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Metropolis (comics)

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"New Troy" redirects here. For Alexandre Dumas's novel, see The New Troy.

Template:Infobox comics location Metropolis is a fictional American city that appears in comic books published by DC Comics and is thought to be a reference to New York City.[1][2][3] Metropolis is the home of Superman and first appeared by name in Action Comics #16 (September 1939).

Within the DC Universe, Metropolis is portrayed as one of the largest and wealthiest cities on Earth, having a population of nearly 11 million citizens.[4] It is referred to as "The Big Apricot," just as New York City is nicknamed "The Big Apple," and is also called "The City of Tomorrow."[5] Most of the notable landmarks in Metropolis are based on real-life landmarks in New York City.[2]

Location

New York City is often cited as a real-life equivalent of Metropolis,[1] and the landmarks in Metropolis are based on real places in Manhattan.[2]

Like many other fictional cities in DC Comics, the location of Metropolis has varied over the years but is usually portrayed as a major city in the Northeast, sharing various qualities with New York City.[6] Superman co-creator Joe Shuster moved to Cleveland by age ten, where he met co-creator and Ohio native Jerry Siegel. Originally intending to sell the Superman strips to a Cleveland newspaper, they decided to set the stories there, but when the strips were re-used for the comic books, they changed the location to Metropolis. Action Comics #2, however, mistakenly portrays Clark Kent as a reporter for the Cleveland Evening News. In Superman #2 (Fall 1939), Metropolis was actually placed in New York State, making it the earliest specific reference to the location of Metropolis.[7] In that issue, Clark Kent (Superman) sends a telegram to George Taylor, the editor of the Daily Star (the antecedent to the Daily Planet), addressed to "Metropolis, N.Y."[8]

In the 1940s Superman cartoons, produced by Paramount Pictures and Fleischer Studios, Superman is said to live in New York City rather than Metropolis during the seventh cartoon of the series, "Electric Earthquake." A Native American mad scientist claims that his people are the rightful owners of Manhattan, thus placing these cartoons in New York City. In the fifth episode in the series, "The Bulleteers," however, the city had already been identified as Metropolis, as the Bulleteers address in that cartoon the population of Superman's city as "citizens of Metropolis"; and in the 13th episode "Destruction Inc.," Metropolis is even seen spelled out twice on the Metropolis Munition Works, so it can be assumed that "Electric Earthquake" is an anomaly.

In a 1970s edition of Ask the Answer Man, a column that ran occasionally in DC publications, it was stated that Metropolis and Gotham City were adjacent to New York City; across the harbor from each other.[9] That same column stated that Green Arrow's home, Star City, was in Connecticut, Flash's Central City was in Ohio, and Hawkman's Midway City was in Michigan.[9] An earlier issue of DC's fanzine Amazing World of DC Comics, however, stated that Metropolis was located in Delaware, while Gotham was placed in New Jersey.[10] The Atlas of the DC Universe role playing game supplement, published by Mayfair Games, claims that Metropolis is in Delaware, but the map places it where New York City would be.[11]

In June of 1976, Superman #300 featured an out-of-canon story about the infant Kal-El arriving on Earth in that year, triggering an increase in Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. In that story's version of the year 2001, Metropolis is the name given to the new merging of the Northeast Corridor of cities ranging from Washington, D.C. through New York City to Boston, to form a megalopolis.[12]

In his 1978 work, The Great Superman Book, an encyclopedia of the first forty years of the Superman comics, author Michael Fleisher cites many, many examples which demonstrate that Metropolis equates with New York City. The most blatant of these might be the statement he cites from Action Comics #143 (April 1950), which states that the Statue of Liberty stands in "Metropolis Harbor".[2] The Statue of Liberty, in fact, stands in New York Harbor.

The 1992 "Death of Superman" storyline depicts Doomsday on a path from Ohio through the state of New York, ending in Metropolis, and the 2005 comic Countdown to Infinite Crisis also places Metropolis in the state of New York. The mini-series JLA/Avengers depicts the city as along the multi-state Interstate 95, which is the main highway on the East Coast of the United States.[13] Its corresponding location in the Marvel Universe is forests and fields.[14]

On the television series Superman: The Animated Series, the second part of the episode titled "Little Girl Lost" depicts Darkseid's minion using a machine hidden in or around Metropolis to attempt to pull a comet into the earth. The beam from that machine is depicted originating from the area of the mid-western United States where Kansas is located. In the second part of the episode "Last Son of Krypton" when Lois is introduced to Clark Kent, she is told he is from Smallville, she replies "Smallville? Never Heard of it." prompting Clark Kent to ask her if she had ever been to Kansas. Lois replies "God No!" while turning her head in a sign of visible disgust.

Frank Miller has said that "Metropolis is New York in the daytime; Gotham City is New York at night."[dead link‍][1][15] Gotham City is home to Batman, whose activities are more often nocturnal, while Metropolis is home to Superman, who usually operates during the day. In terms of atmosphere, Batman writer and editor Dennis O'Neil has said that, figuratively, "Batman's Gotham City is Manhattan below 14th Street at eleven minutes past midnight on the coldest night in November, and Metropolis is Manhattan between 14th and 100th Streets on the brightest, sunniest July day of the year.[15][16] New York City has been more recently used as a locale in the DC Universe, like the Marvel Universe, in which it exists as a separate city from Metropolis and Gotham City. The Justice Society of America, for example, is based in New York, as were the Teen Titans.

In relation to Gotham City

Metropolis is frequently depicted as being within driving distance of Gotham City, home of Batman. This happens, for example, in the three-issue 1990 mini-series of World's Finest Comics by Dave Gibbons, Steve Rude, and Karl Kesel. Like Metropolis, Gotham's location has never been definitively established; however, it is usually treated as also being a major city. The distance between the two cities has varied greatly over the years, ranging from being hundreds of miles apart to Gotham and Metropolis being twin cities on opposite sides of Delaware Bay, with Gotham City in New Jersey and Metropolis in Delaware.[11][17] In Lois and Clark, when Lois finds out about Superman's secret identity and yells at Clark about how he's been hiding his secretly being Superman, he responds, "A little louder Lois — I don't think they could hear you in Gotham City".

History

A Native American tribe sold Metropolis Island to the first European settlers in 1644,[18] similar to the history of New York City, in which Native Americans sold Manhattan Island to Dutch settlers in 1626.[19]

Features

Over the years, Metropolis' features have greatly changed in the comics; however, Metropolis is always presented as being a global city. It is often referred to as "The Big Apricot" just as New York City is nicknamed "The Big Apple."

The map of Metropolis designed for Mayfair Games' first edition of the DC Heroes Role-Playing Game resembled that of the city of Manhattan.

Metropolis' features became more defined and more obviously based on New York following both 1985's Crisis on Infinite Earths miniseries and John Byrne's subsequent revamping of Superman, including the late 1980s comic special The World of Metropolis.

Much like New York City, Metropolis is home to the Statue of Liberty in the DC Universe. According to Action Comics #143 (April 1950), the Statue of Liberty is said to stand in "Metropolis Harbor," while the real-life Statue of Liberty stands in New York Harbor.[2]

Districts and boroughs

Metropolis is made up of six boroughs, the largest being New Troy. Each of the boroughs has its own distinct character and feel, which resemble and mimic New York City's boroughs.

New Troy

New Troy is the largest borough in Metropolis. Resembling Manhattan, New Troy is a skyscraper island bustling with commerce and business. The concrete and steel canyons of the city rise to dizzying heights. "1930s architecture stretched like a rubber band" as cited in the Art of Superman Returns book.

The Daily Planet Building at Planet Square with the Financial District, in 2006's Superman Returns.

The Daily Planet Building is the most recognizable landmark in the Metropolis skyline, much like the Empire State Building for New York City. Located in "Planet Square," it is particularly known for the Daily Planet globe atop the building. Other prominent skyscrapers include the Emperor Building (a reference to the Empire State Building), the Newstime Building (home of the national Newstime magazine, a reference to and combination of Newsweek and Time) which is secretly owned for several years by Lord Satanus posing as "Colin Thornton," and the Twin Towered LexCorp Tower, (a reference to the former twin towers of the World Trade Center), headquarters for Lex Luthor's company.

Lex Luthor stands before the Superman and Superboy memorials in Centennial Park, based on New York's Central Park.

Besides the Financial District, notable areas of New Troy include Chinatown, Little Bohemia (the arts capital of Metropolis and a reference to Little Italy in Manhattan), and Glenmorgan Square.

Famous streets in New Troy include Fifth Avenue, Bessolo Boulevard, and Topaz Lane. The latter two are Metropolis' versions of Broadway in New York City. Bessolo Boulevard's name is derived from Adventures of Superman lead actor George Reeves's legal name before entering films. Other Metropolis boulevards in the New Troy borough are similarly named for other actors from that series and from its radio predecessor of the same name, such as Coates, Larson, and Collyer.

Centennial Park, sometimes labeled as Metropolis Park, is Metropolis' largest city park and is based on real life Central Park of New York City. Its most noteworthy feature is a statue of Superman with an American bald eagle, erected after his death fighting Doomsday. A statue of Superboy Conner Kent was built next to it after the events of Infinite Crisis.

File:Timessquaremetropolis.jpg
Glenmorgan Square as seen in the 2006 rendition of Superman Returns, based on New York City's Times Square.

Other notable places and their NYC inspirations include Wireless City Movie Theater (Radio City Music Hall), the Halldorf Hotel (Waldorf Astoria), Lacey's Department Store (Macy's), Stacey's Department Store, and Spiffany's Jewelry Store (Tiffany's).

In northwestern New Troy is the impoverished and crime-infested neighborhood of Suicide Slum, best known for the 1940s adventures of the Guardian and his street urchin companions, the Newsboy Legion. Although the northwestern location is similar to the relationship of Harlem to midtown Manhattan, the neighborhood bears more physical and cultural resemblance to Manhattan's Lower East Side. The Ace o' Clubs is a bar owned by Bibbo Bibbowski in Suicide Slum.

In 1990s and 2000s stories, the married Clark Kent and Lois Lane live in an apartment in New Troy, at 1938 Sullivan Lane, which is a tribute to the year Superman first appeared. The apartment was a wedding gift to the couple by Bruce Wayne, who owned the building.[20] Clark Kent's traditional address of 344 Clinton Street, Apartment 3D, was usually described as being located in midtown Metropolis.[21]

Other boroughs and suburbs

New Troy is separated from the suburban boroughs by the West River and Hobb's River, based on New York's East River and Hudson River, respectively. Midvale is a suburb of Metropolis, more well known as the home of Supergirl and the site of the Midvale Orphanage prior to the events of Crisis on Infinite Earths. Bakerline is another borough of Metropolis. Located north of New Troy, Bakerline is the home of newspaper reporter Jimmy Olsen and appears to be based on The Bronx in New York City.

Other boroughs and suburban areas, almost all of which are based on real places in New York City, include Queensland Park (a reference to Queens), Hell's Gate (a reference to Hell Gate Bridge), St. Martin's Island (a reference to Staten Island), Park Ridge (a reference to Park Slope), Metrodale, and Highville.

Cultural, Educational, and research institutions

The exterior of the Superman Museum. From Superman (volume 1) #286, April 1975. Art by Curt Swan.

In the Silver Age and Bronze Age comics, a major Metropolis landmark is the Superman Museum. The Superman Museum features various exhibits dedicated to Metropolis' favorite superhero, similar to the Flash Museum in Central City.[22] The Museum's exhibits were responsible for the origin of the Composite Superman.[23] Members of the criminal organization the 100 at one point secretly used the Superman Museum as their base of operations, which was discovered by the superhero Black Lightning and his nemesis the Whale.[24] Superman, under the effects of hypnosis, once went on a rampage and wrecked several pieces at the museum.[25] The Superman Museum, like the Flash Museum, is also usually shown as existing well into the Legion of Super-Heroes' era, as shown in various stories[26] and the 2000s television series Legion of Super Heroes.

The central branch of S.T.A.R. Labs, a major scientific research institution, is also located in Metropolis.[27]

The Metropolis Museum of Natural History was featured in the film Superman Returns.

Education

Metropolis University, Clark Kent's alma mater, is located in the city of Metropolis; Clark graduated with a degree in journalism.[28][29] The college has a floating aquarium anchored just offshore called the "Ark."[4]

Industry

LexCorp, founded by Lex Luthor, endeavors into all aspects of technology, communication, medical science, technical science, architectural engineering, future technology, and more.[4]

Steelworks is the laboratory of Dr. John Henry Irons and in post-Crisis, it came to rival LexCorp as its reach expanded into many different industries. John Henry renamed Steelworks Ironworks to further himself from his superhero life as Steel.[4]

Law and government

Mayors

At least three mayors are known to be considered part of Metropolis' history:

  • Frank Berkowitz, whose term began prior to Superman's first known public meeting with Lex Luthor as depicted in the Man of Steel mini-series by John Byrne. Berkowitz was killed by a sniper hired by Luthor years later.
  • "Buck" Sackett, elected as Berkowitz's successor, and covertly Luthor's "puppet".
  • Mayor Fleming, an African American female who has been introduced in Nick Spencer's Jimmy Olsen back-ups.

Metropolis Police Department

The Metropolis Police Department possesses a Special Crimes Unit dedicated to defending the city against superhuman menaces in case Superman is absent. The unit is headed by Maggie Sawyer and Dan Turpin, both of whom maintain frequent contact with the Man of Steel. Another of Superman's police contacts over the years has been Inspector William Henderson, who is currently the Metropolis police commissioner. The police unit is featured in a 1998 limited series, Metropolis SCU. At some point during the missing year following Infinite Crisis, the division of the Metropolis Police Department dedicated to superhuman crime was renamed the Science Police, seemingly a reference to the similarly named group in the Legion of Super-Heroes' 31st Century.

Stryker's Island Penitentiary, based on New York's Riker's Island, is the name of Metropolis' largest prison facility, as well as the name of the island on which it sits; it is located in Metropolis' West River south of New Troy.[30]

Metropolis Fire Department

Post-Crisis, Fireman Farrell is shown to be a member of the Metropolis fire department.[31] As of Batman & Superman: World's Finest #4 (July 1999), Farrell is now a captain in the Metropolis FD.

Media

Metropolis' premier newspaper is the Daily Planet, one of the most renowned news organizations in the DC Universe. The city is also home to the national Newstime magazine.

Other major media located in Metropolis include WGBS-TV, flagship station of the Galaxy Broadcasting System (GBS) television network, both subsidiaries of media conglomerate Galaxy Communications.[32] Popular shows included The Midnight Show Starring Johnny Nevada (a fictional version of NBC's The Tonight Show, with Johnny Nevada being an analogue of Johnny Carson).[33]

Between the early 1970s and mid-1980s, both Clark Kent and Lois Lane worked for WGBS after Galaxy Communications purchased the Daily Planet in a 1971 storyline, with Clark as the anchorman for the WGBS evening news.[34] He was eventually joined by Lana Lang as a co-anchor[35]. After John Byrne's revamp of Superman's origins, though, Clark and Lois were reverted to working at the Daily Planet once again. Galaxy Broadcasting and WGBS-TV still exist post-Crisis, however, and are usually used in any story where a television station or network is needed or shown. Post-Crisis, Clark, Lois and Lana never worked for the station. During the 1990s however, both Jimmy Olsen and Cat Grant did work there.

People and Culture

The people of Metropolis are depicted as a diverse group of large city-dwellers within the comics. They live in one of the world's largest, wealthiest, and most important cities.

Sports

As befitting any world city, Metropolis is represented by teams in all major-league sports.[36] Like New York City, it is home to two teams in baseball and football. Of the two baseball teams, the Metropolis Monarchs are Clark Kent's favorite,[37] while the other team, the Metropolis Meteors, is mentioned in 52 as having a rivalry with the St. Louis Cardinals.

In football, Metropolis is home to the Metropolis Metros and on the TV show Smallville, there is a team called the Metropolis Sharks.

The city is also home to the Metropolis Generals basketball team and the Metropolis Mammoths hockey team.

Legion-Era Metropolis

Metropolis is traditionally depicted as continuing to survive, thrive and expand well into the 30th and 31st Century timeframes used as the backdrop of the Legion of Super-Heroes in all that series' varied incarnations to date.

During the original incarnation of the series, Metropolis would be depicted as covering anything ranging from the entire Atlantic American coast to a more narrowed jurisdiction – according to one map officially published during Paul Levitz and Keith Giffen's initial partnership on the series, in Legion of Super-Heroes vol. 2 #313 (July 1984) – covering most of Massachusetts, all of Rhode Island and Connecticut, New York State from Long Island's eastern tip up into the Catskills, and a large portion of northern New Jersey. In one imaginary Superman tale published in 1976 and partly set in then-futuristic 2001, "Metropolis" is the name of the new megalopolis of the Eastern seaboard corridor, comprising the cities of Washington, D.C., New York and Boston and all the territory in between (Superman vol. 1, #300, June 1976).

Whatever version was used, it was generally viewed as given that the original city, as well as Gotham City, were considered within Legion-era Metropolis' boundaries, from the mid-1960s until the events of Zero Hour.

The first post-Infinite Crisis version of the series as published in the "three-boot" edition has described Metropolis as having expanded over the intervening millennium up the "entire Atlantic seaboard" of North America in one issue (reminiscent of New York's future expansion in Isaac Asimov's The Caves of Steel and in Poul Anderson's The Corridors of Time, and to an extent Mega City One of the Judge Dredd comics). In Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds, it is revealed that this version of Metropolis belongs to the newly restored Earth-Prime's 31st Century.

In Adventure Comics (vol. 2) # 12, Metropolis during the Legion's first year is described by Brainiac 5 as having a population of "78 million sentient inhabitants in the urban zone before you reach the greenbelt".

Depictions in other media

Television

In the TV series Adventures of Superman, Los Angeles stood in place for Metropolis. The Los Angeles City Hall was depicted as the Daily Planet building in later seasons.
  • The 1950s television series Adventures of Superman is silent on the subject of the city's location, but in general, and in a departure from most other media depictions, Metropolis could be equated to Los Angeles, California. In the first episode, "Superman on Earth", there is a quick stock clip of what appears to be the New York City skyline as seen from one of the rivers around Manhattan, labeled "Metropolis". Another early episode mentions that Jimmy is a fan of the Chicago White Sox. However, nearly every exterior shot depicting Metropolis either contains landmarks readily identifiable as being in Los Angeles (such as the Los Angeles City Hall or the Griffith Observatory), or is known to have been filmed in Hollywood back lots. As the show's own credits state, the series was filmed in Hollywood.
  • Metropolis appears in 1980s Superman TV series.
In the TV series Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, Chicago stood in place for Metropolis.
  • In the 1990s television series Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, Chicago landmarks such as the John Hancock Center, the Tribune Tower, the Wrigley Building, and Wrigley Field are easily identifiable. A reference is made to the city having the telephone area code 219, which would place it in northwestern Indiana, near Chicago. In later seasons, the main area of the city is seen as being called "New Troy," like the comics of the time. Metropolis Channel 6 mentions of professional sports Major League Baseball Team, The Metropolitans. Later LSPN, Metropolis' version of ESPN, has interview coverage with quarter back Steve Law of the Metropolis Tigers regarding their upcoming game with the San Francisco 49ers. Occasionally, such as in the third season episode Through a Glass Darkly, a map of Manhattan is clearly identified as Metropolis.
Metropolis Skyline, as seen in Smallville. The Daily Planet Building and LuthorCorp Tower are seen as the two tallest skyscrapers. On Smallville, Vancouver, Canada, stands in as Metropolis.
  • In the pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths comics, Smallville was often shown as being within driving distance of Metropolis,[38] though with no definitive location. Since John Byrne's revamp of Superman in 1986, however, its location has usually been cited as being in Kansas. On the popular Smallville television series, Metropolis is located in Kansas (a six-hour round trip, according to some episodes). In an interview, the creators of Smallville have stated that Metropolis is approximately 100 miles (160 kilometers) from Smallville. Characters are shown routinely traveling back and forth between Smallville and Metropolis for work; Lois Lane and Clark Kent live in Smallville but work at the Daily Planet in Metropolis. LutherCorp headquarters are also located in Metropolis. In filming the series, Vancouver and Surrey, British Columbia stand in for Metropolis, For example the Marine Building in Vancouver stands in as the Daily Planet Building and the Central City Building in Surrey stands in as the LuthorCorp. Other episodes do show other cities as Metropolis, such as Downtown Los Angeles, Minneapolis (in the Season Four episode "Recruit"), New York City and Chicago; either way, Metropolis is portrayed as a clean and modern city.
  • Metropolis appears in The Batman episode "The Batman/Superman Story" Pt. 1.

Film

Another shot of Metropolis, which really is Lower Manhattan with minor edits, like the removal of the modern 17 State Street and replaced with an older looking tower. The Daily Planet Building and others can be seen.

Video games

Metropolis, Illinois

The real town of Metropolis, Illinois, has been proclaimed the "hometown of Superman" both by DC Comics and Illinois State Legislature, and the town celebrates its "local hero" in every possible way that it can. Among the ways it celebrates the character include a large Superman statue in the city, a Superman museum, an annual Superman festival, and its local newspaper The Metropolis Planet, a name inspired by the major newspaper in fictional Metropolis, The Daily Planet. A version of the town has appeared in the comics itself, as a city whose citizens idolize the hero who lives in their 'sister' city.[42]

References

  1. ^ a b c MacDonald, Heidi (2006-01-30). "New York Is Comics Country". Publishers Weekly. Reed Elsevier. Retrieved 2008-07-31. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) [dead link‍]
  2. ^ a b c d e Fleisher, Michael and Lincoln, Janet E. The Great Superman Book (Grand Central Publishing, 1978), pp. 223–225.
  3. ^ Bridwell, E. Nelson. "Metropolis Mailbag," Superman #306 (Dec. 1976).
  4. ^ a b c d "Metropolis". Comic Vine. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
  5. ^ "The City". bigapricot.org. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
  6. ^ Bridwell, E. Nelson. "Metropolis Mailbag," Superman #306 (Dec. 1976).
  7. ^ Bridwell, E. Nelson. "Metropolis Mailbag," Superman #306 (Dec. 1976).
  8. ^ Bridwell, E. Nelson. "Metropolis Mailbag," Superman #306 (Dec. 1976).
  9. ^ a b "Daily Planet," Detective Comics #470 (June 1977).
  10. ^ Amazing World of DC Comics #14 (March 1977).
  11. ^ a b Atlas of the DC Universe (Mayfair Games, 1990).
  12. ^ Superman #300 (DC Comics, 1976).
  13. ^ David Montgomery and Josh White, The Washington Post, 128 Cars, Trucks Crash in Snow on I-95, February 23, 2001, p. A1
  14. ^ Avengers/JLA #2 (DC Comics, 2003).
  15. ^ a b Bopik, Barry (2008-03-29). "The Big Apple: "Metropolis is New York by day; Gotham City is New York by night"". Retrieved 2013-03-28.
  16. ^ O'Neil, Dennis. Afterward. Batman: Knightfall, A Novel. New York: Bantam Books, 1994. 344.
  17. ^ World's Finest Comics #259, October–November 1979
  18. ^ Hamilton, Edmund (1950). "Superman, Indian Chief". Action Comics. 1 (148). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Frederick M. Binder, David M. Reimers: All the Nations Under Heaven: An Ethnic and Racial History of New York City, p.4;(1996)ISBN 0-231-07879-X
  20. ^ Superman: The Wedding Album, October 1996
  21. ^ Superman (volume 1) #112, May 1957, et. al.
  22. ^ Superman (volume 1) #169, May 1964, et. al.
  23. ^ World's Finest Comics #142, June 1964
  24. ^ World's Finest Comics #258, September 1979
  25. ^ Superman (volume 1) #385, July 1983
  26. ^ Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds #1, August 2008
  27. ^ Superman (volume 1) #246, December 1971
  28. ^ Superman (volume 1) #129, May 1959
  29. ^ Superman (volume 2) #12, December 1987
  30. ^ Stryker's Island Penitentiary [1]
  31. ^ Action Comics #693 (Nov 1993)
  32. ^ Superman (volume 1) #233, January 1971
  33. ^ Action Comics #442, December 1974
  34. ^ Superman (volume 1) #317, November 1977
  35. ^ Superman (volume 1) #317, November 1977
  36. ^ ""Who's Who in the Superman Comics," Superman Home Page". Supermanhomepage.com. 2010-12-20. Retrieved 2010-12-25.
  37. ^ "The Official Home of Geoff Johns. [Link appears to be dead.]". Comic Bloc. Retrieved 2010-12-25.
  38. ^ New Adventures of Superboy #13 (January 1981), #22 (October 1981)
  39. ^ "''Superman Returns'' photo gallery, Superman Homepage". Supermanhomepage.com. 2005-11-05. Retrieved 2010-12-25.
  40. ^ "''Superman Returns'' photo gallery, Superman Homepage". Supermanhomepage.com. Retrieved 2010-12-25.
  41. ^ "''Superman Returns'' photo gallery, Superman Homepage". Supermanhomepage.com. Retrieved 2010-12-25.
  42. ^ "Adventures of Superman" #515

Template:1978–1987 Superman film series

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