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User:Tamarkot/Sorbonne

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Tamarkot (talk | contribs) at 22:20, 17 May 2006 (→Personnes célèbres ayant fréquenté ou fréquentant la Sorbonne: wikilinked list). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This is a translation in progress. To Do:

  1. Finish translating
  2. Smooth it out
  3. merge with existing english article
  4. wikilink
  5. add pictures

Draft

The Sorbonne is a university in Paris. At its foundation by Robert de Sorbon in the 12th century, more precisely in 1150, it was the university of Paris, one of the first European universities.

Since 1971, it has split into several universities of which several have shared the name Sorbonne and have control of the location on the historic site of la rue des Écoles (the street of the Schools), in the fifth arrondissement of Paris.

Naming

Several universities in Paris have the name "Sorbonne" in their charter, or maintain an affiliation with the Sorbonne:

  • Paris I (Panthéon-Sorbonne), which also houses the observatory of the Sorbonne.
  • Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle)
  • Paris IV (Paris-Sorbonne)
  • Paris V (René Descartes)

These four public universities are located in the historic buildings of the Sorbonne. They also welcome the rectorate of l'Académie de Paris, l'École des Chartes, and the School of Higher Studies (l'École pratique des hautes études).

These public universities should not be confused with:

  • Le Collège de Sorbon in Ardennes.
  • L'Ecole supérieure Robert de Sorbon, of which the social seat is located in La Trimouille (Vienna) near Poitiers and which does not seem to offer any teaching locations or courses. This private French educational establishment is based on the principle of the Validation of acquired experience (VAE; Validation des acquis de l'expérience) and in the evaluation of foreign diplomas to deliver their diplomas; it is allowed by the French Minister of Education to grant university degrees under French Law. It has never assumed any historic or administrative ties with the Sorbonne and seems even to play on certain confusion (!).
  • L'Université francophone Robert de Sorbon, a North American university raised by the legislation in the state of Maine and installed in Florida does not have any association with the school in France.

History

The Sorbonne is one of the oldest universities of Europe. It originated in the college founded in 1253 in Paris by Robert de Sorbon, chaplain and confessor of the king Saint Louis. The foundation was confirmed by the king in 1257. Theology was mostly taught there to poor students and it grew rapidly. Paris became a large cultural and scientific center in Europe in the 13th century, the Sorbonne with more than 20000 students.

Soon the Sorbonne became moral authority. The doctors of the Sorbonne stated their views on famous controversies and problems of the time, such as the taxation of the church dispensations by the Saint-Siège. They also played a large role in the Great Schism of the West (1378-1417). It was the chancellor of the University of Paris, Jean Gerson, who lead the council of Constance (1414-1418), who put an end to the schism. During the Hundred Years War, the Sorbonne supported the English and the bourguignon, and approved the execution of Joan of Arc (1431). In 1469, the Sorbonne installed the first printing press in France, at the initiative of King Louis XI, by the prior of the Sorbonne, Jean Heynlin, and his librarian, Guillaume Fichet.

In the 15th century, the university often went on strike, notably for three months in 1443, and during six months from September 1444 until March 1445, to defend its tax exempt status. Until 1446, the students were subject to the school's law and punishment system. However, it students were regularly arrested by the provost of the king; in this case, the rector of the university would visit the Châtelet to demand taht the student be judged by the university rather than the state. If the provost refused, the university would go on strike.

The end of the 15th century marked, for the University of Paris, the begining of a chivalrous/delicate period. Charles VII submitted it, in 1446, to the jurisdiction of the Parliament of Pares, that which gave rise to the student riots in which, among others, participated the poet François Villon. In 1453, a student, Raymond de Mauregart, was killed by the guards/soldiers/sergents of the Châtelet and the university again went on strike for several months.

The Sorbonne opposed in vain the concordat of Bologne, signed in 1516 by François I, who gave to royal power the possibility of controlling access to large dispensations. The foundation of the College of France in 1530 and the apparition (?) of the Compagnie de Jésus in the middle of the 16th century came complete with the university, before which the Wars of Religion did not ignite France. In 1600, Henri IV dismantled the priviledges of the Sorbonne.

The attitude of power changed with Cardinal Richelieu who had been a student of the Sorbone in 1606-1607 and who became the proviseur in 1622. He renovated the buildings, and endowed the university with a magnificent chapel which would contain his tomb. After the vague desires of independence under la Fronde, the Sorbonne submitted to Louis XIV. The school condemned the ideas of Descartes, then those of the philosophers of the Enlightenment. After the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1766, it annexed the Louis-le-Grand college and a new building was constructed inplace of the Pantheon for the faculty of the law school.

During the French Revolution, the buildings were closed to the students in 1791 and the Sorbonne society was dissolved with the universities of Paris and the rest of the country as a consequence of the law by Le Chapelier which suppressed corporations/institutes. In 1794, the chapel was transformed into a temple of the goddess of Reason. Napoleon Bonaparte transformed the site into altars of artists.

In 1896, the university was reestablished by the name of the Imperial University, as a public and lay institution. The duke of Richelieu, the prime minister of Louis XVIII, wanted to honor the meory of the cardinal and rendered all his lustre to the Sorbonne. He constructed an amphitheatre which could seat 1200 people. The courses were reorganised into faculties of Theology, Humanities, and the Sciences. The prestigious professors, such as François Guizot or Victor Cousin, taught there (inane?).

The reconstruction of the buildings of the 17th century, too expensive and incovenient, were evisioned several times in the course of the 19th century. It was finally realized by the Third Republic, under the impulse of Jules Ferry. The work-site was confined to the architect Henri Paul Nénot. The demolition of the buildings was realised between 1884 and 1894 while the first stone of the new edifice was placed in 1885. The first part of the building was raised/inaugurated in 1889, for the centennial of the French Revolution, by the president Marie François Sadi Carnot. The entire construction and renovation was completed in 1901. Simultaneously, the teaching of theology was suppressed by law in 1885. On 23 June 1894, the baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (CIO) in the Sorbonne, which gave rise to the modern Young Olympics.

The Busy/Occupied Sorbonne: a symbolic place

In May 1968, the Sorbonne made a point of departure from the manifestations of students which resulted in an ample revolutionary movement in all of France. The first riot of May 1968 ended with the intervention of police in the courtyard of the Sorbonne. On 3 May, hundreds of students were reassembled in the courtyard in case of an attack from the extreme right. There were many tendencies there of the extreme left: trotskyists, maoists, or anarchists. The leftist groups were armed with de manches de pioche and ready for a confrontation. While calling the police, the eldest of the university started the riot on the first of May. En faisant appel à la police, le doyen de l'université va ainsi déclencher la première émeute du mois de mai. After 13 May, the general strike was held and the university was occupied.

After the dissolution decidd by General de Gaulle in June 1968 the National Assembly elected to begin to reform the university. In 1971, the Parisian university was divided into thirteen new universities of which weven were in Paris (La Sorbonne, Assas, Censier, Jussieu, Vincennes, Dauphine) and six were in the region. Five remained attached to the site of the Sorbonne and thre kept the name Sorbonne: Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris IV Sorbonne and Paris III Sorbonne-Nouvelle.

After the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, the Sorbonne was closed to the public; only students and faculty were on the property of the Sorbonne, as well as the readers of the interuniversity library of the Sorbonne, could enter.

In 2006, several hundred students showed to battle against the law over the First Employment Contract (CPE), and occupied the Sorbonne for three nights (from 8 March to the morning of 11 March) before being evacuated by the police in a few minutes. The university quarter was bouclé for several weeks, rue Saint-Jacques was closed, and the Sorbonne completely bouclée. The building was closed to students for several weeks by the rectorate to remove all new risks of occupation. It was reverted 24 April 2006.

Architecture

At the start of the 17th century, the college of the Sorbonne looked like many disparate buildings edified (?) along the rue de la Sorbonne, between the Saint-Benoît cloister to the north and the college of Calvi in the south. It also had a chapel constructed in the 14th century which faced the street.

In 1626, Cardinal Richelieu undertook the reconstruction of the collection of buildings. After 1630, the initial project was reviewed again more ambitiously. The original chapel, qui devait au départ être simply modernised, was destroyed and replaced by an edifice of vast proportions, conceived by the architect Jacques Lemercier, and was called/became the mausoleum of the cardinal. Work began in May 1635 and the huge work was nearly finished by the death of the cardinal in 1642. The work was completed by the duchess of Aiguillon, the heiress of Richelieu.

The chapel of the Sorbonne was one of the masterpieces of classic parisian architecture. Elle renferme un orgue de Dallery, non entretenu depuis plus de 150 ans, et actuellement injouable, bien que conservé en grande part.

Personnes célèbres ayant fréquenté ou fréquentant la Sorbonne

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