note of his actions). This triggered an emotional debate over the legality of such measures. Daschner was convicted to the lowest possible penalty of a fine. Daschner and the subordinate officer remained in duty.
In a trial against terror suspect Mounir El Motassadeq, a court used evidence provided by US authorities, despite widespread evidence of torture in US detainment camps. The conviction was rejected in appeal due to lack of evidence. In January 2007 he was condemned for 15 years in detention.
Surveillance
Several parties, such as the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) and the communist platform of the Left Party, are under surveillance from the Verfassungsschutz ("Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution"). The use of police informers has sometimes[who?] been criticized as excessive[citation needed]. A motion to label the NPD as an illegal organization was abandoned, because it became apparent that many actions of the NPD were actually controlled by the Verfassungsschutz.[12] In addition to parties, the German Government placed the Church of Scientology and its members in Germany under surveillance by the Verfassungsschutz since 1997 for the alleged goal of abolishing the order based on the German Grundgesetz. See also: Scientology in Germany.
External links
- Archive of Germany reports by Amnesty International.
- 2008 Country report on Germany by Freedom House.
- Archive of Germany reports by Human Rights Watch.
- Censorship cases in Germany reported by the International Freedom of Expression Exchange
- World Press Freedom Review by the International Press Institute
- 2008 U.S. State Department country report on human rights practices in Germany.
- 2008 U.S. State Department country report on religious freedom in Germany.
- Review of Germany by the United Nations Human Rights Council's Universal Periodic Review, February 2, 2009
Footnotes
- ^ German law: Wehrpflichtgesetz (WehrPflG) vom Juli 1956, Fundstelle: BGBl I 1956, 651, Neugefasst durch Bek. v. 30. 5.2005 I 1465 (see wording of the law)
- ^ FAZ: Wehrpflicht wird zum 1. Juli 2011 ausgesetzt (german)
- ^ UN human rights treaties
- ^ CoE human rights treaties
- ^ http://www.tagesschau.de/aktuell/meldungen/0,1185,OID6460308_NAV_REF1,00.html
- ^ http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/racism/rapporteur/docs/A_HRC_14_43_Add.2.pdf
- ^ http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AUS_RRT,,DEU,,4d761c562,0.html
- ^ http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136033.htm
- ^ http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/europe-central-asia/germany
- ^ http://www.welt.de/politik/article2847307/Wutausbruch-nach-Polizistenfreispruch-in-Dessau.html
- ^ http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/fall-ouri-jallow-gericht-verhaengt-geldstrafe-gegen-polizist-a-872673.html
- ^ http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/bs20030318_2bvb000101.html