Cladium
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| Cladium mariscus | |
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| Genus: | Cladium |
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Cladium (Fen-sedge, Sawgrass or Twig-sedge) is a genus of large sedges, with a worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. These are plants characterized by long, narrow (grass-like) leaves having sharp, funky (sawtooth-like) margins, and flowering stems 1–3 m tall bearing a much-branched inflorescence. The number of species it contains is disputed, with different authors accepting between two and 60 species as distinct. Like many plants found in wet habitats, it has deeply buried rhizomes that can produce tall shoots with dense canopies.[1]
Cladium jamaicense, or saw-grass, is common in marshes and savannas throughout the tropical Americas. One typical and well-known area of extensive saw-grass growth is the Florida Everglades;[2] sawgrass is the plant referred to by the descriptor, "River of Grass". Like many species of the Everglades, C. jamaicense grows in extremely infertile conditions, particularly wet sites that are low in phosphorus.[3] Dense sawgrass beds are intermingled with other vegetation types. Together they produce a rich array of habitats that support the biological diversity of the Everglades.[4] American Alligators also use sawgrass to build nests.[5]
Cladium mariscoides, or twig-rush, is also a wetland plant, but is found further north, and in other kinds of wetlands including fens,[6] wet meadows [7] and pond shores[1]. Owing to such specific habitat requirements, it is quite rare in the northern states such as Minnesota. "Finding a self-sustaining population of C. mariscoides on a lake shore is indeed a very rare event in Minnesota"[2].
Cladium mariscus is frequently encountered in English fens.[8] Its ability to form dense stands can lead to reduced plant diversity.[9] Hence, it is sometimes mowed to reduce dominance.[10]
Sawgrass may be useful as a source for developing biofuel (ethanol), possibly replacing corn as the cellulose (the basis for developing ethanol) source of choice. [11]
Selected species
- Cladium californicum (S.Watson) O'Neill – California Sawgrass (Southwestern North America); doubtfully distinct from C. jamaicense.
- Cladium chinense (Eastern Asia); doubtfully distinct from C. mariscus.
- Cladium jamaicense (C. mariscus subsp. jamaicense) – Sawgrass (Warm temperate and tropical New World, except where replaced by C. californicum)
- Cladium mariscoides – Smooth Sawgrass (Temperate North America)
- Cladium mariscus – Great Fen-sedge, Saw-sedge (Europe, Asia, Africa)
- Cladium nipponense (Eastern Asia); doubtfully distinct from C. mariscus.
- Cladium procerum – Leafy Twig-sedge (Australia)
References
- ^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. p. 89
- ^ Loveless, C. M. 1959. A study of the vegetation in the Florida Everglades. Ecology 40: 1–9.
- ^ Davis, S.M. and Ogden, J.C. (eds.) 1994. Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration. Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press.
- ^ White, P. S. (1994). Synthesis: vegetation pattern and process in the Everglades ecosystem. In Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration, eds. S. Davis and J. Ogden, pp. 445–60. DelRay Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press.
- ^ Lodge, Thomas E. 1994. The Everglades Handbook. Understanding the Ecosystem. St. Lucie Press, DelRay Beach, Fl.
- ^ Godwin, K. S., Shallenberger, J., Leopold, D. J., and Bedford, B. L. (2002). Linking landscape properties to local hydrogeologic gradients and plant species occurrence in New York fens: a hydrogeologic setting (HGS) framework. Wetlands, 22, 722–37. Table 3.
- ^ Wisheu, I. C. and Keddy, P. A. 1989. The conservation and management of a threatened coastal plain plant community in eastern North America (Nova Scotia, Canada). Biological Conservation, 48, 229–38.
- ^ Wheeler, B. D. and Proctor, M. C. F. 2000. Ecological gradients, subdivisions and terminology of north-west European mires. Journal of Ecology, 88, 187–203.
- ^ Wheeler, B. D. and K. E. Giller. 1982. Species richness of herbaceous fen vegetation in Broadland, Norfolk in relation to the quantity of aboveground plant material. Journal of Ecology 70: 179–200.
- ^ Elveland, J. and Sjoberg, K. 1982. Some Effects of Scything and Other Management Procedures on the Plant and Animal Life of N. Swedish Wetlands Formerly Mown for Hay, Statens naturvardsverket PM 1516. Solna, Sweden: Forskningssekretariatet.
- ^ Biofuels on a Big Scale from ScienceNOW
External links
Media related to Cladium at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Cladium at Wikispecies
- http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/profile.html?action=elementDetail&selectedElement=PMCYP04050
- http://www.nhdfl.org/about-forests-and-lands/bureaus/natural-heritage-bureau/photo-index/twig-rush-sandy-turf-pond-shore.aspx
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