Cryptozoology
Cryptozoology (from Greek κρυπτός, kryptos, "hidden" + zoology; literally, "study of hidden animals") is a pseudoscience involving the search for animals whose existence has not been proven. This includes looking for living examples of animals that are considered extinct, such as dinosaurs; animals whose existence lacks physical evidence but which appear in myths, legends, or are reported, such as Bigfoot and Chupacabra;[1] and wild animals dramatically outside their normal geographic ranges, such as phantom cats (also known as Alien Big Cats).
The animals cryptozoologists study are often referred to as cryptids, a term coined by John Wall in 1983.[2]
Cryptozoology is not a recognized branch of zoology or a discipline of science.[1] It is an example of pseudoscience because it relies heavily upon anecdotal evidence, stories and alleged sightings.[3][4][5]
Overview
The coining of the word cryptozoology is often attributed to Belgian-French zoologist Bernard Heuvelmans, though Heuvelmans attributes coinage of the term to the late Scottish explorer and adventurer Ivan T. Sanderson.[6] Heuvelmans' 1955 book On the Track of Unknown Animals traces tma ki chut udemans]] and his 1892 study, The Great Sea Serpent.[7] Heuvelmans argued that cryptozoology should be undertaken with scientific rigor, but with an open-minded, interdisciplinary approach. He also stressed that attention should be given to local, urban and folkloric sources regarding such creatures, arguing that while often layered in unlikely and fantastic elements, folktales can have small grains of truth and important information regarding undiscovered organisms. Phantom cats (an example of living animals supposedly found outside of their normal range) are a common subject of cryptozoological interest,[8] largely due to the relative likelihood of existence in comparison to fantastical cryptids lacking any evidence of existence, such as Mothman.[9][10]
Another notable book on the subject is Willy Ley's Exotic Zoology (1959). Ley was best known for his writings on rocketry and related topics, but he was trained in paleontology, and wrote a number of books about animals. Ley's collection Exotic Zoology is of some interest to cryptozoology, as he discusses the Yeti and sea serpents, as well as relict dinosaurs. The book entertains the possibility that some legendary creatures (like the sirrush, the unicorn or the cyclops) might be based on actual animals, through misinterpretation of the animals and/or their remains. Also notable is the work of British zoologist and cryptozoologist Karl Shuker, who has published 12 books and countless articles on numerous cryptozoological subjects since the mid-1980s. Loren Coleman, a modern popularizer of cryptozoology, has chronicled the history and personalities of cryptozoology in his books.[11]
Hallmarks
Many species appear in cryptozoological literature, including mythical and folkloric animals, such as Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster, which have appeared commonly as cultural references, and within TV, movies, and other media. A few extant species such as the okapi and mountain gorilla are also commonly used by cryptozoologists as examples of animals they say were previously thought to be cryptids, but are now known to exist.[12] These species are rarely anticipated by cryptozoologists before their discovery by science, but are nonetheless often depicted as hallmarks of cryptozoology.
- Bigfoot is one of the most well known cryptids.
- The Yeti.
- The okapi was discovered in 1901, and had been hinted at (but unseen) by Henry Morton Stanley in his travelogue of exploring the Congo. The okapi later became the emblem for the now defunct International Society of Cryptozoology.
- Before 1912, the komodo dragon was thought to be a mythological creature,[13] and was called the giant monitor.[14]
- The giant squid was first photographed alive in its natural habitat in 2004. Cryptozoologists have claimed a connection between this animal and Scandinavian legends of the Kraken.[15]
- The Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl, first described as the Devil Bird in Sinhalese legends.[16]
- The Hoan Kiem Turtle.[17][18]
- The mountain gorilla.[19]
The 2003 discovery of the fossil remains of Homo floresiensis was cited by paleontologist Henry Gee, editor of the journal Nature, as possible evidence that humanoid cryptids like the Orang Pendek and yeti were "founded on grains of truth." "Cryptozoology," Gee said, "the study of such fabulous creatures, can come in from the cold."[20] While cryptzoologists are often unable to properly follow the scientific method due to the nature of their work, the vast majority still reject supernatural explanations for cryptid sightings, preferring to keep explanations as plausible as possible without ruling out the cryptid's existence.
Criticism
Cryptozoology has been criticised because of its reliance on anecdotal information[21] and because some cryptozoologists do not follow the scientific method[22][23] and devote a substantial portion of their efforts to investigations of animals that most scientists believe are unlikely to have existed.[24]
Cryptozoologists contend that because species once considered superstition, hoaxes, delusions, or misidentifications were later accepted as legitimate by the scientific community, descriptions and reports of folkloric creatures should be taken seriously.[25]
According to Mike Dash, a Welsh historian, few scientists doubt there are thousands of unknown animals, particularly invertebrates, awaiting discovery; however, cryptozoologists are largely uninterested in researching and cataloging newly discovered species of ants or beetles, instead focusing their efforts towards "more elusive" creatures that have often defied decades of work aimed at confirming their existence.[24] The majority of mainstream criticism of cryptozoology is thus directed towards the search for megafauna cryptids such as Bigfoot, the Yeti, and the Loch Ness Monster, which appear often in popular culture, but for which there is little or no scientific support. Some scientists argue that megafauna cryptids are unlikely to exist undetected in great enough numbers to maintain a breeding population[26] and are unlikely to be able to survive in their reported habitats owing to issues of climate and food supply.[27]
Another criticism is that actual discoveries of new species have rarely, if ever, been predicted by cryptozoologists. Critics note that while other researchers have stumbled upon real animals, cryptozoologists have focused on finding legendary creatures with no success.[28]
See also
| Part of a series on the |
| Paranormal |
|---|
- Cryptobotany
- Teratology
- List of cryptids
- List of figures in cryptozoology
- Lazarus taxon - fossil 'coming back to life'
- Living fossil
- Fringe science
- Journal of Scientific Exploration
- Fortean Times Magazine
- Paranormal Magazine
References
- ^ a b Simpson, George G. (1984). "Mammals and Cryptozoology". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 128 (1). American Philosophical Society.: 1–19. JSTOR 986487.
- ^ Coleman, Loren and Clark, Jerome.Cryptozoology A to Z: The Encyclopedia of Loch Monsters, Sasquatch, Chupacabras, and Other Authentic Mysteries of Nature. New York: Fireside/Simon and Schuster, 1999
- ^ Carroll, Robert T. (1994–2009). "The Skeptic's Dictionary". Retrieved 26 August 2010.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ Shermer, Michael; Linse, Pat (2002). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-653-9.
- ^ H. James Birx (6 January 2009). Encyclopedia of time: science, philosophy, theology, & culture. SAGE. pp. 251–. ISBN 978-1-4129-4164-8. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
- ^ Heuvelmans, Bernard (1968). In the Wake of the Sea-Serpents. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 0-8090-5814-6.
- ^ Bernard lund ke fakir (1965). On The Track Of Unknown Animals. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 0-7103-0498-6.
- ^ Template:Dmoz
- ^ "Big Cat evidence gets stronger, as society calls for government study". British Big Cats Society. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
- ^ Brad Fear (2008). A Macabre Myth of a Moth-Man. ISBN 1-4389-0264-6.
- ^ Loren Coleman (2002). Tom Slick: True Life Encounters in Cryptozoology. Fresno, California: Craven Street Books/Linden Press. ISBN 0-941936-74-0.
- ^ Margaret Mittelbach; Michael Crewdson (2 April 2009). Carnivorous Nights: On the Trail of the Tasmanian Tiger. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-0-307-51683-1. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
- ^ Channel, Eden (October 2, 2012). "Komodo Dragons | Reptiles | Animals | Nature | Eden Channel". Eden.uktv.co.uk. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
- ^ Ciofi, Claudio. "The Komodo Dragon". Scientific American. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
- ^ Countdowns, LiveScience. "Rumor or Reality: The Creatures of Cryptozoology". Imaginova. LiveScience. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ http://www.lankalibrary.com/cul/veddha/spittel.htm
- ^ Coleman, Loren (2003). The Field Guide to Lake Monsters, Sea Serpents, and other mystery denizens of the deep. Penguin Books. ISBN 1-58542-252-5.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ News Service, Vietnam (May 28, 2006). "The legend of the Hoan Kiem Turtle". Asian Turtle Conservation Network. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ Krystek, Lee. "A Gallery of Cryptozoological Alumni". The Museum of UnNatural Mystery. The UnMuseum. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ Henry Gee (2004). "Flores, God and Cryptozoology: The discovery poses thorny questions about the uniqueness of Homo sapiens". Nature News. doi:10.1038/news041025-2.
- ^ Shermer, Michael (2003). "Show Me the Body". Scientific American (288(5)): 27.
- ^ Coleman, Loren (April 1999). "Afterword". The Field Guide to Bigfoot, Yeti, and Other Mystery Primates Worldwide. Trumbore, Harry. New York, New York: Avon Books. p. 207. ISBN 0-380-80263-5.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Coleman, Loren; Huyghe, Patrick; Trumbore, Harry; Rollins, Mark Lee (2003). The Field Guide to Lake Monsters, Sea Serpents, and Other Mystery Denizens of the Deep. New York, New York: Penguin Group. p. 358. ISBN 1-58542-252-5.
- ^ a b Dash, Mike (2000). Borderlands: The Ultimate Exploration of the Unknown. Overlook Press. ISBN 0-440-23656-8.
- ^ Loren Coleman; Jerome Clark (5 August 1999). Cryptozoology A To Z: The Encyclopedia Of Loch Monsters Sasquatch Chupacabras And Other Authentic M. Simon and Schuster. pp. 186–. ISBN 978-0-684-85602-5. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
- ^ "Bigfoot hunting". Retrieved December 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Sjögren, Bengt (1980). Berömda vidunder. Settern. ISBN 91-7586-023-6. Template:Sv icon
- ^ Bailey, Dave (August 8, 2007). "Cryptozoology: Science or pseudoscience?". Association for Science and Reason. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
Further reading
- Arment, Chad. Cryptozoology: Science & Speculation. Landisville, Penn.: Coachwhip, 2004, ISBN 1-930585-15-2.
- Arnold, Neil. MONSTER! The A-Z Of Zooform Phenomena. Bideford: CFZ Press, 2007, ISBN 1-905723-17-2.
- Budd, Deena. The Weiser Field Guide to Cryptozoology . Redwheel, Weiser, 2010, ISBN 978-1-57863-450-7.
- Coghlan, Ronan. Dictionary of Cryptozoology. Bangor: Xiphos, 2004.
- Eberhart, George M. (2002). Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 722. ISBN 1-57607-283-5. Retrieved December 7, 2010. and at Google Books.
- Ley, Willy. Exotic Zoology ISBN 0-517-62545-8.
- North American BioFortean Review, Index to issues.
- Shuker, Karl. The Beasts That Hide from Man: Seeking the World's Last Undiscovered Animals. New York: Paraview Press, 2003, ISBN 1-931044-64-3.
External links
