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Hansel and Gretel

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For other uses, see Hansel and Gretel (disambiguation).
Illustration by Arthur Rackham, 1909

"Hansel and Gretel" (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈhænsəl/ or /ˈhɑːnsəl/, and /ˈɡrɛtəl/; Template:Lang-de, diminutives of Johannes and Margaret) is a well-known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister threatened by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake and confectionery. The two children save their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera Hänsel und Gretel (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film made in the 1950s based on the opera. Under the Aarne–Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel" is classified under Class 327.

Plot of the story

(The following summary is based on an 1853 anonymous translation by Iona and Peter Opie in 1972.)

Hansel and Gretel are the young children (who like to fart) of a poor woodcutter. When a great famine settles over the land, the woodcutter's second, abusive wife decides to take the children into the woods and leave them there to fend for themselves, so that she and her husband do not starve to death, because the children eat too much. The woodcutter opposes the plan but finally, and reluctantly, submits to his wife's scheme. They are unaware that in the children's bedroom, Hansel and Gretel have overheard them. After the parents have gone to bed, Hansel sneaks out of the house and gathers as many white pebbles as he can, then returns to his room, reassuring Gretel that God will not forsake them.

The next day, the family walk deep into the woods and Hansel lays a trail of white pebbles. After their parents abandon them, the children wait for the moon to rise and then they follow the pebbles back home. They return home safely, much to their stepmother's horror. Once again provisions become scarce and the stepmother angrily orders her husband to take the children further into the woods and leave them there to die. Hansel and Gretel attempt to gather more pebbles, but find the doors locked and find it impossible to escape from their parents' house.

Illustration by Ludwig Richter, 1842

The following morning, the family treks into the woods. Hansel takes a slice of bread and leaves a trail of bread crumbs for them to follow home. However, after they are once again abandoned, they find that the birds have eaten the crumbs and they are lost in the woods. After days of wandering, they follow a beautiful white bird to a clearing in the woods, and discover a large cottage built of gingerbread and cakes with window panes of clear sugar. Hungry and tired, the children begin to eat the rooftop of the candy house, when the door opens and a "very old woman" emerges and lures the children inside, with the promise of soft beds and delicious food. They do this without knowing the fact that their hostess is a wicked witch who waylays children to cook and eat them.

The next morning, the witch locks Hansel in an iron cage in the garden and forces Gretel into becoming a slave. The witch feeds Hansel regularly to fatten him up, but Hansel cleverly offers a bone he found in the cage (presumably a bone from the witch's previous captive) and the witch feels it, thinking it to be his finger. Due to her blindness, she is fooled into thinking Hansel is still too thin to eat. After weeks of this, the witch grows impatient and decides to eat Hansel, "be he fat or lean."

She prepares the oven for Hansel, but decides she is hungry enough to eat Gretel, too. She coaxes Gretel to the open oven and prods her to lean over in front of it to see if the fire is hot enough. Gretel, sensing the witch's intent, pretends she does not understand what she means. Infuriated, the witch demonstrates, and Gretel instantly shoves the witch into the oven, slams and bolts the door shut, leaving "The ungodly witch to be burned to ashes", the witch screaming in pain until she dies. Gretel frees Hansel from the cage and the pair discover a vase full of treasure and precious stones. Putting the jewels into their clothing, the children set off for home. A swan ferries them across an expanse of water and at home they find only their father; his wife died from unknown cause. Their father had spent all his days lamenting the loss of his children, and is delighted to see them safe and sound. With the witch's wealth, they all live happily ever after.

History and analysis

Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm heard "Hansel and Gretel" from Dortchen Wild,[1] and published it in Kinder - und Hausmärchen in 1812.[2] In the Grimm tale, the woodcutter and his wife are the biological parents of the children and share the blame for abandoning them. In later editions, some slight revisions were made: the wife is stepmother to the children, the woodcutter opposes his wife's scheme to abandon the children, and religious references are made.[3]

It is possible that the fairy tale has its origin in the medieval period of the Great Famine (1315–1321),[citation needed] which caused people to do some desperate deeds like abandoning young children to fend for themselves, or even cannibalism.

Folklorists Iona and Peter Opie indicate in The Classic Fairy Tales (1974) that "Hansel and Gretel" belongs to a group of European tales especially popular in the Baltic regions about children outwitting ogres into whose hands they have involuntarily fallen. The tale bears resemblances to the first half of Charles Perrault's "Hop-o'-My-Thumb" (1697) and Madame d'Aulnoy's "Finette Cendron" (1721). In both tales, the Opies note, abandoned children find their way home by following a trail. In "Clever Cinders", the Opies observe that the heroine incinerates a giant by shoving him into an oven in a manner similar to Gretel, and they point out that a ruse involving a twig in a Swedish tale resembles Hansel's trick of the dry bone. Linguist and folklorist Edward Vajda has proposed that these stories represent the remnant of a coming-of-age rite-of-passage tale extant in Proto-Indo-European society.[4][5] A house made of confectionery is found in a 14th-century manuscript about the Land of Cockayne.[1]

Illustration by Theodor Hosemann

The fact that the mother or stepmother dies when the children have killed the witch has suggested to many commentators that the mother or stepmother and the witch are metaphorically the same woman.[6] A Russian folk tale exists in which the evil stepmother (also the wife of a poor woodcutter) asks her hated stepdaughter to go into the forest to borrow a light from her sister, who turns out to be Baba Yaga, who is also a cannibalistic witch. Besides highlighting the endangerment of children (as well as their own cleverness), the tales have in common a preoccupation with food and with hurting children: the mother or stepmother wants to avoid hunger, while the witch lures children to eat her house of candy so that she can then eat them.[7] Another tale of this type is The Lost Children.[8] The Brothers Grimm identified the French Finette Cendron and Hop o' My Thumb as parallel stories.[9]

Reception

Hänsel und Gretel was adapted to opera by Engelbert Humperdinck, first performed in Weimar on December 23, 1893.

Other media

  • In the TV series Once Upon A Time, Hansel and Gretel are gathering kindling as their father cuts wood, but the father disappears. The wicked queen captures the children and, in return for their being returned to their father, orders them to visit the blind witch (who lives in a gingerbread house) and retrieve a satchel. The witch is thrown in the oven, and the children return with the satchel, containing a poisoned apple. The children are offered a home but would rather be with their father, so the queen throws them out. The queen has their father but refuses to release him. In the real world, the children Nicholas and Ava are homeless after their mother's death, while their biological father is a mechanic in Storybrooke and reluctant to be a parent.
  • The young adult novel "Pretty Bad Things" by C.J. Skuse was strongly inspired by the tale of Hansel and Gretel and there are many nods to it throughout the book. Main characters, twins Paisley and Beau, are abandoned by their parents as children and become lost in woodland. They have a witch-like grandmother whose house is burned down by the girl twin, Paisley. There is also a media 'trail of breadcrumbs' (in the shape of the crimes the teen protagonists commit as teenagers), and both twins are obsessed with candy.
  • In the 2011 animated film Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil, Hansel and Gretel, voiced by Bill Hader and Amy Poehler respectively, are portrayed as two fat German children who have been kidnapped by an evil witch, thought to be the main antagonist. It is later revealed that Hansel and Gretel are actually the real villains of the film, as they pretended to be kidnapped in order to coerce the heroes into making the goodies that will make them powerful.
  • In the BBC TV series Sherlock, the final episode of Series 2, The Reichenbach Fall features a fairy tale theme with Moriarty as the classic villain. When the son and daughter of an influential American politician get kidnapped from a pricey boarding school, it is up to Sherlock and Dr. Watson to find them. Sherlock soon makes the connection between Jim Moriarty's allusion to The Grimm Fairy Tales and his current case, allowing him to realize that he has just come across the story of Hansel and Gretel. The children are found eating candy laced with mercury in an abandoned sweet factory in Addlestone.
  • Terror Toons 2: The Sick and Silly Show - The witch planned to poison them with a rat and a bottle containing Nitroglycerine, but instead of killing them, it turns them into big headed, crazy cartoon characters: Hansel becomes a giant Demonic anthropomorphic rat, and Gretel becomes a criminally insane girl with ugly teeth and a big head. They rip the witch in half and almost immediately they are pulled from their world, to reality and began watching it.
  • The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror XI Scary Tales Can Come True are peasants living in a pumpkin cottage. When Homer comes home with news that he has been fired as the village oaf, he abandons Bart and Lisa in the woods to solve the family's food shortage. With the help of Lisa's copy of Grimm's Fairy Tales, Bart and Lisa journey through the woods' many dangerous creatures, including a troll-like Moe and the Three Bears (who viciously maul Goldilocks after Bart and Lisa leave the Three Bears' cottage, locking her inside). Meanwhile, Marge admonishes Homer for throwing out the kids, telling him they could sell them instead, and orders him to get them back. While Homer is looking for his children, he finds Rapunzel's tower. Rapunzel asks Homer to rescue her and lowers her hair so that he can climb up to her window, but Homer only succeeds in ripping Rapunzel's hair and scalp off her head. Meanwhile, Bart and Lisa find shelter in a gingerbread house owned by a witch. Lisa is wary, as she knows that the scenario Bart and Lisa are in is exactly like that from the story "Hansel and Gretel," but Bart is too busy eating treats to care. Lisa tries to stall the witch by claiming she is lonely and has no love-mate. The witch denies this, stating that there is a man named George Cauldron coming to pick her up for a date, which Lisa does not believe. Before the witch can attack Lisa and Bart, Homer comes to the rescue, eating his way through the gingerbread house's walls. The witch turns Homer into a half-chicken, half-fish creature with donkey ears and brooms as arms, then tries to roast him in the oven, but Homer overpowers her and shoves the witch inside instead. As the witch screams in pain, the spell breaks and Homer turns back to normal. A man named George Cauldron comes by, asking Homer, Bart, and Lisa if they have seen a woman named Suzanne. Homer remarks that "she'll be ready in twenty minutes", turning up the oven. Cauldron complains that "the concert's at eight." The peasant Simpsons are reunited, and are now living happily ever after with Homer still having a chicken's half-body to produce eggs for the family

Film

Main article: Hansel and Gretel (film)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Opie & Opie 1974, p. 237
  2. ^ Tatar 2002, p. 44[clarification needed]
  3. ^ Tatar 2002, p. 45[clarification needed]
  4. ^ Vajda 2010
  5. ^ Vajda 2011
  6. ^ Lüthi 1970, p. 64
  7. ^ Tatar 2002, p. 54[clarification needed]
  8. ^ Delarue 1956, p. 365
  9. ^ Tatar 2002, p. 72[clarification needed]

Bibliography

  • Delarue, Paul (1956). The Borzoi Book of French Folk-Tales. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lüthi, Max (1970). Once Upon A Time: On the Nature of Fairy Tales. Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1974). The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211559-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Vajda, Edward (May 26, 2010). The Classic Russian Fairy Tale: More Than a Bedtime Story (Speech). The World's Classics. Western Washington University. {{cite speech}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Vajda, Edward (February 1, 2011). The Russian Fairy Tale: Ancient Culture in a Modern Context (Speech). Center for International Studies International Lecture Series. Western Washington University. {{cite speech}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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