1901

1901 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1901; MCMI
Ab urbe condita	2654
Armenian calendar	1350; ԹՎ ՌՅԾ
Assyrian calendar	6651
Baháʼí calendar	57–58
Balinese saka calendar	1822–1823
Bengali calendar	1307–1308
Berber calendar	2851
British Regnal year	64 Vict. 1 – 1 Edw. 7
Buddhist calendar	2445
Burmese calendar	1263
Byzantine calendar	7409–7410
Chinese calendar	庚子年 (Metal Rat); 4598 or 4391; — to —; 辛丑年 (Metal Ox); 4599 or 4392
Coptic calendar	1617–1618
Discordian calendar	3067
Ethiopian calendar	1893–1894
Hebrew calendar	5661–5662
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1957–1958
- Shaka Samvat	1822–1823
- Kali Yuga	5001–5002
Holocene calendar	11901
Igbo calendar	901–902
Iranian calendar	1279–1280
Islamic calendar	1318–1319
Japanese calendar	Meiji 34; (明治３４年)
Javanese calendar	1830–1831
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4234
Minguo calendar	11 before ROC; 民前11年
Nanakshahi calendar	433
Thai solar calendar	2443–2444
Tibetan calendar	阳金鼠年; (male Iron-Rat); 2027 or 1646 or 874; — to —; 阴金牛年; (female Iron-Ox); 2028 or 1647 or 875

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century; 20th century ; 21st century;
Decades:	1880s; 1890s; 1900s ; 1910s; 1920s;
Years:	1898; 1899; 1900; 1901 ; 1902; 1903; 1904;

1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar. It was also the first year of the 20th century.

Events

january

January 1: The Commonwealth of Australia forms as British colonies federate.

January 1
- The world celebrates the beginning of the 20th century.
- The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia. Edmund Barton becomes first Prime Minister.
- Nigeria becomes a British protectorate.
- The birth of Pentecostalism at a prayer meeting at Bethel Bible College in Topeka, Kansas.
January 5 – Typhoid fever breaks out in a Seattle jail, the first of two typhoid outbreaks in the USA during the year.
January 7 – Alferd Packer is released from prison after serving 18 years for cannibalism.
January 9 – Lord Kitchener reports that Christian De Wet has shot one of the " peace " envoys, and flogged two more, who had gone to his commando to ask the Burgher citizens of South Africa to halt fighting.^[1]

January 10 – In the first great Texas gusher, oil is discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, Texas.
January 22
- Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom dies at age 81, after more than 63 years on the throne, and her son the Prince of Wales formally succeeds her as King Edward VII.
- The Grand Opera House in Cincinnati is destroyed in a fire.
January 28 – Baseball's American League declares itself a Major League.

February

February 2 – Funeral of Queen Victoria at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
February 5
- Hay-Pauncefote Treaty signed by United Kingdom and United States, ceding control of the Panama Canal to the United States.
- J. P. Morgan buys mines and steel mills in the United States, marking the first billion dollar business deal.
- In Evansville, Indiana, a fire burns through the business district, causing $175,000 of damage.
February 6 – First public telephones at railway stations in Paris.
February 11 – Anti-Jesuit riots sweep across Spain.
February 12 – Viceroy of India Lord Curzon creates the new North-West Frontier Province in the north of the Punjab region, bordering Afghanistan.
February 14 – Edward VII opens his first parliament of the United Kingdom.
February 15 – The Alianza Lima Foundation is created in Peru.
February 20 – The Hawaii Territory Legislature convenes for the first time.
February 22 – The Pacific Mail Steamship Company's SS City of Rio de Janeiro sinks entering San Francisco Bay, killing 128.
February 23 – The United Kingdom and Germany agree the frontier between German East Africa and the British colony of Nyasaland.
February 25 – U.S. Steel is incorporated by industrialist J. P. Morgan as the first billion-dollar corporation.
February 26
- Chi-hsui and Hsu-cheng-yu, Boxer Rebellion leaders, executed in Peking.
- Middelburg peace conference fails in South Africa as Boers continue to demand autonomy.
February 27 – The Sultan of Turkey orders 50,000 troops to the Bulgarian frontier because of unrest in Macedonia

March

March 1 – The United Kingdom, Germany and Japan protest at the Sino-Russian agreement on Manchuria.
March 2 – The United States Congress passes the Platt Amendment, limiting the autonomy of Cuba as a condition for the withdrawal of American troops.
March 4 – President of the United States William McKinley begins his second term. Theodore Roosevelt becomes Vice President of the United States.
March 5 – Irish nationalist demonstrators are ejected by police from House of Commons of the United Kingdom in London.
March 6 – In Bremen, an assassination attempt is made on Wilhelm II, German Emperor.
March 11 – The United Kingdom rejects the amended Hay-Pauncefote treaty.
March 13 – Benjamin Harrison, 23rd president of the United States, dies of pneumonia at age 67.
March 17
- A showing of 71 Vincent van Gogh paintings in Paris, 11 years after his death, creates a sensation.
- Student riots in Saint Petersburg and Moscow.
March 18 – Patrick Donahoe, businessman and publisher of the Boston Catholic newspaper The Pilot, dies aged 90.
March 31 – The United Kingdom Census 1901 is taken. The number of people employed in manufacturing is at its highest-ever level.

April

April 25 – New York State becomes the first to require automobile license plates.
April 29 – Anti-Jewish rioting breaks out in Budapest.

May

May 3 – The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, Florida.
May 5 – The Caste War of Yucatán in Mexico officially ends, although Mayan skirmishers continue sporadic fighting for another decade.
May 9 – The first Australian Parliament opens in Melbourne.
May 17 – The U.S. stock market crashes.
May 24 – 81 miners are killed in an accident at Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in South Wales.
May 25 – The Club Atlético River Plate is founded in Argentina.
May 27 – In New Jersey, the Edison Storage Battery Company is founded.
May 28 – Persia grants William Knox D'Arcy a concession, giving him the right to prospect for oil.

June

June 2 – Katsura Taro becomes Prime Minister of Japan.
June 12 – Cuba becomes a United States protectorate.

June 12: Cuba becomes a United States protectorate.

July

July 1 – Bureau of Chemistry established within the United States Department of Agriculture.
July 4
- The 1,282 foot (390 m) covered bridge crossing the St. John River at Hartland, New Brunswick, Canada opens. It is the longest covered bridge in the world.
- William Howard Taft becomes Governor-General of the Philippines.
July 24 – O. Henry is released from prison in Columbus, Ohio after serving three years for embezzlement from the First National Bank in Austin, Texas.

August

Silliman University is the first American private school in the Philippines.

August 5 – Peter O'Connor sets the first International Association of Athletics Federations recognised long jump world record of 24 ft 11¾ins. The record will stand for 20 years.
August 6 – Discovery Expedition: Robert Falcon Scott sets sail on the RRS Discovery to explore the Ross Sea in Antarctica.
August 14 – The first claimed powered flight, by Gustave Whitehead in his Number 21.
August 28 – Silliman University is founded in the Philippines, the first American private school in the country.^[2]
August 30 – Hubert Cecil Booth patents an electric vacuum cleaner in the United Kingdom.

September

September 2 – Vice President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt utters the famous phrase, "Speak softly and carry a big stick" at the Minnesota State Fair.
September 5 – The National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (later renamed Minor League Baseball), is formed in Chicago.
September 6 – William McKinley assassination: American anarchist Leon Czolgosz shoots U.S. President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley dies 8 days later.
September 7 – The Boxer Rebellion in China officially ends with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.
September 14 – Theodore Roosevelt succeeds William McKinley as President of the United States.
September 26 – The body of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is exhumed and reinterred in concrete several feet thick.
September 28 – Philippine–American War: Balangiga massacre: Filipino guerrillas kill more than forty United States soldiers in a surprise attack in the town of Balangiga on Samar Island.

October

October 2 – The British Royal Navy's first submarine, Holland 1, is launched at Barrow-in-Furness.
October 4 – The American yacht Columbia defeats the British Shamrock in the America's Cup yachting race.
October 16 – U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt invites African American leader Booker T. Washington to the White House. The American South reacts angrily to the visit, and racial violence increases in the region.
October 23 – Yale University celebrates its bicentennial.
October 24 – Michigan schoolteacher Annie Edson Taylor goes over Niagara Falls in a barrel and survives.
October 29 – In Amherst, New Hampshire, nurse Jane Toppan is arrested for murdering the Davis family of Boston with an overdose of morphine.

November

November 1 – Sigma Phi Epsilon is founded in Richmond, Virginia.
November 9 – The Prince George, Duke of Cornwall (later George V) becomes Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester.
November 15 – The Alpha Sigma Alpha Fraternity is founded at Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia.
November 25 – Auguste Deter is first examined by German psychiatrist Dr Alois Alzheimer, leading to a diagnosis of the condition that will carry Alzheimer's name.^[3]
November 28 – The new Constitution of Alabama requires voters in the state to have passed literacy tests.

December

December 3 – U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a 20,000-word speech to the House of Representatives asking Congress to curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits".
December 10 – The first Nobel Prize ceremony is held in Stockholm on the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.
December 12 – Guglielmo Marconi receives the first trans-Atlantic radio signal, sent from Poldhu in England to Newfoundland, Canada; it is the letter "S" in Morse.^[4]
December 20 – The final spike is driven into the Mombasa-Victoria-Uganda Railway in what is now Kisumu, Kenya.

Date unknown

Scotland Yard creates a fingerprint archive.
Europium is isolated by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay.
William S. Harley draws up plans for his first prototype motorcycle.
The okapi is observed for the first time (previously known only to local natives).
The Intercollegiate Prohibition Association is established in Chicago.
New Zealand inventor Ernest Godward invents the spiral hairpin.
The first reliable census in India is taken.
RMS Lucania is the first Cunard Line ship to receive a wireless radio set.
German Oscar Troplowitz invents for German company Beiersdorf AG the medical plaster patch called Leukoplast.

Births

January–February

January 1 – Julia Bathory, Hungarian glass designer (died 2000)
January 3 – Ngo Dinh Diem, 1st President of South Vietnam (died 1963)
January 4 – CLR James, Trinidad-born writer and journalist (died 1989)
January 9 – Chic Young, American cartoonist (died 1973)
January 10 – Henning von Tresckow, Major General in the German Wehrmacht (died 1944)
January 11 – Kwon Ki-ok, Korean pilot (died 1988)
January 13
- A. B. Guthrie, American novelist, historian (died 1991)
- Mieczysław Żywczyński, Polish historian and priest (died 1978)
January 14
- Bebe Daniels, American actress (died 1971)
- Alfred Tarski, Polish logician and mathematician (died 1983)
January 16
- Fulgencio Batista, Cuban leader (died 1973)
- Frank Zamboni, American inventor (died 1988)
January 20 – Mohammed Naguib, 1st President of Egypt (died 1984)
January 21 – Marcellus Boss, American politician and lawyer, member of Kansas Senate and 5th Civilian Governor of Guam (died 1967)
January 24
- Hans Erich Apostel, Austrian composer (died 1972)
- Harry Calder, South African cricketer (died 1995)
January 26 – Stuart Symington, American politician (died 1988)
January 27 – Art Rooney, American football team owner (died 1988)
January 29 – E. P. Taylor, Canadian business tycoon (died 1989)
January 30 – Rudolf Caracciola, German race car driver (died 1959)
February 1
- Frank Buckles, last surviving American veteran of World War I (died 2011)
- Clark Gable, American actor (died 1960)
February 2 – Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian violinist (died 1987)
February 8 – Virginius Dabney, American teacher, journalist, writer and editor (died 1995)
February 10 – Stella Adler, American actress (died 1992)
February 15 – João Branco Núncio, Portuguese bullfighter (died 1976)
February 19 – Florence Green, Last surviving World war I veteran (died 2012)
February 22 – Mildred Davis, American actress (died 1969)
February 25 – Zeppo Marx, American comedian (died 1979)
February 27 – Horatio Luro, Argentine horse trainer (died 1991)
February 28 – Linus Pauling, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Peace (died 1994)

March–April

March 3 – Claude Choules, British WWI veteran and last combat veteran from any nation (died 2011)
March 4
- Charles Goren, American bridge player (died 1991)
- Jean Joseph Rabearivelo, Malagasy-French poet (died 1937)
March 17 – Alfred Newman, American film composer (died 1970)
March 21
- Karl Arnold, German politician (died 1958)
- Carmelita Geraghty, American actress (died 1966)
March 22 – Greta Kempton, American artist (died 1991)
March 24 – Ub Iwerks, American cartoonist (died 1971)
March 27
- Carl Barks, American cartoonist and screenwriter (died 2000)
- Erich Ollenhauer, German politician (died 1963)
- Enrique Santos Discépolo, Argentine tango and milonga musician and composer (died 1951)
- Eisaku Sato, Prime Minister of Japan, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (died 1975)
- Kenneth Slessor, Australian poet (died 1971)
March 28 – Jack Weil, American entrepreneur (died 2008)
April 1 – Whittaker Chambers, American spy (died 1961)
April 15 – Joe Davis, English snooker and billiards player (died 1978)
April 18 – Al Lewis, American songwriter (died 1967)
April 29 – Emperor Hirohito of Japan (died 1989)
April 30 – Simon Kuznets, Ukrainian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1985)

May–June

May 7 – Gary Cooper, American actor (died 1961)
May 17 – Werner Egk, German composer (died 1983)
May 18 – Vincent du Vigneaud, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1978)
May 20 – Max Euwe, Dutch chess player (died 1981)
May 21
- Manfred Aschner, German-born Israeli microbiologist and entomologist, recipient of the Israel Prize (died 1989).
- Horace Heidt, American bandleader (died 1986)
- Sam Jaffe, American film producer (died 2000)
- Suzanne Lilar, Belgian essayist, novelist, and playwright (died 1992)
May 25 – Antônio de Alcântara Machado, Brazilian novelist (died 1935)
May 31 – Alfredo Antonini, American conductor and composer (died 1983)
June 3 – Chang Hsüeh-liang, Chinese military leader (died 2001)
June 6 – Sukarno, first President of Indonesia (died 1970)
June 12 – Arnold Kirkeby, American hotelier, art collector, and real estate investor (died 1962)
June 13 – Tage Erlander, Swedish politician (social democrat), prime minister of Sweden for 23 years (1946–1969) (died 1985)
June 17 – F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas, English World War II hero (died 1964)
June 18 – Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia (died 1918)
June 23 – Chuck Taylor, American basketball player and salesman (died 1969)
June 24 – Marcel Mule, French saxophonist (died 2001)
June 24 – Harry Partch, American composer (died 1974)
June 29 – Nelson Eddy, American singer and actor (died 1967)

July–August

July 7
- Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese film director and special effects designer (died 1970)
- Vittorio De Sica, Italian actor and film director (died 1974)
July 9 – Barbara Cartland, English novelist (died 2000)
July 17 – Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (died 1938)
July 20 – Heinie Manush, American baseball player (died 1971)
July 21 – Albert Hamilton Gordon, American businessman and philanthropist (died 2009)
July 24 – Mabel Albertson, American actress (died 1982)
July 31 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter (died 1985)
August 1 – Pancho Villa, Filipino boxer (died 1925)
August 4 – Louis Armstrong, American jazz musician (died 1971)
August 8 – Ernest Lawrence, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1958)
August 10 – Franco Dino Rasetti, Italian scientist (died 2001)
August 14 – Alice Rivaz, Swiss writer (died 1998)
August 18 – Jean Guitton, French writer and philosopher (died 1999)
August 20 – Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1968)
August 26
- Maxwell Taylor, American general (died 1987)
- Chen Yi, Chinese military commander and politician (died 1972)
August 28 – Babe London, American actress and comedian (died 1980)
August 30 – John Gunther, American writer (died 1970)

September–October

September 9
- James Blades, English percussionist (died 1999)
- Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa (died 1966)
September 12
- Ben Blue, Canadian-born comedian and actor (died 1975)
- Shmuel Horowitz, Russian-born Israeli agronomist (died 1999)
September 13 – James McCoubrey, Canadian-born American supercentenarian, oldest verified living men in the world (died 2013)
September 15 – Sir Donald Bailey, British civil engineer (died 1985)
September 22
- Charles B. Huggins, Canadian-born cancer researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (died 1997)
- Nadezhda Alliluyeva-Stalin, second wife of Joseph Stalin (died 1932)
September 23 – Jaroslav Seifert, Czech writer, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1986)
September 24 – Gerald Warner Brace, American writer, educator, sailor and boat builder (died 1978)
September 25 – Gordon Coventry, Australian rules footballer (died 1968)
September 26 – George Raft, American film actor (died 1980)
September 28
- Ed Sullivan, American entertainer (died 1974)
- William S. Paley, American businessman (CBS) (died 1990)
September 29
- Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1954)
- Lanza del Vasto, Italian philosopher, poet, and activist (died 1981)
October 2 – Alice Prin, French singer (died 1953)
October 10 – Alberto Giacometti, Swiss sculptor (died 1966)
October 20 – Adelaide Hall, American jazz singer and entertainer born in Brooklyn, New York (died 1993)
October 24
- Gilda Gray, Polish-born dancer and actress (died 1959)
- Moultrie Kelsall, Scottish film and television actor (died 1980)

November–December

November 3
- Prithviraj Kapoor, pioneer of Indian Cinema and Indian Theatre (died 1972)
- Léopold III of Belgium (died 1983)
November 4
- Masako Nashimoto, Crown Princess of Korea (died 1989)
- Max Wagner, Mexican-born American film actor (died 1975)
November 7 – Norah McGuinness, Irish painter and illustrator (died 1980)
November 13 – Arturo Jauretche, Argentine writer, politician, and philosopher (died 1974)
November 18 – George Gallup, American statistician and opinion pollster (died 1984)
November 22 – Joaquin Rodrigo, Spanish composer (died 1999)
November 28 – Walter Havighurst, American critic, novelist, literary and social historian of the Midwest, professor of English at Miami University, (died 1994)
November 29 – Mildred Harris, American actress (died 1944)
December 5
- Milton Erickson, American psychiatrist (died 1980)
- Walt Disney, American animator and film producer (died 1966)
- Werner Heisenberg, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1976)
December 7 – Troy Sanders, American film score composer (died 1959)
December 8 – Arthur Leslie, British actor (died 1970)
December 16 – Margaret Mead, American cultural anthropologist (died 1978)
December 19 – Rudolf Hell, German inventor (died 2002)
December 25 – Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (died 2004)
December 27 – Marlene Dietrich, German-American actress (died 1992)
December 31 – Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime Minister of Finland (died 1984)

Deaths

January–June

January 1 – Ignatius L. Donnelly, U.S. politician and writer (born 1831)
January 8 – John Barry, Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross (born 1873)
January 10 – Sir James Dickson, Premier of Queensland, Australian Minister for Defence (born 1832
January 11 – Vasily Kalinnikov, Russian composer (born 1866)
January 14 – Víctor Balaguer, Spanish politician and author, (born 1824)
January 16
- Arnold Böcklin, Swiss artist (born 1827)
- Mahadev Govind Ranade, Indian reformer (born 1842)
January 21 – Elisha Gray, American inventor and appliance manufacturer (born 1835)
January 22 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Empress of India (born 1819)
January 27 – Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer (born 1813)
February 11
- King Milan I of Serbia (born 1854)
- Ramón de Campoamor, Spanish poet (born 1817)
February 22 – George Francis FitzGerald, Irish mathematician (born 1851)
February 26 – Lucyna Ćwierczakiewiczowa, Polish writer (born 1829)
March 13 – Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President of the United States (born 1833)
April 3 – Richard D'Oyly Carte, English impresario (born 1844)
April 19 – Alfred Horatio Belo, American businessman and newswriter (born 1839)
May 1 – Lewis Waterman, American inventor and businessman (born 1837)
May 5 – Axel Wilhelm Eriksson, Swedish settler and trader in south-west Africa (born 1846)
May 22 – Gaetano Bresci Italian anarchist and assassin (born 1869)
May 24 – Charlotte Mary Yonge, English novelist (born 1823)
June 2 – George Leslie Mackay, Canadian missionary (born 1844)
June 9 – Walter Besant, English writer (born 1836)
June 9 – Adolf Bötticher, German art historian (born 1842)
June 13 – Leopoldo Alas, 'Clarín', Spanisn novelist (born 1852)
June 16 – Herman Grimm, German historian (born 1828)

July–December

July 4 – Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (b. 1843)
July 6 – Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1819)
July 18 – Jan ten Brink, Dutch writer (b. 1834)
July 28 – John Irwin, American admiral (b. 1832)
August 5 – Victoria, Empress of Germany (born 1840)
August 12 – Francesco Crispi, Italian Prime Minister (born 1819)
August 19 – Shō Tai, last king of the Ryūkyū Kingdom in Japan (born 1843)
August 24 – Clara Maass, American nurse (born 1876)
September 5 – Ignacij Klemenčič, Slovenian physicist (born 1853)
September 9 – Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (born 1864)
September 14 – William McKinley, 25th President of the United States (born 1843)
U.S. President McKinley is assassinated in New York by Leon Czolgosz
October 1 – Abdur Rahman Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (born 1844)
October 10 – Lorenzo Snow, Mormon leader (born 1814)
October 19 – Carl Frederik Tietgen, Danish financier and industrialist (born 1829)
October 23 – Georg von Siemens, German banker (born 1839)
October 29 – Leon Czolgosz, Polish-American assassin of U.S. President William McKinley (born 1873)
November 7 – Li Hongzhang, Chinese general (born 1823)
November 27 – Clement Studebaker, American manufacturer (born 1831)
November 29 – Francisco Pi y Margall, Spanish politician, former president of the Republic (born 1824)
November 30 – Edward John Eyre, English explorer (born 1815)
December 1 – George Lohmann, English cricketer (born 1865)

Nobel Prizes

Physics – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
Chemistry – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
Medicine – Emil Adolf von Behring
Literature – Sully Prudhomme
Peace – Jean Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy

Significance of 1901 for modern computers

The date of Friday December 13 20:45:52 1901 is significant for modern computers because it is the earliest date representable with a signed 32-bit integer on systems that reference time in seconds since the Unix epoch. This corresponds to -2147483648 seconds from Thursday January 1 00:00:00 1970. For the same reason, many computers are also unable to represent an earlier date. For related reasons, many computer systems suffer from the Year 2038 problem. This is when the positive number of seconds since 1970 exceeds 2147483647 (01111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 in binary) and wraps to -2147483648. Hence the computer system erroneously displays or operates on the time Friday December 13 20:45:52 1901. In this way, the year 1900 is to the Year 2000 problem as the year 1901 is to the Year 2038 problem.

References

^ Grant, Neil (1993). Chronicle of 20th Century Conflict. New York City, New York: Reed International Books Ltd. & SMITHMARK Publishers Inc. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-8317-1371-2.
^ "NHI Resolution No.7, Series 2002". National Historical Institute. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
^ "Alois Alzheimer". Whonamedit?. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
^ Bussey, Gordon (2000). Marconi's Atlantic Leap. Coventry: Marconi. ISBN 0-9538967-0-6.

Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...1901 (1902); highly detailed compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage online edition

[1] Grant, Neil (1993). Chronicle of 20th Century Conflict. New York City, New York: Reed International Books Ltd. & SMITHMARK Publishers Inc. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-8317-1371-2.

[2] "NHI Resolution No.7, Series 2002". National Historical Institute. Retrieved 2010-03-30.

[3] "Alois Alzheimer". Whonamedit?. Retrieved October 21, 2011.

[4] Bussey, Gordon (2000). Marconi's Atlantic Leap. Coventry: Marconi. ISBN 0-9538967-0-6.

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