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Not to be confused with MacBook Pro.

Mac Pro
Mac Pro
DeveloperApple Inc.
TypeWorkstation
Server
Release dateAugust 7, 2006 (original release)
June 11, 2012 (current model)
Introductory priceUS$2,499[1]
GB£1,940[2]
CPUIntel Xeon "Nehalem" (current quad-core)
Intel Xeon "Westmere" (current 6-, 8- and 12-core)
Intel Xeon "Harpertown" (second release)
Intel Xeon "Woodcrest" (original release)
WebsiteMac Pro website

The Mac Pro is an Intel Xeon-based workstation computer manufactured by Apple Inc. The Mac Pro, in most configurations, is the fastest computer that Apple offers, and is one of three desktop computers in the current Macintosh lineup, the other two being the iMac and Mac Mini. The machine is also the basis for the Mac Pro Server, which bundles the Mac Pro hardware with Mac OS X Server as a replacement for the Xserve line of servers.[3]

Outwardly, the Mac Pro resembles the last version of the Power Mac G5, and has similar expansion capabilities. An Intel-based replacement for those machines had been expected for some time before the Pro was formally announced on August 7, 2006 at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference.[4] The first Mac Pro was based on dual Dual-core Xeon Woodcrest processors. This was replaced by a dual Quad-core Xeon Clovertown model on April 4, 2007, and again on January 8, 2008 by a dual Quad-core Xeon Harpertown model.[5]

The current 2012 Mac Pro is largely based on a model that was announced on July 27, 2010. It features Intel Xeon processors that are designed upon the Nehalem/Westmere architectures. These systems offer options of up to 12 processing cores, up to four optional 2TB hard disk drives/512GB solid state drives and ATI Radeon HD 5770/5870 graphics.[6]

The original 2006 Mac Pro and its 2007 update are not officially supported to run OS X Mountain Lion, which will only run on 2008 and newer Mac Pros.[7] However, people have had success booting Mountain Lion on early Mac Pros using newer video cards and the Chameleon bootloader.[8]

At the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in 2013, a redesigned Mac Pro was announced, with a release date to be announced later in the same year. In a radical departure from the previous two case designs - both of which employed the standard, rectangular form factor - the new Mac Pro will be shaped like a cylinder and take up about one eighth the volume of previous models. Beyond form, Apple says the machine will support up to 12-core Xeon CPU and four 1866 MHz DDR3 RAM cards. While it is yet to be benchmarked or tested by the public, Apple claims that the new Mac Pro will achieve twice the performance of the last model.[9]

Overview

Similar to the Power Mac G5. An Intel-based replacement for the Power Mac G5 had long been expected prior to the release of the Mac Pro. The iMac, Mac Mini, MacBook and MacBook Pro had moved to an Intel-based architecture starting in January 2006, leaving the Power Mac G5 as the only machine in the Mac lineup still based on the PowerPC. Speculation about the G5's eventual replacement was common. Rumors initially expected the machine to differ physically from the existing G5 and considered a number of different possible internal configurations based on different chipsets, but the coincidence of Intel releasing a new Core 2-based Xeon workstation platform just prior to the 2006 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) made it fairly obvious that the resulting machine would be based on it.[10] Even the naming was "obvious"; Apple had dropped the term "Power" from the other machines in their lineup, and started using "Pro" on their higher-end laptop offerings. As such, the name "Mac Pro" was widely used before the machine was announced.[10]

The Mac Pro is a workstation similar to other Unix workstations such as those previously manufactured by Sun Microsystems.[11] Although the high-end technical market has not traditionally been an area of strength for Apple, the company has been positioning itself as a leader in non-linear digital editing for high-definition video, which demands storage and memory far in excess of a general desktop machine. Additionally, the codecs used in these applications are generally processor intensive and highly threadable, speeding up almost linearly with additional processor cores.[10] Apple's previous machine aimed at this market, the Power Mac G5, had up to two dual-core processors, but lacked the storage expansion capabilities of the newer design.[10]

In general, the Mac Pro has been well received in the press.[12] The combination of high performance, reasonable expandability, very quiet operation and the quality of its mechanical design makes it routinely appear as the comparison system against which other systems are measured.[13] The Xeon platform is, however, Intel's “high end” system and not aimed at more general purpose use.[13] Nevertheless, current-generation Xeons are priced competitively with their high-end desktop platforms, allowing Apple to sell a very powerful system at prices that are considered quite competitive, even by reviewers who do not normally review Apple systems.[13]

File:New-macpro.jpg
New design expected late 2013

Original marketing materials for the Mac Pro generally referred to the middle-of-the-line model with 2 × dual-core 2.66 GHz processors.[1] Previously, Apple featured the base model with the words "starting at" or "from" when describing the pricing, but the online Apple Store listed the "Mac Pro at $2499", the price for the mid-range model. The base model could be configured at US$2299, much more comparable with the former base-model dual-core G5 at US$1999, although offering considerably more processing power. Post revision, the default configurations for the Mac Pro includes one quad-core Xeon 3500 at 2.66 GHz or two quad-core Xeon 5500s at 2.26 GHz each.[1]

Like its predecessor, the Power Mac G5, the Mac Pro is Apple's only desktop with standard expansion slots for graphics adapters and other expansion cards.

Production of Mac Pro was set to end in Europe beginning in 2013-03-01 after an amendment to a safety regulation left the professional Mac incompliant. Last day to order was set to 2013-02-18.[14]

Description

The specifications below are from Apple's "tech specs" page[15] or developer notes,[16] except where noted.

Processors

The current Mac Pro is available with one or two processors with options giving four, eight, or twelve cores. As an example the eight core standard configuration Mac Pro uses two Quad core x8 Intel E5620007 Xeon processors @2.4 GHz,[1][17] but can be configured with two Hexacore Core Intel Xeon Processor X5670 @2.93 GHz.[18] All current Mac Pros have processors supporting Hyper-Threading which allows two threads to run on each core. The four core versions come with 8 MB of Intel Smart cache (L3 cache) while all others come with 12 MB for each processor.[19] All current Mac Pro processors are capable of Intel's Turbo Boost technology, which dynamically boosts the clock rate of a core in intervals of 133 MHz if the CPU temperature is below average conditions.

Memory

The original Mac Pro's main memory used 667 MHz DDR2 ECC FB-DIMMs; the early 2008 model used 800 MHz ECC DDR2 FB-DIMMS, the current Mac Pro uses 1066 MHz DDR3 ECC DIMMs for the standard models, and 1333 MHz DDR3 ECC DIMMs for systems configured with 2.66 GHz or faster processors.[20] In the original and 2008 models, these modules are installed in pairs, one each on two riser cards. The cards have 4 DIMM slots each, allowing a total of 32 GB of memory (8 × 4 GB) to be installed.[21] Notably, due to its FB-DIMM architecture, installing more RAM in the Mac Pro will improve its memory bandwidth, but may also increase its memory latency.[22] With a simple install of a single FB-DIMM the peak bandwidth is 8 GBB/s, but this can increase to 16 GB/s by installing two FB-DIMMs, one on each of the two buses, which is the default configuration from Apple. While electrically the FB-DIMMs are standard, for pre-2009 Mac Pro models Apple specifies larger-than-normal heatsinks on the memory modules. Problems have been reported by users who have used third party RAM with normal size FB-DIMM heatsinks.[23] (see notes below). 2009 and later Mac Pro computers do not require memory modules with heatsinks.

Hard drives

An example of a Mac Pro's hard drive tray.

The Mac Pro has room for four internal 3.5" SATA-300 hard drives in 4 internal "bays". The hard drives are mounted on individual trays (also known as 'sleds') by captive screws. A set of four drive trays is supplied with each machine. Adding hard drives to the system does not require cables to be attached as the drive is connected to the system simply by inserting it in the corresponding drive slot. A case lock on the back of the system locks the disks trays into their positions.

The Mac Pro also supports Serial ATA solid-state drives (SSD) in the 4 hard drive bays via an SSD-to-hard drive sled adapter (mid-2010 models and later), and via 3rd-party solutions for earlier models (e.g., via an adapter/bracket which plugs into an unused PCIe slot). Various 2.5-inch SSD drive capacities and configurations are available as an option on new machines.

The Mac Pro is also available with an optional hardware RAID card.[24] With the addition of a SAS controller card or SAS RAID controller card, SAS drives can be directly connected to the system's SATA ports.

Two optical drive bays are provided, each with a corresponding SATA port and an Ultra ATA/100 port.

The Mac Pro has one PATA port and can support two PATA devices in the optical drive bays. It has a total of six SATA ports – four are connected to the system's drive bays, and two are not connected. These extra SATA ports can be put into service through the use of after-market extender cables to connect internal optical drives, or to provide eSATA ports with the use of an eSATA bulkhead connector.[25] However, the two extra SATA ports are currently unsupported and disabled under Boot Camp.

At the current time, a built to order Mac Pro can be configured with up to 8 TB of storage (4 × 2TB disks) or 2 TB (512 x4 SSD).

Expansion cards

For internal expansion the current Mac Pro has four PCI Express (PCIe) 2.0 expansion slots. The 2008 model had two PCI Express (PCIe) 2.0 expansion slots and two PCI Express 1.1 slots, providing them with up to 300 W of power in total. The first slot is double wide and intended to hold the main video card, arranged with an empty area the width of a normal card beside it to leave room for the large coolers modern cards often use. In most machines, one slot would be blocked by the cooler. Instead of the tiny screws typically used to fasten the cards to the case, in the Mac Pro a single "bar" holds the cards in place, which is itself held in place by two "captive" thumbscrews that can be loosened by hand without tools and will not fall out of the case.

The PCIe slots can be configured individually to give more bandwidth to devices that require it, with a total of 40 "lanes", or 13 GB/s total throughput. When running Mac OS X, the Mac Pro currently does not support SLI or ATI CrossFire,[26] limiting its ability to use the latest "high-end gaming" video card products; however, individuals have reported success with both CrossFire and SLI installations when running Windows XP, as SLI and CrossFire compatibility is largely a function of software.

The bandwidth allocation of the PCIe slots can be configured via the Expansion Slot Utility included with Mac OS X only on the August 2006 Mac Pro. The Mac Pro (Early 2008) has its slots hardwired as follows.

Default
Slot 4 4x
Slot 3 4x
Slot 2 16x
Slot 1 (Double-Wide) 16x

External connectivity

The backs of a Power Mac G5 (left) and a Mac Pro (right) show the differences in arrangement. Note the dual fans on the Power Mac and the single fan on the Mac Pro as well as the new I/O port arrangement.
File:2013 Mac Pro Ports.png
The external connectivity of the redesigned 2013 Mac Pro.

For external connectivity, the Mac Pro includes five USB 2.0 and four FireWire 800 ports. Networking is supported with two built-in Gigabit Ethernet ports. 802.11 a/b/g/n Wi-Fi support (AirPort Extreme) required an optional module in the Mid 2006, Early 2008 and Early 2009 models, whereas in the newest model is standard. Bluetooth also required an optional module in the Mid 2006 model, but is standard in the Early 2008 and newer models. Displays are supported by one or (optionally) more PCIe graphics cards. Each card has two Mini DisplayPort connectors and one dual-link Digital Visual Interface (DVI) port, with various configurations of on-card graphics memory available.

Digital (TOSlink optical) audio and analog 1/8" stereo mini jacks for sound in and out are included, latter becoming available on both the front and back of the case.

Unlike other Mac computers, the Mac Pro does not include an infrared receiver (required to use the Apple Remote). Beginning with Mac OS X Leopard, Front Row can be accessed on the Mac Pro (and other Macs) using the Command (⌘)-Escape keystroke.

The 2013 Mac Pro has a vastly redesigned configuration of ports. The Mac Pro has an HDMI 1.4 port, dual Gigabit Ethernet ports, six Thunderbolt 2 ports, 4 USB 3 ports, and analog 1/8" stereo mini jacks for sound in and out. The Thunderbolt 2 ports support up to 36 Thunderbolt devices (6 per port) and can support up to 3 simultaneous 4K displays. The new Mac Pro removes the ability to replace hard drives by forgoing the four 3.5-inch drive bays for proprietary PCI-based flash storage. It also removes the ability to add PCIe cards internally, leaving the RAM as the only user-servicable part.

Case

A comparison of the internals of the Power Mac G5 (left) and the Mac Pro (right).

From 2006 through 2012, the exterior of the Mac Pro's aluminum case is very similar to that of the Power Mac G5, with the exception of an additional optical drive bay, and a new arrangement of I/O ports on both the front and the back. The case can be opened by operating a single lever on the back, which unlocks one of the two sides of the machine, as well as the drive bays. All of the expansion slots for memory, PCIe cards and drives can be accessed with the side panel removed and no tools are required for installation.[27]

The Xeon processors generate much less heat than the previous dual-core G5s, so the size of the internal cooling devices has been reduced significantly. This allowed the interior to be re-arranged, leaving more room at the top of the case and thereby allowing the drives to double in number. Less heat also means less air to move out of the case for cooling during normal operations; the Mac Pro is very quiet in normal operation, quieter than the much noisier Power Mac G5,[28][29] and proved difficult to measure using common sound pressure level meters.[30]

Apple unveiled a completely redesigned Mac Pro during the WWDC 2013 keynote. Apple Senior Vice President of Marketing Phil Schiller presented a "sneak peek" video of the product, a very unusual move for the company. The video revealed an overhauled case design, a polished black aluminum cylinder built around a central thermal dissipation core and vented by a single fan, which pulls air from under the case, through the core, and out the top of the case. The I/O ports have been simplified from previous versions, with audio in and out, four USB 3.0 ports, six Thunderbolt 2 ports, two Gigabit Ethernet ports, and an HDMI 1.4 port. The back I/O panel is illuminated when the unit senses it has been moved or rotated to make it easier for the user to find the desired ports for connecting peripheral devices.

Specifications

Component Intel Xeon (based on Core microarchitecture) Intel Xeon (based on Nehalem microarchitecture) Intel Xeon (based on Nehalem microarchitecture and Westmere microarchitecture) Intel Xeon (based on Ivy Bridge-E microarchitecture)
Model Mid 2006[31] Early 2008[32] Early 2009[33] Mid 2010[34] Mid 2012[35] Late 2013[36]
Release date August 7, 2006
April 4, 2007 Optional 3.0 GHz Quad-core Xeon "Clovertown" 		January 8, 2008 March 3, 2009
December 4, 2009 Optional 3.33 GHz Quad-core Xeon "Bloomfield" 		August 9, 2010 June 11, 2012 To Be Announced
Model Numbers MA356*/A MA970*/A MB871*/A MB535*/A MC560*/A MC250*/A MC561*/A MD770*/A MD771*/A MD772*/A Unannounced
Machine Model MacPro1,1
MacPro2,1 Optional 3.0 GHz Quad-core Xeon "Clovertown" 		MacPro3,1 MacPro4,1 MacPro5,1 MacPro5,1 Unannounced
EFI Mode EFI32 EFI64
Kernel Default Mode 32-bit 32-bit in Mac OS X (client), 64-bit in Mac OS X Server 64-bit
Chipset Intel 5000X Intel 5400 Intel X58 Unannounced
Processor Two 2.66 GHz (5150) Dual-core Intel Xeon "Woodcrest"
Optional 2.0 GHz (5130), 2.66 GHz or 3.0 GHz (5160) Dual-core or 3.0 GHz (X5365) Quad-core Intel Xeon "Clovertown" 		Two 2.8 GHz (E5462) Quad-Core Intel Xeon "Harpertown"
Optional two 3.0 GHz (E5472) or 3.2 GHz (X5482) Quad-core processors or one 2.8 GHz (E5462) Quad-core processor 		One 2.66 GHz (W3520) Quad-Core Intel Xeon "Bloomfield" or two 2.26 GHz (E5520) Quad-core Intel Xeon "Gainstown" with 8 MB of L3 cache
Optional 2.93 GHz (W3540) or 3.33 GHz (W3580) Intel Xeon Quad-core Intel Xeon "Bloomfield" processors or two 2.66 GHz (X5550) or 2.93 GHz (X5570) Quad-core Intel Xeon "Gainstown" processors 		One 2.8 GHz Quad-Core "Bloomfield" Intel Xeon (W3530) processor with 8 MB of L3 cache or two 2.4 GHz Quad-Core "Gulftown" Intel Xeon (E5620) processors with 12 MB of L3 cache or two 2.66 GHz 6-core "Gulftown" Intel Xeon (X5650) processors with 12 MB of L3 cache
Optional 3.2 GHz Quad-Core "Bloomfield" (W3565) or 3.33 GHz 6-core "Gulftown" (W3680) Intel Xeon processors or two 2.93 GHz 6-core (X5670) Intel Xeon "Gulftown" processors 		One 3.2 GHz Quad-Core Intel Xeon (W3565) processor with 8 MB of L3 cache or two 2.4 GHz 6-Core Intel Xeon (E5645) processors with 12 MB of L3 cache
Optional 3.33 GHz 6-Core (W3680), two 2.66 GHz 6-core (X5650), or two 3.06 GHz 6-core (X5675) Intel Xeon processors 		Unspecified (up to 12 core Intel Xeon - E5 V2 based)
System bus 1333 MHz 1600 MHz 4.8 GT/s(Quad-core models only) or 6.4 GT/s 4.8 GT/s (Quad-core models only), 5.86 GT/s(8-core models only) or 6.4 GT/s 4.8 GT/s (Quad-core models only), 5.86 GT/s(12-core models only) or 6.4 GT/s Unannounced
Front-side bus QuickPath Interconnect Unannounced
Memory 1 GB (two 512 MB) of 667 MHz DDR2 ECC fully buffered DIMM
Expandable to 16 GB (Apple), 32 GB (Actual) 		2 GB (two 1 GB) of 800 MHz DDR2 ECC fully buffered DIMM
Expandable to 32 GB 		3 GB (three 1 GB) for UP quad-core or 6 GB (six 1 GB) for DP 8-core of 1066 MHz DDR3 ECC DIMM
Expandable to 16 GB on Quad-core models (although expandable to 32GB using 3rd party 4×8GB DIMMS), and 32 GB in 8-core models 		3 GB (three 1 GB) for quad- and 6-core models or 6 GB (six 1 GB) for 8- and 12-core models
Expandable to 32 GB on Quad-core models, and 64 GB in 8- and 12-core models (although expandable to 96GB using 3rd party 6×16GB DIMMS) 		6 GB (three 2 GB) for quad- and 6-core models or 12 GB (six 2 GB) for 12-core models
Expandable to 32 GB on Quad- and 6-core models, and 64 GB in 12-core models (although expandable to 96GB using 3rd party 6×16GB DIMMS) 		Unspecified Capacity DDR3 ECC at 1866 MHz (up to 60 GB/s)
Graphics
Expandable to four graphics cards 		nVidia GeForce 7300 GT with 256 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM (single-link and dual-link DVI ports)
Optional ATI Radeon X1900 XT with 512 MB GDDR3 SDRAM (two dual-link DVI ports) or nVidia Quadro FX 4500 with 512 MB GDDR3 SDRAM (stereo 3D and two dual-link DVI ports) 		ATI Radeon HD 2600 XT with 256 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM (two dual-link DVI ports)
Optional nVidia GeForce 8800 GT with 512 MB GDDR3 SDRAM (two dual-link DVI ports) or nVidia Quadro FX 5600 1.5 GB (stereo 3D, two dual-link DVI ports) 		nVidia GeForce GT 120 with 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM (one mini-DisplayPort and one dual-link DVI port)
Optional ATI Radeon HD 4870 with 512 MB of GDDR5 SDRAM (one Mini DisplayPort and one dual-link DVI port) 		ATI Radeon HD 5770 with 1 GB of GDDR5 memory (two Mini DisplayPorts and one dual-link DVI port)
Optional ATI Radeon HD 5870 with 1 GB of GDDR5 memory (two Mini DisplayPorts and one dual-link DVI port) 		Dual AMD FirePro with up to 6 GB of VRAM (six Thunderbolt 2 and one HDMI port)
Hard drive
7200-rpm unless specified 		250 GB Serial ATA with 8 MB cache
Optional 500 GB with 8 MB cache or 750 GB with 16 MB cache 		320 GB Serial ATA with 8 MB cache
Optional 500 GB, 750 GB, or 1 TB Serial ATA with 16 MB cache or 300 GB Serial Attached SCSI, 15,000-rpm with 16 MB cache 		640 GB Serial ATA with 16 MB cache
Optional 1 TB or 2 TB Serial ATA drives with 32 MB cache 		1 TB Serial ATA with 32 MB cache
Optional 1 TB or 2 TB Serial ATA drives with 32 MB cache or 512 GB Solid State Drives 		Unspecified capacity PCIe based solid state flash storage (up to 1250MB/s read and 1000MB/s write)
Optical drive 16× SuperDrive with double-layer support (DVD±R DL/DVD±RW/CD-RW) 18× SuperDrive with double-layer support (DVD±R DL/DVD±RW/CD-RW) None
AirPort Extreme Optional 802.11a/b/g and draft-n (n disabled by default) Optional 802.11a/b/g and draft-n (n-enabled) Built-in 802.11a/b/g/n Built-in 802.11a/b/g/n/ac (up to 1.3 Gb/s)
Maximum Supported Operating System OS X 10.7 "Lion"
(Unofficially, can run OS X 10.8 "Mountain Lion" with an upgrade to a supported graphics card and EFI64 emulation)[37] 		OS X 10.8 "Mountain Lion" OS X 10.9 "Mavericks"

Mac Pro Server

On November 5, 2010, Apple introduced the Mac Pro Server, which officially replaces the Xserve line of Apple servers as of January 31, 2011. The Mac Pro Server comes with an unlimited[1] Mac OS X Server license and an Intel 2.8 GHz Quad-Core processor, with 8GB of DDR3 RAM.[3]

Operating systems

The Mac Pro comes with the BIOS successor EFI 1.1 and handles booting differently from the conventional BIOS-based PC.[38]

Apple's Boot Camp provides BIOS backwards compatibility, allowing dual and triple boot configurations. These operating systems are installable on Intel x86 based Apple computers:[39]

This is made possible by the presence of an x86 Intel architecture as provided by the CPU and the BIOS emulation Apple has provided on top of EFI.[39] Installing any additional operating system other than Windows is not supported by Apple, because the Boot Camp drivers are Windows only.[39] It is often possible to achieve full or nearly full compatibility with another OS by using 3rd-party drivers.[39]

There are a number of challenges that one must face when trying to establish a multi-booting configuration on a single hard drive that uses the new GPT partitioning standard that Mac OS takes advantage of at the same time as the MBR, which is commonly used by Windows and Linux (though Linux can use GPT). One must synchronize their GPT and MBR partition tables multiple times during the setup of such configurations. The key challenge is that a maximum of 4 partitions can be made on any such hard drive (including the EFI partition).[40][41] This is because logical and extended MBR partitions are not possible which means that more than 4 partitions cannot be referenced for the MBR component of the configuration. Thus, having more partitions would force MBR and GPT to have differing partitioning schemes. The Disk Utility command-line application in Mac OS X (in addition to numerous 3rd-party graphical packages) can nondestructively resize a single partitioned HFS+ formatted volume to a scheme usable for dual/triple boot configurations with BIOS/MBR.

Add-on hardware compatibility

  • For 2006 and 2008 models, Apple recommends an Apple-specified heat sink on each memory DIMM for cooling, and the required on-chip thermal manager may shut down memory, or increase fan speed, if it starts to overheat.[23] Several third-party, self-installable memory upgrades that include Apple-specified heat sinks are available. In contrast, the 2009 Mac Pro with Nehalem processors uses unbuffered memory with no heatsinks.
  • The Mac Pro, as with other Mac platforms, requires Mac OS X firmware. That is to say, a PCIe video card designed exclusively for other operating systems will not work properly under Mac OS X without appropriate drivers and/or firmware; however, they will work under the operating systems they were designed for, if installed via Boot Camp or other means. Some video cards and other hardware accessories not marketed for Macs can nonetheless be tricked into compatibility through flashing drivers from either similar Mac hardware or with a custom firmware onto non-supported hardware.[42] Also, AMD released the ATI Radeon HD 3870, which is compatible with both Mac Pros and PCs from other manufacturers.[43] The Radeon HD 6XXX series of Graphics Processors (excluding 69XX), also released by AMD in 2010, will work without being flashed under Mac OS X if the user has installed drivers from Mac OS X Lion.[44]
  • As of the release of Mountain Lion, most PCIe video cards work natively without flashing drivers. One would not be able to see the boot screen/apple logo at boot up with an unflashed video card, but operation in the OS is quite capable.

References

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  3. ^ a b Apple Announces Mac Pro Server[dead link‍] Yahoo News, Blake Robinson – Fri Nov 5, 7:39 am ET
  4. ^ Keynote presentation at the Worldwide Developers Conference, August 7, 2006.
  5. ^ "Apple adds 8-core option to Mac Pro". MacNN.
  6. ^ Apple Unveils New Mac Pro With Up to 12 Processing Cores
  7. ^ "Apple lists Macs that will be compatible with Mac OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion". The Inquirer. July 11, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  8. ^ How I installed Mac OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion on my 2006 MacPro 1,1
  9. ^ "At long last! Apple announces new Mac Pro with cylindrical design". June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d Bangeman, Eric (July 16, 2006). "Peering inside the aluminum ball: Woodcrest, Conroe, and the "pro" Macs". Arstechnica.com. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  11. ^ "The UNIX System — History and Timeline". Unix.org. January 29, 2003. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
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  13. ^ a b c "Mac Pro vs. Dell Precision: A price comparison". Paul Thurrott's Internet Nexus.
  14. ^ Apple confirms it will cease shipping Mac Pro in Europe on 1 March - Macworld Exclusive
  15. ^ "Mac Pro tech specs". Apple Inc.
  16. ^ "Mac Pro Developer Note". Apple Inc.
  17. ^ "Intel Xeon Processor E5620 (12M Cache, 2.40 GHz, 5.86 GT/s Intel QPI)". Intel. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  18. ^ "Intel Xeon Processor X5670 (12M Cache, 2.93 GHz, 6.40 GT/s Intel QPI)". Intel. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  19. ^ Sizes of transistorized memory, such as RAM and cache, are binary values whereby 1 MB = 220 (1,048,576) bytes and 1 GB = 230 (1,073,741,824) bytes.
  20. ^ "Mac Pro – Technical Specifications". Apple. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  21. ^ "Computer memory upgrades for Apple Mac Pro (4-core) Desktop/PC from Crucial.com". Crucial.com<!. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  22. ^ "Understanding FB-DIMMs". AnandTech.
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  27. ^ Inside Apple Mac Pro (RUS)
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  29. ^ "PowerMac G5 review". Macworld.
  30. ^ "Bare Feats' rob-ART Morgan says:". Bare Feats'.
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  32. ^ "Mac Pro (Early 2008) – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved March 3, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ^ "Mac Pro (Early 2009) – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved March 3, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ^ "Mac Pro (Mid 2010) – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved July 27, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  35. ^ "Mac Pro (Mid 2012) – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved July 28, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  36. ^ "Mac Pro (Late 2013) – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved June 10, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  37. ^ Kessler, Topher (July 25, 2012). "OS X Mountain Lion can run on unsupported Intel Mac Pros | MacFixIt - CNET Reviews". Reviews.cnet.com. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  38. ^ "Overview". uefi.org. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  39. ^ a b c d "Triple Boot via BootCamp". Wiki.onmac.net. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  40. ^ fat-driver.Tianocore.org for info on EFI FAT driver. (requires registration)
  41. ^ "fdisk(1M)". Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  42. ^ "Does the Mac Pro support standard PC video cards? Does it support SLI or Crossfire?". everymac.com. March 25, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
  43. ^ "ATI Radeon HD 3870 Mac & PC Edition".[dead link‍]
  44. ^ "6870 in mac pro". March 24, 2011.
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