Penicuik
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2007) |
Penicuik
| |
|---|---|
| Population | 16,010 (2008) |
| OS grid reference | NT2359 |
| Civil parish |
|
| Council area | |
| Lieutenancy area | |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | PENICUIK |
| Postcode district | EH26 |
| Dialling code | 01968 |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
| UK Parliament | |
| Scottish Parliament | |
Penicuik (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈpɛnɪˌkʊk/) is a burgh and civil parish in Midlothian, Scotland, lying on the west bank of the River North Esk. The town was developed as a planned village in 1770 by Sir James Clerk of Penicuik. It became a burgh in 1867. The town was well known for its paper mills, the last of which closed in 2005. More recently the town was home to the Edinburgh Crystal works. Penicuik has two secondary schools, Penicuik High School and Beeslack Community High School.
The town's name is pronounced 'Pennycook' and is derived from Pen Y Cog, meaning "Hill of the Cuckoo" in the Old Brythonic language (also known as Ancient British and the forerunner of modern Welsh).[1]
Near Penicuik is Glencorse Parish Kirk, which formed part of the inspiration for Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped (1886). Some of the streets nearby are named after characters in the novel and its sequel, Catriona (1893). Penicuik is home to the Royal Highland Fusiliers, 2nd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland, garrisoned in Glencorse Barracks.
Penicuik is twinned with the town of L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue in France.
History
![[icon]](/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008) |
A hamlet stood here from at least the 17th century. The ruined old parish church, in the centre of the graveyard, dates from the late 17th century.
The site of Penicuik was home to the paper mill established by Agnes Campbell in 1709. A monument in the churchyard reads "1737, Annabel Millar spouse to Thomas Rutherford Papermaker at Pennycuik".
Around 1770, the arrival of the Cowan family, and their expansion of the paper mill, led to the need for homes for their workers. The hamlet of Penicuik was expanded as a planned town (roughly based on Edinburgh's New Town) by Sir James Clerk of Penicuik, the builder of nearby Penicuik House, and by 1800 the population had risen to 1,700.
Penicuik was the site of a prison camp for French prisoners during the Napoleonic Wars (housed in the old range at Valleyfield Mill). The former camp is now the site of a housing development in Valleyfield. A monument dated 1830 by the River Esk commemorates "the mortal remains of 309 prisoners of war who died 1811-14". It was erected by Alexander Cowan owner of the paper mill, whose house overlooked the burial site.
Penicuik hosted the inaugural Grand Match in curling, between the north and the south of Scotland, in 1847. This took place on the "high pond" on the estate of Penicuik House, not the "low pond" which is still used for curling on rare occasions. The town became a burgh in 1867. In the oldest part of Penicuik, surrounding the town centre and to the South of the former POW camp, crossing the river Esk is Pomathorn Bridge which was once a toll bridge and the main route between Edinburgh to the north and the Scottish Borders to the south. As such Penicuik has a number of ancient traveller's inns, including The Crown, and the Royal. Because of their location on such a busy caravan route, both these public houses advertise the patronage of many characters from Scottish 18th Century history, including alleged visits from Burke and Hare and Bonnie Prince Charlie.
Paper mills
Paper-making was started here by Mrs Agnes Campbell in 1709. The mill was subsequently purchased by Charles Cowan, originally a grocer in Leith, who established the Cowan Valleyfield Mills. In 1796, Cowan brought in his son Alexander Cowan to manage the mill. An adjacent corn mill was purchased in 1803, becoming known as Bank Mill after he converted it to produce the paper on which banknotes were printed. Paper was also produced at Eskmill which has become a site for private housing.
The Dalmore paper mill on the North Esk river near Auchendinny closed in 2005.
Climate
As with the rest of the British Isles and Scotland, Penicuik experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters. The town's somewhat elevated position means it is more susceptible to snowfall than nearby Edinburgh; over 30 days of the year on average reported lying snow for the period 1951-1980, compared to 14 at Edinburgh.[2] Temperature extremes since 1960 range from 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) during July 1983[3] to −19.2 °C (−2.6 °F) in January 1982.[4] The coldest temperature in recent years was −12.5 °C (9.5 °F) during January 2010.[5]
| Climate data for Penicuik, 185m asl 1971-2000, extremes 1960- | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.4 (54.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.2 (81.0) |
28.9 (84.0) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
26.2 (79.2) |
20.6 (69.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.1 (55.6) |
30.2 (86.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) |
5.9 (42.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
10.8 (51.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.1 (64.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
11.5 (52.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
11.5 (52.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) |
-0.0 (32.0) |
1.0 (33.8) |
2.3 (36.1) |
4.6 (40.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
9.6 (49.3) |
9.3 (48.7) |
7.3 (45.1) |
4.5 (40.1) |
1.7 (35.1) |
0.2 (32.4) |
4.0 (39.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −19.2 (−2.6) |
−13.9 (7.0) |
−14.6 (5.7) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
1.1 (34.0) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−10 (14) |
−14.8 (5.4) |
−19.2 (−2.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 91.67 (3.61) |
64.73 (2.55) |
78.03 (3.07) |
58.56 (2.31) |
58.07 (2.29) |
68.51 (2.70) |
66.45 (2.62) |
69.41 (2.73) |
83.04 (3.27) |
93.73 (3.69) |
87.44 (3.44) |
90.63 (3.57) |
910.27 (35.85) |
| Source: Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute/KNMI[6] | |||||||||||||
Notable people
Notable people connected with Penicuik include;
- Sir John Clerk, baronet, composer and leading Scottish politician during the period leading up to the 1707 Act of Union
- The Scotland rugby union captain Jim Aitken,[7]
- The founder of Finland's second city, James Finlayson [8]
- The mathematician and seismologist Cargill Gilston Knott FRS [9]
- The zoologist James Cossar Ewart FRS,[10] whose home, Craigiebield House, is now a hotel
- Children's writer Helen Bannerman [11]
- Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Nobel prize-winning physicist, was born at a nearby farm[12]
- Tommy Banner, musician, The Wurzels[13]
Twin Town
L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue in the region of Provence.
References
- ^ Robinson, Mairi, ed. (1999). "Some common elements of placenames". Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. Edinburgh, Scotland: Harrap. p. 1059. ISBN 978-0-550-14250-4.
- ^ "Snowfall average". ScotClim.
- ^ "1983 Maximum". KNMI.
- ^ "1982 Minimum". KNMI.
- ^ "2010 Minimum". UKMO.
- ^ "Penicuik Climate". KNMI. Retrieved 03 Nov 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "Jim Aitken - Scotland Rugby Player". Sporting Heroes. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ http://penicuikcdt.org.uk/James_Finlayson.html
- ^ http://penicuikcdt.org.uk/Cargill_Knott.html
- ^ http://penicuikcdt.org.uk/James_Cossar_Ewart.html
- ^ http://penicuikcdt.org.uk/Helen_Bannerman.html
- ^ Institute of Physics In Scotland
- ^ The Wurzels#Current members
