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Ghosts in Thai culture

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Mae Nak Phra Khanong shrine. Portraits of the ghost and dresses
Statues of Pret at Wat Phai Rong Wua, Suphanburi
Krasue, a nocturnal ghost of Thai folk mythology

Belief in ghosts in Thai culture is both popular and enduring. In the history of Thailand Buddhist popular beliefs intermingled with the legends about ghosts of the local folklore. These myths have survived and evolved, having been adapted to the modern media, such as Thai movies, Thai television soap operas and Thai comics.

Some of the ghosts of Thai culture are shared with neighboring cultures. Krasue, for example is part of the Cambodian, Lao and Malay culture as well. A few of these, including the tall Pret, are part of the mythology of Buddhism.[1] They are others though, such as Phi Dip Chin, which have entered the Thai ghost lore through the Chinese community residing in Thailand for the past few centuries.[2]

Beliefs

Thai ghosts are known generically as Phi (ผี). A large proportion of these spirits are nocturnal. Except for the well-known Pret, most ghosts were traditionally not represented in paintings or drawings, hence they are purely based on stories of the oral tradition.[3] The local beliefs regarding the village spirits of Thailand were studied by Phraya Anuman Rajadhon.[4]

Ghosts are believed to be found, among other places, in certain trees, burial grounds near Buddhist temples, as well as some houses, especially abandoned houses. They are usually invisible, but it is said that if one bends down with legs spread apart they will become visible while looking between one's legs.

There are different categories of ghosts. Certain ghosts dwelling in mountains and forests are generally known as Phi Khao (ผีเขา) and Phi Pa (ผีป่า). Geographic locations such as the Phi Pan Nam Range (ทิวเขาผีปันน้ำ), "The mountain range of the spirits dividing the waters", and Phae Mueang Phi (แพะเมืองผี) are named after the ancient ghosts believed to dwell in the places. Female ghosts or fairies related to trees such as Nang Takian and Nang Tani are known generically as Nang Mai (นางไม้).[5]

List of Thai ghosts

Some of the most well-known Thai ghosts are the following:

  • Chao Kam Nai Wen (เจ้ากรรมนายเวร), a spirit sitting on the back of a person
  • Krahang (กระหัง), a male ghost that flies in the night
  • Krasue (กระสือ), a woman's head with her viscera hanging down from the neck[6]
  • Mae Nak (แม่นาก), a female ghost who died at childbirth and that can extend her arms
  • Mae Sue (แม่ซื้อ), a guardian goddess or a female ghost of infants
  • Nang Takian (นางตะเคียน), a tree spirit living in Hopea odorata trees
  • Nang Tani (นางตานี), a young woman haunting certain clumps of banana trees that appears on full moon nights
  • Phi Am (ผีอำ), a spirit that sits on a person's chest during the night
  • Phi Hua Khat (ผีหัวขาด), a headless male ghost that carries his head
  • Phi Phraya (ผีพราย), a female ghost living in the water similar to an Undine
  • Phi Phong (ผีโพง), a malevolent male ghost having an unpleasant smell. It lives in dark places under the vegetation
  • Phi Pop (ผีปอบ), a malevolent female spirit that devours human entrails similar to a Wendigo
  • Phi Song Nang (ผีสองนาง), female ghosts that first lure, and then attack and kill young men
  • Phi Tai Hong (ผีตายโหง), the ghost of a person that suffered a sudden violent or cruel death
  • Phi Tai Thong Klom (ผีตายทั้งกลม), the wrathful ghost of a woman having committed suicide after being made pregnant and subsequently betrayed and abandoned by her lover
  • Phi Thale (ผีทะเล), a spirit of the sea. It manifests itself in different ways, one of them being St. Elmo's fire, among other uncanny phenomenons experienced by sailors and fishermen while on boats
  • Pret (เปรต), an extremely tall hungry ghost part of the Buddhist lore. It looks like a very tall and thin man with a very small mouth
  • Phi Dip Chin (ผีดิบจีน), a jumping ghost from the Chinese lore dressed in an ancient costume and having a written paper in front of his face, that has become also popular in Thailand through the Thai Chinese community.[7]
  • Phi Kong Koi (ผีกองกอย), a forest vampire with one leg
  • Kuman Thong (กุมารทอง), a ghost looking like a small boy dressed in ancient costume
  • Rak-Yom (รัก-ยม), appearing as two small boys similar to Kuman Thong
  • Phi Tabo (ผีตาโบ๋), a blind ghost with hollow eyes
  • Phi Ka (ผีกะ), a voracious ghost
  • Phi Tai Ha (ผีตายห่า), ghosts of persons having died of an accident
  • Phi Ma Bong (ผีม้าบ้อง), a female ghost from Northern Thailand similar to a Tikbalang or Kelpie
  • Pu Som Fao Sap (ปู่โสมเฝ้าทรัพย์), a male ghost who guards treasures appearing like a venerable old man
  • Khamot (โขมด), a luminescent ghost
  • Phi Phong (ผีโพง), a male ghost from Northern Thailand related to frogs
  • Phi Phuthao (ผีปู่เฒ่า), a ghost appearing as a very old man
  • Phi Lang Khluang (ผีหลังกลวง), a ghost from Southern Thailand with a very large wound in the back
  • Phi Tuai Khaeo (ผีถ้วยแก้ว), the ghost that makes the upturned glass move (Thai Ouija)
  • Phi Pluak (ผีปลวก), the ghost of the termites[8]
  • Suea Sa Ming (เสือสมิง), a male or female who transformed into a tiger as a result of the power of black magic similar to a Skin-walker or Werecat[9]
  • Kwai Thanu (ควายธนู), also known as Vo Thanu (วัวธนู), a magical bull or water buffalo. Owners can take advantage of the power of black magic to protect them.
  • Hun Pha Yon (หุ่นพยนต์), artificial human or non-human. Owners can take advantage of the power of black magic to protect them like Kwai Thanu.[10]
  • Phi Ngu (ผีงู), also known as Phraya Ngu (พรายงู) or Ngueak Ngu (เงือกงู), a ghost related to snakes that may appear in snake form, in human form or in a combination of both forms.[11]
  • Phi Maphrao (ผีมะพร้าว), the coconut ghost.[12][13]

Interaction with ghosts

Mae Nak shrine, Bangkok. Offerings of lotus buds and releasing of live fishes at the Phra Khanong canal

Ghosts in Thai culture may be benevolent. Certain ghosts have their own shrines and among these there are some, such as the Mae Nak Phra Khanong shrine in Bangkok, that are quite important. Usually though, humbler tutelary spirits live in little dwellings known as San Phra Phum (Template:Lang-th), small ghost shrines that provide a home for these household or tree spirits. These shrines are common near trees and groves and in urban areas, close to buildings. It is considered a bad omen to neglect these spots and offerings are regularly made by people living nearby.[14] Usually offerings to tree spirits are small things such as small food items, drinks, incense sticks or fruits, but when important favors are requested it is common to offer the head of a pig. After the ceremony is over the pig head is brought home and eaten.[4]

The Phi Mo or witch doctor (หมอผี) may invoke spirits of the dead. In this ritual usually four sticks are planted at equal distance from each other on the ground near the burial or cremation place. A thread is tied around the sticks forming a protective square and a mat is spread in the middle. The Phi Mo sits down within this enclosure, often along with other people present at the ritual. In front of him, outside of the square there is a Mo Khao terracotta jar containing ashes or bones of the dead person with a yantra painted on the outside. Beside the jar there is also a plate of rice as offering and a stick or switch to keep the spirits at bay.[4]

On the other hand there are spirits that are considered dangerous and need to be disposed of. In these cases the Phi Mo may conduct a ritual in order to confine the dangerous ghost to an earthen jar, which may be sealed and thrown into a deep canal, river of lake.[4]

Modern media

Thai cinema began popularizing the ghosts and legends of the folklore of Thailand in the 20th century. Ghosts of the local tradition appeared in horror movies, as well as in side-roles in mainstream movies. Phraya Anuman Rajadhon established that most of the contemporary iconography of Thai folk ghosts[5][15][16] has its origins in Thai films that have now become classics.[17]

Thai television soap operas have contributed to popularize the ghost theme. Some soap operas, such as Raeng Ngao, include the folk ghosts of Thai culture interacting with the living. The Raeng Ngao story proved so popular that four remakes have been made after it was first aired in 1986.

Most of the Thai ghosts are so well-liked that they appear regularly in comic books as well as in films for children, including computer animated movies, such as Nak,[18] and animated cartoons.[19]

References

  1. ^ Hantu Penanggalan/Balan-balan
  2. ^ สงสัยเกี่ยวกับผีดิบจีนครับ
  3. ^ 'Ghosts and Spirits of Lan Na (Northern Thailand', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE
  4. ^ a b c d Phya Anuman Rajadhon, Essays on Thai Folklore, Editions Duang Kamol, ISBN 974-210-345-3
  5. ^ a b Spirits
  6. ^ Thai Ghost - Phi Krasue Captured on Phone Cam
  7. ^ Phi Dip Chin
  8. ^ ผีปลวก
  9. ^ เสือสมิงในประพาสต้นจันทบุรี
  10. ^ หุ่นพยนต์ตาปะขาวตักศิลาไสยเวทแดนใต้
  11. ^ Folklore Thai movies based on snakes
  12. ^ รูปผีมะพร้าว ,รูปผีกระบอกไม้, รูปผีผ้า
  13. ^ ผีมะพร้าว
  14. ^ The Thai Spirit House
  15. ^ Ghosts of Thai folklore
  16. ^ Phi Krahang
  17. ^ Movie poster showing Thai ghosts Krahang and Krasue with Count Dracula
  18. ^ Nak movie
  19. ^ Nang Nak Kab 3 Puan

Further readings

E-books
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