Hoechst stain
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Hoechst stains are part of a family of blue fluorescent dyes used to stain DNA.[1][2] These Bis-benzimides were originally developed by Hoechst AG, which numbered all their compounds so that the dye Hoechst 33342 is the 33342nd compound made by the company. There are three related Hoechst stains: Hoechst 33258, Hoechst 33342, and Hoechst 34580. The dyes Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342 are the ones most commonly used and they have similar excitation/emission spectra.
Molecular characteristics
Both dyes are excited by ultraviolet light at around 350 nm, and both emit blue/cyan fluorescent light around an emission maximum at 461 nm. Unbound dye has its maximum fluorescence emission in the 510–540 nm range. Hoechst stains can be excited with a xenon- or mercury-arc lamp or with an ultraviolet laser. There is a considerable Stokes shift between the excitation and emission spectra that makes Hoechst dyes useful in experiments in which multiple fluorophores are used. The fluorescence intensity of Hoechst dyes also increases with the pH of the solvent.[3]
Hoechst dyes are soluble in water and in organic solvents such as dimethyl formamide or dimethyl sulfoxide. Concentrations can be achieved of up to 10 mg/mL. Aqueous solutions are stable at 2–6 °C for at least six months when protected from light. For long-term storage the solutions are instead frozen at ≤-20 °C.[3]
The dyes bind to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA with a preference for sequences rich in adenine and thymine. Although the dyes can bind to all nucleic acids, AT-rich double-stranded DNA strands enhance fluorescence considerably.[4] Hoechst dyes are cell-permeable and can bind to DNA in live or fixed cells. Therefore, these stains are often called supravital, which means that cells survive a treatment with these compounds. Cells that express specific ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins can also actively transport these stains out of their cytoplasm.[citation needed]
Applications
A concentration of 0.1-12 µg/ml is commonly used to stain DNA in bacteria or eukaryotic cells. Cells are stained for 1-30 min at room temperature or 37 °C and then washed to remove unbound dye. A green fluorescence of unbound Hoechst dye may be observed on samples which were stained with too much dye or which were not washed thoroughly.[3] Hoechst dyes are often used as substitutes for another nucleic acid stain called DAPI.
Key differences between Hoechst dyes and DAPI are:
- Hoechst dyes are less toxic than DAPI, which ensures a higher viability of stained cells[5]
- The additional ethyl group of the Hoechst dyes renders them more cell-permeable.[citation needed]
Hoechst 33342 and 33258 are quenched by Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), which is commonly used to detect dividing cells. Hoechst 33342 exhibits a 10 fold greater cell-permeability than H 33258. Cells can integrate BrdU in newly synthesized DNA as a substitute for thymidine. When BrdU is integrated into DNA, it is supposed that the bromine deforms the minor groove so that Hoechst dyes cannot reach their optimal binding site. Binding of Hoechst dyes is even stronger to BrdU-substituted DNA; however, no fluorescence ensues. Hoechst dyes can be used together with BrdU to monitor cell cycle progression.[6][7]
Hoechst dyes are commonly used to stain genomic DNA in the following applications:
- Fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry, often together with other fluorophores[8]
- Flow cytometry to count or sort out cells. An example is the use of Hoechst dyes to analyse how many cells of a population are in which phase of the cell cycle[9]
- Detection of DNA in the presence of RNA in agarose gels[10]
- Automated DNA determination[11]
- Chromosome sorting.[10]
Hoechst efflux is also used to study hematopoietic and embryonic stem cells. As these cells are able to effectively efflux the dye, they can be detected via flow cytometry in what is known as the side population. This is done by passing the fluorescence emitted from the excited hoechst through both red and blue filters and plotting hoechst red and blue against each other.
Toxicity and safety
Because Hoechst stains bind to DNA, they interfere with DNA replication during cell division. Consequently, they are potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic, so care should be taken in their handling and disposal. Hoechst stain is used to sort sperm in livestock and humans. Its safety has been debated.[12][13]
See also
External links
- Spectral traces for fluorescent dyes
- Manual for Hoechst stains
- An online guide to fluorescent probes and commercial labeling technologies
References
- ^ Latt, SA (1975 Jul). "Recent developments in the detection of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by 33258 Hoechst fluorescence". The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society. 23 (7): 493–505. doi:10.1177/23.7.1095650. PMID 1095650.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Latt, SA (1976 Jan). "Spectral studies on 33258 Hoechst and related bisbenzimidazole dyes useful for fluorescent detection of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis". The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society. 24 (1): 24–33. doi:10.1177/24.1.943439. PMID 943439.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Hoechst Stains" (PDF). Invitrogren (Molecular Probes).
- ^ Portugal, J (1988 Feb 28). "Assignment of DNA binding sites for 4',6-diamidine-2-phenylindole and bisbenzimide (Hoechst 33258). A comparative footprinting study". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 949 (2): 158–68. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(88)90079-6. PMID 2449244.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ BD Bioscience (2009). Techniques for Immune Function Analysis (PDF) (2 ed.). Becton, Dickinson and Company.
- ^ Kubbies, M (1983 Jan). "Flow cytometric analysis of factors which influence the BrdUrd-Hoechst quenching effect in cultivated human fibroblasts and lymphocytes". Cytometry. 3 (4): 276–81. doi:10.1002/cyto.990030408. PMID 6185287.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Breusegem, SY (2002 Feb 1). "Base-sequence specificity of Hoechst 33258 and DAPI binding to five (A/T)4 DNA sites with kinetic evidence for more than one high-affinity Hoechst 33258-AATT complex". Journal of Molecular Biology. 315 (5): 1049–61. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.5301. PMID 11827475.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Iain Johnson, Michelle T.Z. Spence, ed. (2011). Molecular Probes Handbook: A Guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labeling Technologies (11 ed.). Invitrogen. ISBN 0-9829279-1-6.
- ^ Kubbies, M (1990). "Flow cytometric recognition of clastogen induced chromatin damage in G0/G1 lymphocytes by non-stoichiometric Hoechst fluorochrome binding". Cytometry. 11 (3): 386–94. doi:10.1002/cyto.990110309. PMID 1692786.
- ^ a b Mocharla, R (1987 Dec 23). "A novel, sensitive fluorometric staining technique for the detection of DNA in RNA preparations". Nucleic Acids Research. 15 (24): 10589. doi:10.1093/nar/15.24.10589. PMC 339970. PMID 2447564.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Sterzel, W (1985 Jun). "Automated determination of DNA using the fluorochrome Hoechst 33258". Analytical Biochemistry. 147 (2): 462–7. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(85)90299-4. PMID 2409841.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Ashwood-Smith, M.J. (1994). "Safety of human sperm selection by flow cytometry". Human Reproduction. 9 (5). Oxford University Press: 757–759. PMID 7929716.
- ^ Parrilla, I; Vázquez, J M; Cuello, C; Gil, MA; Roca, J; Di Berardino, D; Martínez, EA (2004). "Hoechst 33342 stain and u.v. laser exposure do not induce genotoxic effects in flow-sorted boar spermatozoa". Reproduction. 128 (5): 615–621. doi:10.1530/rep.1.00288. PMID 15509707.