Biryani
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Biryani, biriani, buriyani, beryani or beriani (Urdu: بریانی, Hindi: बिरयानी, Punjabi: ਬਿਰਯਾਨੀ, Malayalam: ബിരിയാണി, Tamil: பிரியாணி, Bengali: বিরিয়ানি Telugu: బిర్యాని, Sinhalese:බුරියානි) is a set of rice-based foods made with spices, rice (usually basmati) and Chicken, mutton, fish, eggs or vegetables. The name is derived from the Persian word beryā(n) (بریان) which means "fried" or "roasted".[1]
In countries of the Indian sub-continent, the recipe of biryani has evolved to its current form but the origin of biryani was in the kitchen of Mughal Emperors. Kolkata, Lucknow, Hyderabad and Delhi are the main centres of biryani cuisine. Local variants of this dish are popular not only in the Indian Subcontinent but also in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and within various Asian expatriate communities globally. Hyderabadi Biryani and Calcutta biryani is the most famous biryani in India today. Chicken Biryani, Mutton Biryani and Prawns Biryani are the most known varieties.
Ingredients
The spices and condiments used in biryani may include, but are not limited to, ghee, nutmeg, mace,[2] pepper, cloves,[2] cardamom, cinnamon, bay leaves, coriander, mint leaves, ginger, onions, and garlic. The premium varieties include saffron.[2] For a non-vegetarian biryani, the main ingredient that accompanies the spices is the meat—beef, chicken, goat, lamb, fish or shrimp. The dish may be served with dahi chutney or Raita, korma, curry, a sour dish of eggplant (brinjal), boiled egg and salad.
The difference between biryani and pullao is that while pullao may be made by cooking the items together, biryani is used to denote a dish where the rice (plain or fried) is cooked separately from the thick sauce (a greatly reduced curry of meat or vegetables). The curry and the rice are then brought together and layered, resulting in a dish of the contrasting flavors of flavored rice (which is cooked separate with spices) and intensely flavored sauce and meat or vegetables. This separation is partly of necessity: the proportion of meat/vegetables to the rice is high enough to make biryani a one-dish meal, and the cooking time of each of the main ingredients is significantly different from each other. In a properly made biryani, the final dish is dry or minimally moist, with the individual rice grains separate, as opposed to a risotto, where the rice is of a creamy consistency. However, many biryani recipes call for the rice to be cooked for three-quarters of the usual time, followed by layering with the meat/vegetable base, and then a final slow-steaming until fully done: this approach allows the flavors to blend somewhat.
Styles
Lucknowi (Awadhi) biryani
Lucknow and biryani have an almost symbiotic relationship. The Lucknow (Awadhi) Dum biryani is the footprint that the Muslims of the Mughal Empire left on the northern part of India. The Awadhi Dum Biryani is also known as "Pukka" Biryani as the rice and meat are generally partially cooked separately; then layered and cooked by Dum Pukht method. This biryani is more popular in North Indian regions of Central and Western UP, Delhi and Punjab.
Hyderabadi biryani
Hyderabadi biryani is savored in all parts of India and forms an integral part of Indian cuisine.[2] The Nizam's kitchen boasted of 49 kinds, which included biryani made from fish, quail, shrimp, deer and hare. The most famous of all, Hyderabadi Biryani is called the "Kacchi Yeqni" Biryani as both the marinated meat and the rice are cooked together.
Sindhi biryani
The Sindhi biryani variant of Biryani is very popular in Pakistani cuisine and Biryani of all types are eaten in all parts of Pakistan and the world. Most Biryani cuisines in Pakistan combine elements of Sindhi Biryani such as the common use of Yogurt recipes.
Bombay Biryani
Bombay Biryani is a popular style of Biryani. Its originated in Mumbai, India. The ingredients of Bombay Biryani are Meat, Rice, Salt, Onions, Ginger and Garlic paste, Yogurt, All spices powder, Chili powder powder, White cumin powder, Coriander, Potatoes, Green chillies, Yellow food color, and Kewra. [3]
Calcutta biryani
Calcutta or Kolkata biryani evolved from the Lucknow style when Wajid Ali Shah, the last nawab of Awadh was exiled in 1856 to the Kolkata suburb of Metiaburj.[4] But he did not forget bringing his personal Chef with him as he was very particular about his food. Due to recession aloo (potato) had been used instead of meat. Later on that has become the specificity of Calcutta Biryani, though meat is also served along with it. In addition, Calcutta biryani is much lighter on spices (Masala) than compared to other Biryani's.[5] It primarily uses nutmeg, cinnamon, mace along with cloves and cardamom in the yoghurt based marinade for the meat which is cooked separately from rice. This combination of spices gives it a distinct flavor as compared to other styles of biryani. The rice is flavored with keoda water or rose water along with saffron to give it flavor and light yellowish color.
Ambur Biriyani
'Ambur Biriyani' is a type of Biriyani cooked in the town of Ambur in vellore noted for high Muslim population, once ruled by Nawab of Arcot during 18th century. The Biriyani is cooked with Seeraga Samba rice instead of Basmati varieties. This Biriyani is famous in North Arcot District and also available in Chennai and Bangalore. The Ambur Biriyani is accompainied with 'Thalsa', a sour Brinjal curry and 'Pachidi', which is curd mixed with sliced onions. It has a distinctive aroma and is considered light on stomach and the usagege of spice is moderate and curd is used as a gravy base. It also has a higher ratio of meat to rice.[6]
Vaniyambadi biryani
Vaniyambadi is a small town in the state of Tamil Nadu close to Ambur, where Biryani came along with the Nawabs of Arcot.The Biryani of Vaniyambadi is very famous and the arouma of this Biryani is very tempting.
Bhatkali biryani
Bhatkali biryani is a special biryani savored in all parts of coastal Karnataka and forms an integral part of Navayath cuisine. The Bhatkal's biryani evolved from the Bombay biryani which was further refined to give a distinct color taste and flavour.[citation needed] Bhatkali biryani can be of various kind, which include biryani made from either mutton, fish, chicken, or shrimp. The biryani is quite different from others across India in that the onions are used in larger proportions compared to other regions. The dish is cooked with the meat and onion based sauce being at the bottom of the cooking pot with a layers of rice on top, the rice and meat are mixed before serving. Local spices such as cardamom, cloves and cinnamon are used to get the distinct aroma. Served with Bhatakali kachumber. Bhatkali Biryani is one of the most common wedding meals in Bhatkal and surrounding towns like Honavar, Murdeshwar, Manki, Shiroor, Byndoor, Gangolli, Kundapur all the way till Mangalore.
Memoni biryani
Memoni biryani was developed by the Memon ethnic group and is very similar to Sindhi Biryani. It has variations though, among families, as do most biryanis, though the Bantva Memons community most commonly makes biryani in this form. Memoni biryani is made with lamb, yogurt, fried onions, and potatoes, and less tomatoes compared to Sindhi biryani. Memoni biryani also uses less food coloring compared to other biryanis, allowing the rich colors of the various meats, rice, and vegetables to blend without too much of the orange coloring.
Malabar Biriyani
The Malabar Biriyani, variant of biriyani is very popular in Kerala cuisine. This preparation is popular across the coast of Kerala—the Malabar region particularly. The biriyani may contain chicken, beef, mutton or fish as the main ingredient. The biriyani is quite different from others across India in that the rice used is generally mixed with ghee to produce a very rich flavour. Although local spices such as nutmeg, cashew, cloves and cinnamon are used, there is only a small amount of chilli (or chilli powder) used in the preparation making the dish much less spicy in comparison to other biriyanis from across India. The popular Malabar biriyani, which is the made all along the Malabar area in Kerala from Kozhikkodu (Calicut), Kannur to Kasargod, with minor or no taste variation. There is special Malabar biriyani, where chicken in the biriyani is fried.
Dindigul Biriyani
The Dindigul biryani originated from the Muslim populations, but the recipe was later modified by the Telugu speaking populations who starred serving them in small restaurants nearby. Dindigul being a major commodity market for agricultural produce, the confluence of farmers from neighboring districts to sell their produce to wholesale mandi’s, a visit to famous Biryani hotels became a must. In recent years few Dindigul Biriyani chanis has established their chains in most towns in Tamil Nadu as well as other major cities in India.[7]
Thallapakatti biryani
This variety of biryani is quite popular in south India particularly in Dindigul, Tamil Nadu. There are quite a number of eateries serving this type of briyani. Thallapakattu literally means turban in Tamil.
Beary Biryani
The Beary Community is a small Muslim Community from Dakshina Kannada with a very distinctive cuisine. The biryani is a ubiquitous feature of the Beary feast and no major celebration is complete without it- from Eid to weddings. The lesser known Beary biryani is famous along the west coast as it is light, less spicy and is easy to digest. Beef, chicken, mutton, fish and prawns are the usual meat used for the Beary Biryani. Though Mutton is the first choice meat. The basmati rice is cooked separately and flavored with ghee and spices like star anise, cinnamon, cardamon and cloves. The meat is cooked separately with onions, garlic, ginger, fresh coriander leaves. When the gravy thickens, the rice and the meat are layered, topped with caramelized onions, fresh mint leaves, roasted cashew nuts and sprinkled with ghee and saffron water. The Biryani is then steamed. This cooking process ensures that the rice in the biryani is fluffy and light without requiring too much ghee or oils while the meaty juices are incorporated into the rice. Beary biryani is served with chicken kebabs and raita. It tastes best when left to sit for a few hours or overnight.
Buhari biryani
Karachi Beef biryani
The Karachi Beef Biryani variant of Biryani is very popular in Pakistani cuisine and Biryani of all types are eaten in all parts of Pakistan and the world. Most Biryani cuisines in Pakistan combine elements of Karachi Biryani such as the common use of Yogurt recipes. It is made by recipes of People of Karachi who brought rich culture and trend in Pakistan. With the passage of time, all Biryani recipes of the subcontinent amalgamated in one and a common Karachi Biryani emerged. People of Karachi are famous for their traditional cooking trends and a vast variety of recipes.
Types
Kacchi biryani
Kacchi Biryani is a special preparation of the dish. It is called '’Kacchi’’ (raw) because raw meat and rice are cooked together. Kacchi Biryani is same as Kacchi Yeqni, meaning raw marinated meat cooked with rice. It is cooked typically with goat meat (usually 'khasi gosht', which is meat from castrated goats and often simply referred to as mutton) or with lamb, and rarely with chicken or beef. The dish is cooked layered with the meat and the yogurt based marinade at the bottom of the cooking pot and the layer of rice (usually basmati rice) placed over it. Potatoes are often added before adding the rice layer. The pot is usually sealed (typically with wheat dough) to allow cooking in its own steam and not opened till ready to serve. The challenge in the art of cooking kacchi biryani is to cook the meat till tender without overcooking the rice. When serving up the dish the chef takes a bit of rice from the top layer and meat from the bottom layer and deftly serves it up together. A boiled egg and mixed salad often accompanies the dish. This is one of the most popular delicacies of old Dhaka, Bangladesh and Hyderabad, India. It is featured in wedding feasts in Bangladesh, usually served with borhani, a spicy drink.
Tahari
Tahari, Tehri or Tehari is the name given to the vegetarian version of Biryani and is very popular in many Indian homes.[8] In Bangladesh, Tehari refers to Biryani prepared by adding the meat (usually beef) to the rice as opposed to the case of traditional Biryani, where the rice is added to the meat. In Kashmir tahari is served out-doors on roads and streets. This is done so that a traveler, who may be hungry, can eat this to satisfy his hunger.
Mutton biryani
Traditionally Goat meat was the more popular meat of choice.
Chicken biryani
Chicken biryani is currently the more popular biryani, being easy on the stomach and also because of wider availability. It usually comes with a boiled egg too.
Egg biryani
Same preparation as Chicken biryani but with a boiled egg instead of chicken, but fills the biryani appetite for people with different dietary requirements. Sometimes the rice is taken from chicken biryani and may have chicken flavour in it.
Shrimp biryani
This particular variation of Biryani brings out the tender and delicate flavor of shrimp. Unlike other kinds of biryanis, it's quicker to prepare and does not require long hours of complex marinating procedures. It's usually served with a side of baingan masaledar.[9][10]
Fish biryani
Fish Biryani has the same spices as Sindhi Biryani or Shrimp Biryani and uses different varieties of fish instead of shrimp, beef, mutton or chicken. In Europe and North America, salmon is the most popular fish used in Fish Biryani. It is also known as fish khichdi in Britain.
Daal biryani
Daal Biryani offers the addition of daal to the ingredients of vegetable biryani. Addition of daal enhances the nutritional value, and with basmati rice, colorful vegetables, spices and fragrance.
International styles and variations
Burmese biryani
In Myanmar, biryani (known in Burmese as danpauk or danbauk, from Persian dum pukht) is equally popular. Featured ingredients include cashew nuts, yogurt, raisins and peas, chicken, cloves, cinnamon, saffron and bayleaf. In Burmese biryani, the chicken is cooked with the rice.[11] Biryani is also eaten with a salad of sliced onions and cucumber. In Yangon, there are several restaurant chains that serve biryani exclusively. It is often served at religious ceremonies and luncheons. Biryani in Myanmar utilizes a special rice grown domestically rather than basmati.
Thai biryani
In Thailand, Thai Muslims have popularized a local variety of the dish, known as Khao mok, which is popular throughout the country. Chicken and beef are the most common form but there is also a goat version that is eaten almost exclusively by the Muslim population. Along with Thai Massaman curry (Musulman Curry) and satay it is one of the most notable Muslim Thai dishes. Biryani is also another name for heena.
Sri Lankan biryani
In Sri Lanka, Biryani is most popular amongst Muslims and is usually served with chicken, beef or mutton. In many cases, Sri Lankan biryani is much spicier than most Indian varieties. Popular side dishes include Acchar, Malay Pickle, cashew curry and Ground Mint Sambol.
A popular form of biryani uses string hoppers as a substitute for rice. It is often served with scrambled eggs or vegetables.
Iranian beriani
During the Safavid dynasty, a dish called Berian Polo (Nastaliq script: بریان پلو) was made with lamb or chicken, marinated overnight – with yogurt, herbs, spices, dried fruits like raisins, prunes or pomegranate seeds – and later cooked in a tannour oven. It was then served with steamed rice.[12]
In its more original form, in some cities the dish is known as dam pokht/dam-pokhtak. The compound in Persian means "steam-cooked"—a reference to the steamed rice that forms the basis of the dish. This name is still in common use in Iran alongside "beriani". In Southeast Asian countries such as Burma/Myanmar, this older, general Persian term is in common use, as danpauk.
In the central Iranian city of Isfahan, Berian is made with cooked mutton or lamb, which is stewed and minced separately, and then grilled in special small round shallow pans in an oven or over a fire. The meat is generally served with powdered cinnamon in a local bread, usually "nan-e taftoun", but also occasionally "nan-e sangak".
Biryani in the Middle East
Biryani (برياني) is also popular throughout the Middle East, particularly Iraq.[13] Typically with Iraqi biryani the rice is usually saffron-based with either lamb or chicken being the meat or poultry of choice. Iraqi biryani is usually quite mild in terms of its spicyness when compared to its south-east Asian variants. Some variations include vermicelli or mixed nuts and raisins spread liberally over the rice.[14][4][15][16][17][18]
Biryani varieties in Malaysia and Singapore
Biryani dishes were introduced to Malaysia and Singapore by the Indian Muslim as well as the Arab diaspora. Biryani Bukhara is a local adaptation of Buhari Biryani, originating from Tamil Nadu, India. Another popular biryani, Nasi Beriani Gam, again is an adaptation of the Indian Dum Biryani. Gam Biryani is popular in the southern Malaysian state of Johor, especially in Muar and Batu Pahat. Nasi Minyak, a dish commonly served at Malays weddings in Malaysia, Singapore and Sumatra, is also generally referred to as Nasi Beriani. However, this is actually a variation of the Indian ghee rice. Just as with the Indian version, the rice is cooked separately from the meat. It is typically served with chicken or beef Rendang and acar.
Filipino dish
There's a version of Biryani in the Philippines Pampanga region on the northern island of Luzon and in the predominantly Muslim areas of the southern island of Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago. The Kapampangan Nasing Biringyi is related to the Malay Nasi Beriani, see Kapampangan cuisine.
In the southern island of Mindanao, biryani style rice dishes are served during big celebrations.
Mauritian biryani (briyani)
The Mauritian biryani is a version of the Hyderabadi Dum (Kachii) biryani and strictly conforms to the recipe requirement such as using a sealed copper degg, gravy will consist of chicken or meat mixed with garlic/ginger, yogurt, mint and coriander as herbs, fenugreek, cardomom, cinnamon, cloves etc.
The difference with the Dum biryani is that the Mauritians added fried potatoes and roasted cumins to the gravy in replacement of kashmiri chilli generally used in the Hyderabadi version.
The rice will be flavoured with Zafraan + cardomoms, cinnamon and whole cumins.
Cooking is slow and meticulous as with the hyderabadi recipe
Nasi kebuli
Nasi kebuli is an Indonesian spicy steamed rice dish cooked in goat broth, milk and ghee and popular among the Arab community in Indonesia and Betawi people in Jakarta. Nasi kebuli is descended from Kabuli Pulao which is an Afghani rice dish, similar to to Biryani served on the Indian subcontinent.[19][20]
See also
Other mixed rice dishes
- Arroz con Pollo, Arroz con gandules, Platillo Moros y Cristianos, Gallo Pinto, Pabellón criollo, Rice and beans (Latin America)
- Bibimbap (Korea)
- Fried Rice (East Asia and Southeast Asia)
- Jambalaya (Louisiana)
- Jollof rice (West Africa)
- Hoppin' John (Southern United States)
- Kabsa (Saudi Arabia)
- Kedgeree (United Kingdom)
- Nasi Goreng (Indonesia)
- Paella (Spain)
- Pilaf/Pulao (Greece, Balkans, Turkey, Iran, Central Asia, South Asia)
- Rice and peas (Caribbean)
- Risotto (Italy)
- Spanish rice (United States of America)
- Takikomi gohan (Japan)
- Isfahani Biryani No rice.
- Khichuri
- Spiced rice
References
- ^ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Oxford English Dictionary
- ^ a b c d Brown, Ruth. (2011-08-17) "The Melting Pot – A Local Prep Kitchen Incubates Portland's Next Generation of Food Businesses." Willamette Week. Volume 37, #41.
- ^ Bombay Biryani – Shireen Anwer in Masala Mornings at Masala TV Channel Publisher: khanapakana.com . Retrieved 3 November 2012
- ^ a b Of biryani, history and entrepreneurship. Rediff.com (2004-04-09). Retrieved on 2012-12-28.
- ^ History of Biryani. Indiacurry.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-28.
- ^ Mukund Padmanabhan, Subash Jeyan and Subajayanthi Wilson (2012-05-26). Food Safari : In search of Ambur Biryani. The Hindu.
- ^ Dindigul Biriyani. Hindu.com (2010-03-11). Retrieved on 2012-12-28.
- ^ Marks, Gil (2006). Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. John Wiley and Sons, 2010. p. 53. ISBN 0-470-39130-8, 9780470391303.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ Baingan Masaledar Eggplant Masala Recipe. SinfulCurry (2009-12-31). Retrieved on 2012-12-28.
- ^ Shrimp Biryani Recipe. SinfulCurry (2009-12-31). Retrieved on 2012-12-28.
- ^ Pham, Mai. "Burmese chicken biryani differs from its – Media (5 of 5) The Burmese Way / A visit to the land of". The San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^ Farhang-e Iranzamin by Iraj Afshar
- ^ What is Al Biryani? | Inside Iraq blog. Washingtonbureau.typepad.com (2007-03-23). Retrieved on 2012-12-28.
- ^ Where did Briyani, the indian rice dish originate from?. FoodAQ. Retrieved on 2012-12-28.
- ^ History of Biryani. Indiacurry.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-28.
- ^ Maddy's Ramblings: The Malabar Biryani. Maddy06.blogspot.com (2009-04-24). Retrieved on 2012-12-28.
- ^ Chicken Biryani Story by djames. Goorme.com (2010-10-30). Retrieved on 2012-12-28.
- ^ biriyanistories.com. biriyanistories.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-28.
- ^ pt. kompas cyber media. "Nasi Kebuli Gaya Betawi - KOMPAS.com". Travel.kompas.com. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- ^ Nasi Kebuli Kismis. "Nasi Kebuli Kismis". tabloidbintang.com. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
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