List of German inventions and discoveries
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 | This article's factual accuracy is disputed. (December 2009) |
The following list is composed of items, techniques and processes that were invented by or discovered by people from Germany or German-speaking Europe.
Anatomy
- Discovery of the Ampulla of Vater by Abraham Vater in 1720.[1]
- First description of Auerbach's plexus by Leopold Auerbach (19th century).
- First description of Brodmann's areas by Korbinian Brodmann in 1909.[2]
- First description of Crypts of Lieberkühn by Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn in 1745.[citation needed]
- First description of Duct of Wirsung by Johann Georg Wirsung.
- Discovery of the Alzheimer disease by Alois Alzheimer in 1906
Chemistry
- Glauber's salt by Johann Rudolf Glauber (German-Dutch alchemist and chemist) in 1625.
- Eupione by Carl Reichenbach.
- Paraffin wax was identified by Carl Reichenbach in 1830.[3]
- Indium by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter in 1863-1864.[4][5][6]
- Germanium by Clemens Winkler in 1886.[7]
- Bohrium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research between 1981 and 1996.[8]
- Meitnerium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research on August 29, 1982.[9]
- Hassium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in 1984.[10]
- Darmstadtium by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg, under the direction of professor Sigurd Hofmann, on November 9, 1994, at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt.[11]
- Roentgenium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research on December 8, 1994.[12]
- Phenol [13]
- Pittacal [citation needed]
- Opioids including morphine,[14] methadone,[15] oxycodone,[16] hydrocodone,[17] hydromorphone,[18] oxymorphone,[19] nicomorphine,[20] desomorphine, dihydrocodeine, dipropanoylmorphine, hydromorphinol, heterocodeine, and a number of others.
- Cocaine[21]
- Amphetamines[22]
- Barbiturates[23]
- Haber process
- Paal–Knorr synthesis
- Bunsen burner by Robert Bunsen
Computing
- computer by Konrad Zuse
- Plankalkül by Konrad Zuse
- modern Binary numeral system [24]
- MP3 by Karlheinz Brandenburg (with contributions from many other people) in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[25]
- smart card by Jürgen Dethloff and Helmut Gröttrup
Cuisine
- see: German cuisine
- Fanta
Education
- Printing with movable type, by Johannes Gutenberg
- Kindergarten by Friedrich Fröbel
Entertainment and Media
- PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour encoding system for analogue television by Walter Bruch, Telefunken
- Oscilloscope and cathode ray tube by Ferdinand Braun
- Nipkow disk by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow
- Volksempfänger
Geology
- Mohs scale of mineral hardness by Friedrich Mohs in 1812 (one of several definitions of hardness in materials science).[26]
- Theory of the continental drift by Alfred Wegener in 1912
Household and office appliances
- Coffee filter[27]
- Wigomat, the first Electrical drip coffee maker patented in 1954[28]
- Hole punch by Friedrich Soennecken
- Ring binder by Friedrich Soennecken
- Glue stick by company Henkel
- Ink eraser by company Pelikan
- Adhesive tape by company Beiersdorfer
Medicine
- Alzheimer's disease by Alois Alzheimer
- Morphine [29]
- Aspirin by Felix Hoffmann and Arthur Eichengrün
- Adhesive bandage by Paul Carl Beiersdorf
- Eucerit and Labello
- Pressure-sensitive tape by company Beiersdorf
Military
- The modern flamethrower by Richard Fiedler in 1901.[30]
- Submachine gun [citation needed]
- The modern assault rifle [citation needed]
- Ballistic missile : A-4,[31] commonly known as the V-2 rocket in the 1930s and 1940s under direction of Wernher von Braun.
- Rifling [32]
- Rocket-powered aircraft, the Lippisch Ente in 1928.[33]
- Mass produced rocket-powered aircraft, the Messerschmitt Me 163 in 1944[34]
Musical instruments
- Wagner tuba by Richard Wagner in the 1850s (inspired by Adolphe Sax).[35]
- Accordion[36]
- Glockenspiel, invented either in Germany (then part of the Holy Roman Empire) or in the County of Hainaut (now Belgium) in the 18th century.
- Gramophone record by Emil Berliner
Physics
- Deinking
- Geissler tube
- Planck constant
- Planck's law
- Refractometer by Ernst Abbe in 1874.[37]
- Scanning tunneling microscope by Gerd Binnig (German) and Heinrich Rohrer (Swiss) (at IBM Zürich) .[38][39]
- Stark effect [citation needed]
- Stark spectroscopy [citation needed]
- Electron microscope
Politics
- Marxism by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Recreation
Religion
- Christmas tree [citation needed]
- Advent wreath by Johann Hinrich Wichern
- Advent calendar
- Protestantism : in 1517, Martin Luther, an Augustinian priest, published The Ninety-Five Theses.[41]
Science
- Bark scale by Eberhard Zwicker in 1961. It is named after Heinrich Barkhausen.
- Bergius process by Friedrich Bergius in 1913.[42][43]
- Richter magnitude scale by Beno Gutenberg (together with Charles Francis Richter)
Scientific instruments
- Stauroscope by Wolfgang Franz von Kobell in 1855.[44]
Spaceflight and rockets
Toys
- Playmobil
- first home video console Magnavox Odyssey
- Mensch ärgere dich nicht game board
- Skat and Doppelkopf, card game
- Fischertechnik
Transportation
- Modern automobile (gasoline engine) by Karl Benz in 1885.[45]
- Petroleum-powered motorcycle by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in 1885.[46]
- Otto engine by Nicolaus Otto
- Wankel engine by Felix Wankel
- Modern truck in 1896 by Gottlieb Daimler
- Motorcycle in 1885 by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach
- Zeppelin (a type of rigid airship) by Ferdinand von Zeppelin in 1893.[47]
- Rocket-powered aircraft by Fritz Stamer in 1928.
- Air bag by Walter Linderer
See also
References
- ^ Dissertatio anatomica quo novum bilis dicetilicum circa orifucum ductus choledochi ut et valvulosam colli vesicæ felleæ constructionem ad disceptandum proponit, 1720
- ^ Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde. Leipzig : Johann Ambrosius Bart, 1909
- ^ Britannica (1911)
- ^ Venetskii, S. (1971). "Indium". Metallurgist. 15 (2): 148–150. doi:10.1007/BF01088126.
- ^ Reich, F. (1864). "Ueber das Indium". Journal für Praktische Chemie (in German). 92 (1): 480–485. doi:10.1002/prac.18640920180.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Schwarz-Schampera, Ulrich (2002). Indium: Geology, Mineralogy, and Economics. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-43135-0.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Winkler, Clemens (1887). "Germanium, Ge, a New Nonmetal Element" (English translation). Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). 19 (1): 210–211. doi:10.1002/cber.18860190156.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|format= - ^ WebElements.com – Bohrium
- ^ Münzenberg, G.; Armbruster, P.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Poppensieker, K.; Reisdorf, W.; Schneider, J. H. R.; Schneider, W. F. W.; Schmidt, K.-H. (1982). "Observation of one correlated α-decay in the reaction 58Fe on 209Bi→267109". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 309 (1): 89. Bibcode:1982ZPhyA.309...89M. doi:10.1007/BF01420157.
- ^ Barber, R. C.; Greenwood, N. N.; Hrynkiewicz, A. Z.; Jeannin, Y. P.; Lefort, M.; Sakai, M.; Ulehla, I.; Wapstra, A. P.; Wilkinson, D. H. (1993). "Discovery of the transfermium elements. Part II: Introduction to discovery profiles. Part III: Discovery profiles of the transfermium elements (Note: for Part I see Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 879-886, 1991)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 65 (8): 1757. doi:10.1351/pac199365081757.
- ^ Karol, P. J.; Nakahara, H.; Petley, B. W.; Vogt, E. (2001). "On the discovery of the elements 110-112 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 73 (6): 959. doi:10.1351/pac200173060959.
- ^ Hofmann, S.; Ninov, V.; Heßberger, F. P.; Armbruster, P.; Folger, H.; Münzenberg, G.; Schött, H. J.; Popeko, A. G.; Yeremin, A. V. (1995). "The new element 111". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 350 (4): 281. Bibcode:1995ZPhyA.350..281H. doi:10.1007/BF01291182.
- ^ F. F. Runge (1834) "Ueber einige Produkte der Steinkohlendestillation" (On some products of coal distillation), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 31 : 65-78. On page 69 of volume 31, Runge names phenol "Karbolsäure" (coal-oil-acid, carbolic acid). Runge characterizes phenol in: F. F. Runge (1834) "Ueber einige Produkte der Steinkohlendestillation," Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 32 : 308-328.
- ^ Andreas Luch (2009). Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 3-7643-8335-6.
- ^ M. Bockmuhl, Über eine neue Klasse von analgetisch wirkenden Verbindungen Ann. Chem. 561, 52 (1948)
- ^ German (DE) Patent 296916
- ^ Mannich, C.; Löwenheim, H. (1920). "Ueber zwei neue Reduktionsprodukte des Kodeins". Archiv der Pharmazie. 258 (2–4): 295–316. doi:10.1002/ardp.19202580218.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Felden, L. (22). "Comparative Clinical Effects of Hydromorphone and Morphine". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 107 (3): 319–328. PMID 21841049. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Sinatra, Raymond (2010). The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics. MA, USA: Cambridge University Press; 1 edition. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-521-14450-6.
- ^ Nicotinates: Nicomorphine, Nicocodeine, Etofibrate, Nicodicodeine, Ronifibrate, Aluminium Nicotinate, Morniflumate, Xantinol Nicotinate. LLC Books. 2010. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-157-22061-9.
- ^ F. Gaedcke (1855). "Ueber das Erythroxylin, dargestellt aus den Blättern des in Südamerika cultivirten Strauches Erythroxylon Coca". Archiv der Pharmazie. 132 (2): 141–150. doi:10.1002/ardp.18551320208.
- ^ Edeleano L (1887). "Ueber einige Derivate der Phenylmethacrylsäure und der Phenylisobuttersäure". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 20 (1): 616–622. doi:10.1002/cber.188702001142.
- ^ "Barbiturates". Retrieved 2007-10-31.
- ^ Leibniz G., Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire, Die Mathematische Schriften, ed. C. Gerhardt, Berlin 1879, vol.7, p.223; Engl. transl.[1]
- ^ Ewing, Jack (5 March 2007). "How MP3 Was Born". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 22 Feb. 2009 "Mohs hardness."
- ^ The History of Coffee
- ^ "Sixty years of the Federal Republic of Germany – a retrospective of everyday life". Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ Morphine Discovery
- ^ First World War, Willmott, H.P., Dorling Kindersley, 2003, Page 106
- ^ Zaloga, Steven (2003). V-2 Ballistic Missile 1942-52. Reading: Osprey Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-84176-541-9.
- ^ W. S. Curtis. "Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective".
- ^ Darling, David. "Lippisch Ente", The Internet Encyclopedia of Science – Experimental Aircraft. Accessed 5 October 2008.
- ^ "Me-163 Komet". Planes of Fame Air Museum. Accessed 5 October 2008.
- ^ John Humphries, The Early Horn (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000), p. 41.
- ^ Doktorski, Henry. "Interview With Fredrik Dillner - The Owner Of What May Be The World's Oldest Accordion". The Free-Reed Journal : Articles and Essays Featuring Classical Free-Reed Instruments and Performers. Ksanti. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
- ^ Sella, Andrea (2008). "Abbé's refractometer". Chemistry World: 67.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ G. Binnig, H. Rohrer (1986). "Scanning tunneling microscopy". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 30: 4.
- ^ Press release for the 1986 Nobel Prize in physics
- ^ "A History of the Carabiner". Mountain Spirit Institute. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ "Martin Luther 95 Theses". Uncommon-travel-germany.com. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Bergius, Friedrich (May 21, 1932). "Chemical reactions under high pressure" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
- ^ D. Valentin: Kohleverflüssigung - Chancen und Grenzen, Praxis der Naturwissenschaften, 1/58 (2009), S. 17-19.
- ^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kobell,_Wolfgang_Xaver_Franz,_Baron_von
- ^ Ralph Stein (1967). The Automobile Book. Paul Hamlyn Ltd.
- ^ The History and Future of Motorcycles and motorcycling - From 1885 to the Future. Electric, Gas, Diesel, Hybrid Motorcycles
- ^ Dooley, Sean C., The Development of Material-Adapted Structural Form – Part II: Appendices. THÈSE NO 2986 (2004), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne