Mars One
 | |
| Program overview | |
|---|---|
| Country | Netherlands |
| Organization | Mars One |
| Status | Active |
| Program history | |
| Duration | 2010– |
| First flight | January 2016 |
| First crewed flight | September 2022 |
| Vehicle information | |
| Vehicle type | Capsule |
| Crewed vehicle(s) | Mars One Dragon |
| Crew capacity | Four |
| Launch vehicle(s) | Falcon Heavy |
Mars One is a private spaceflight project led by Dutch entrepreneur, Bas Lansdorp, to establish a permanent human colony on Mars.[1]
Announced in June 2012, the plan is to send a communication satellite and path finder lander to the planet by 2016 and, after several stages, land four humans on Mars for permanent settlement in 2023.[2] A new set of four astronauts would then arrive every two years.[3]
The project is endorsed by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Gerard 't Hooft.[2][4]
Mars One became a not for profit foundation (Stichting under Dutch law) in early October 2012.[5][6]
Funding
Reality TV
A one way trip dramatically lowers the overall mission costs,[7][8] such that putting the first four astronauts on Mars is expected to cost approximately US$6 billion.[9]
A global reality-TV media event is intended to provide most of these funds. It should begin with the process astronaut selection (with some public participation) and continue on through the first years of living on Mars.[3][10]
As of January 2013[update] the commencement date for this had not been announced.
The idea of a reality TV show followed conversations with the creator of Big Brother. However, the idea of a reality TV show to find Mars astronauts was postulated as early as 2009 in author Dirk Wickenden's unpublished short story and also radio script 'Juxtaposition'. It has not been established if the idea of a reality TV show was directly influenced by the author's work.
Sponsors
On 31 August 2012, company officials announced that funding from its first sponsors had been received.[7] Corporate sponsorship money will be used mostly to fund the conceptual design studies provided by the aerospace suppliers.[7]
Sponsors for Mars One include:[7][11]
- Byte Internet (Dutch internet service provider)
- Aleph Objects, Inc. (U.S. developer and manufacturer of rapid prototyping 3D printers)[12]
- Verkkokauppa.com (Finland’s 2nd largest consumer electronics retailer)
- VBC Notarissen (Dutch law firm)
- MeetIn (Dutch consulting company)
- New-Energy.tv (Dutch web station)
- Dejan SEO (Australian search engine optimization company)
- Intrepid Research & Development (U.S. engineering company)[13]
- Gerald W. Driggers (author of The Earth-Mars Chronicles)[13]
- AdKnowledge (U.S. digital advertising company )[14]
- Edinburgh International Science Festival
- Baluw Research (Dutch market research firm)
- Mind Power Hungary (Hungarian language translation firm)
Merchandise
Since the 2nd half of 2012[citation needed] Mars One has been selling branded merchandise through their website.
Donations
Since December 2012[citation needed] and the official announcement of their conversion to a Stichting Mars One has been accepting one off and regular monthly donations through their website.
Mission plan
Mars One plans to establish the first human settlement on Mars. According to their schedule, the first crew of four astronauts would arrive on Mars in 2023, after a seven month journey from Earth. Further teams would join their settlement every two years, with the intention that by 2033 there would be over twenty people living and working on Mars.
As of June 2012[update], the mission plan is as follows:[4]
- 2013: The first 24 astronauts will be selected;[15] a replica of the settlement will be built for training purposes.[13]
- 2014: The first communication satellite will be produced.
- 2016: A supply mission will be launched during January (arriving October) with 2,500 kilograms (5,500 lb) of food in a 5 metres (16 ft) diameter variant of the SpaceX Dragon.[13] The fallback if this is not ready in time is either to use a 3.8 metres (12 ft) Dragon or to delay by two years.[16]
- 2018: An exploration vehicle will launch to pick the location of the settlement.[13]
- 2021: Six additional Dragon capsules and another rover will launch with two living units, two life support units and two supply units.[13]
- 2022: A SpaceX Falcon Heavy will launch with the first group of four colonists.[13]
- 2023: The first colonists will arrive on Mars in a modified Dragon capsule.[13]
- 2025: A second group of four colonists will arrive.[13]
- 2033: The colony will reach 20 settlers.[1]
The Mars One website states that the team behind Mars One began planning of Mars One in 2011. The company states that they researched the feasibility of the idea with specialists and expert organizations, and discussed the financial, psychological and ethical aspects of it.[17]
Technology
Mars One has identified at least one potential supplier for each component of the mission.[4][18] The major components are to be acquired from proven suppliers.[19]
Launcher
The Falcon Heavy from SpaceX is the anticipated launcher.[19]
Mars Transit Vehicle
A manned interplanetary spacecraft which would transport the crew to Mars. It would be assembled in low earth orbit and comprise two propellant modules, a Transit Living Module (discarded just before arrival at Mars) and a lander (see "Human Lander" below).[19][20]
The likely supplier for the Transit living module is Thales Alenia Space.[21]
Communications system
A satellite in Mars orbit to relay video, speech and data between the settlement and Earth, and the related transceivers on Mars and Earth.[19] The likely supplier for the satellite is Surrey Satellite Technology.[21]
Lander
Mars One plans to use a 5 metres (16 ft)-diameter variant of SpaceX's Dragon capsule.[22][23] It would have a volume of ~25m3.[22]
Mars One Dragon capsules will be used in five roles:
- Life Support Unit – a lander containing systems for generating from Martian resources the energy, water and breathable air needed by the settlers.[24] The likely supplier for these systems is Paragon Space Development.[21]
- Supply Unit – a lander carrying only cargo (supplies).[19]
- Living Unit – a lander containing an inflatable module to provide habitable space for the settlers on Mars.[25] The likely supplier of the inflatables is ILC Dover.[26]
- Human Lander – a lander to carry the settlers to the surface of Mars (see "Mars Transit Vehicle" above).[19]
- Rover Lander – a lander to carry the two rovers to the surface of Mars.[27]
Rover
The rover would be unpressurized and support travel distances of 80 km (50 miles).[28] The likely supplier for the rover is Astrobotic Technology.[21]
Mars Suit
The Mars Suit would be flexible to allow the settlers to work with both cumbersome construction materials and sophisticated machinery when they are outside the habitat while protecting them from the cold, low pressure and noxious gases of the Martian atmosphere.[29]The likely supplier of the suits is ILC Dover.[26]
Advisors
As of January 2013[update] the Mars One advisory board includes:
- Tanja Masson-Zwaan – Deputy Director of the International Institute of Air and Space Law at Leiden University, President of the International Institute of Space Law, board member of the Netherlands Space Society, advisory board member of the Space Generation Advisory Council and was on the founding board of Women in Aerospace Europe.[30]
- Brian Enke – Senior Space Research Analyst at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, USA.[31]
- Profesor Pascale Ehrenfreund – lead investigator with the NASA Astrobiology Institute.[32]
- Dr. Gino Ormeno – Aviation Medical Examiner.[33]
- Steve Carsey – UK television executive and CEO of Conceive Media, a consultancy, development and production venture specialising in the creation of cross platform entertainment brands for the global market.[34]
- Dr. Raye Kass – Professor of Applied Human Sciences at Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.[35]
- Profesor Thais Russomano – has over 20 years experience in Aerospace Medicine, Space Physiology and Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, and Telemedicine & eHealth research and development.[36]
- Dr. Christopher P. McKay – Planetary Scientist at NASA Ames.[37] He has a particular interest in the evolution of the solar system and the origin of life and is actively involved in planning for future Mars missions including human exploration.[38] Dr McKay has been involved with research in several Mars-like environments and has traveled to the Antarctic Dry Valleys, the Atacama Desert, the Arctic, and the Namib Desert.[38]
- Dr. John D. Rummel – Director of the Institute for Coastal Science and Policy at East Carolina University.[39]
- Dr. John W. Traphagan – Associate Professor of Religious Studies and Centennial Commission and the Liberal Arts Fellow at the University of Texas at Austin.[40]
- Dr. James R. Kass – has worked in the field of human spaceflight for more than 30 years.[41]
- Jamie Guined – exercise scientist at the Exercise Physiology Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center and countermeasures researcher at the NASA Flight Analogs Research Unit, and science faculty member at the University of Phoenix.[42]
- Professor Stefano Stramigioli – professor of Advanced Robotics and chair holder at the Robotics and Mechatronics group at the University of Twente and a member of the ESA topical team on the dynamics of prehension in micro-gravity and its application to robotics and prosthetics.[43]
- Dr. Günther Reitz – head of the department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center where he leads research on the biological effects of space radiation in manned space missions. Permanent chairman of the Workshop of Radiation Monitoring on the ISS (WRMISS) since its foundation in 1996.[44]
- Profesor Leo Marcelis – professor in Crop Production in Low-Energy Greenhouses, Wageningen University, The Netherlands where he leads research into crop management, crop physiology and the modelling of greenhouse horticulture. He has over 25 years of experience in research on plant growth in controlled environments (greenhouses and climate rooms). Working in close collaboration with other university departments he develops complete and reliable food systems.[45]
Criticism
Chris Welch, director of Masters Programs at the International Space University has said "Even ignoring the potential mismatch between the project income and its costs and questions about its longer-term viability, the Mars One proposal does not demonstrate a sufficiently deep understanding of the problems to give real confidence that the project would be able to meet its very ambitious schedule."[46]
Space tourist Richard Garriott stated in response to Mars One, "Many have interesting viable starting plans. Few raise the money to be able to pull it off."[47]
Robert Zubrin, advocate for manned Martian exploration, said "I don't think the business plan closes it. We're going to go to Mars, we need a billion dollars, and we're going to make up the revenue with advertising and media rights and so on. You might be able to make up some of the money that way, but I don't think that anyone who is interested in making money is going to invest on that basis — invest in this really risky proposition, and if you're lucky you'll break even? That doesn't fly."[48]
Wired Magazine gave it a plausibility score of 2 out of 10 as part of their 2012 Most Audacious Private Space Exploration Plans.[49]
See also
References
- ^ a b Anne Sewell (1 June 2012). "Mars One: Human settlement on Mars in 2023". Digital Journal. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
- ^ a b Adario Strange (1 June 2012). "Dutch Group Planning for Mars Settlement by 2023". PC Mag. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
- ^ a b Dario Borghino (4 June 2012). "Mission to Mars meets reality TV". Gizmag. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ a b c Staff (3 June 2012). "Mars One plans to establish human settlement on Mars in 2023". Kurzweil. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
- ^ Delft, TED talk. "Can this project be trusted?". Mars One Fans Forum. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ "Mars One Will Take Humanity To Mars As A Not-For-Profit Foundation". Mars One. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Private Manned Mars Mission Gets First Sponsors". Space.com. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Claudine Zap (5 June 2012). "Mars One: One-way ticket to the red planet". Yahoo!. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
- ^ Michael Bradbury (5 June 2012). "Reality TV Sets Sights on Mars for New Show". Real Science. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ^ Rob Waugh (4 June 2012). "There will be life on Mars: Mission to create first human colony by 2023 – and it will be filmed for reality TV show". Daily Mail. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
- ^ "Mars One Receives First Funding". Space Industry News. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
- ^ "What's keeping us busy?". Mars One. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Black, Charles (18 October 2012). "Mars One plans human settlement on the Red Planet by 2023". SEN TV LIMITED.
- ^ "How will the astronaut selection proceed?". Mars One. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
- ^ "Mars One Dragon". Mars One Fan Forums. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
{{cite web}}:|first=missing|last=(help) - ^ "Mission, Vision and Feasibility". Mars One. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ^ "About the suppliers". Mars One. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Mars One – Technology
- ^ "Mars Transit Vehicle". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Suppliers". Mars One. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
- ^ a b "Mars One Dragon". MarsOneFans.com. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
{{cite web}}:|first=missing|last=(help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Is this really possible?". Mars One. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
- ^ "Life Support Unit". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ "Living Unit". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ a b hbm11. "Mars One Dragon". Mars One Fans Forum. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Rover". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ Mars One – Is this really possible?
- ^ "Mars Suit". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
- ^ "Tanja Masson-Zwaan". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ "Brian Enke". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ "Prof. Pascale Ehrenfreund". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ "Dr. Gino Ormeno". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ "Steve Carsey". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ "Dr. Raye Kass". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ "Prof. Thais Russomano". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ "Dr. Christopher P. McKay". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ a b McKay, Chris. "Chris McKay". NASA. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
- ^ "Dr. John D. Rummel". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ "Dr. John W. Traphagan". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ "Dr. James R. Kass". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ "Jamie Guined, M.Ed., MBA (USA)". Mars One. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
- ^ "Prof. Stefano Stramigioli, M.Sc., PhD (IT / NL)". Mars One. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
- ^ "Günther Reitz, PhD (Germany)". Mars One. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
- ^ "Prof. Leo F.M. Marcelis, PhD (NL)". Retrieved 11 January 2013.
- ^ Holligan, Anna (19 June 2012). "Can the Dutch do reality TV in space?". BBC. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
- ^ Howard, Jacqueline (5 June 2012). "Mars One: Dutch Startup Aims To Colonize Red Planet In 2023". Huffington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
- ^ Taylor, Adam (8 June 2012). "This Incredible Plan For A Mission To Mars In 2023 Is No Hoax". Business Insider. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
- ^ Mann, Adam (27 December 2012). "The Year's Most Audacious Private Space Exploration Plans". Wired. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
External links
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