Symphony No. 8 (Vaughan Williams)

Ralph Vaughan Williams' Symphony No. 8 in D minor was composed between 1953 and 1955. It was the first of his symphonies which Vaugham Williams numbered. Sir John Barbirolli conducted the premiere of the piece on May 2, 1956, with the Halle Orchestra. Eugene Ormandy gave the work its U.S. Premiere with the Philadelphia Orchestra on October 5, 1956. The following year, on June 30, 1957, Leopold Stokowski conducted it with the London Symphony Orchestra at the Royal Festival Hall, the composer being present in the Royal Box.

The Eighth Symphony is the shortest of Vaughan Williams' nine symphonies yet is remarkably inventive, especially in the composer's experiments in sonority. Not only does he use a much-expanded percussion section, including "all the 'phones and 'spiels known to the composer" (as well as three tuned gongs, the same as were used in Puccini's Turandot), but the two central movements use only the wind section and string section respectively. Among his symphonies the Fourth symphony is the only other one to end loudly. (The others all have quiet conclusions, often with the Vaughan Williams "fingerprint" niente.)

The symphony is scored for a large orchestra including:

• Woodwinds: 2 flutes (2nd doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (in B♭), 3 bassoons
• Brass: 2 horns (in F), 2 trumpets (in B♭), 3 trombones
• Percussion: vibraphone, triangle, glockenspiel, side drum, cymbals, tubular bells, tuned gongs, bass drum, xylophone, celesta,
• Strings: 2 harps, and strings.

The work is in four movements:

1. Fantasia (Variazioni senza tema) (variations without a theme) - the composer also referred to this as being "seven variations in search of a theme." Even though the variation structure predominates the acute listener may notice elements of sonata form.
2. Scherzo alla marcia (for wind instruments only) - this short, quick march (with trio) is somewhat akin to that of a British military band. The trio section revisits Vaughan Williams's "pastoral" style.
3. Cavatina (for bowed strings only) - This movement, in a five-part rondo form, has a meditative character and includes important solo passages for violin and cello. The main theme bears a clear resemblance, which Vaughan Williams acknowledged, to the "Passion" chorale (O Sacred Head, Now Wounded) that Bach used several times in the St. Matthew Passion and elsewhere.
4. Toccata - the finale (entitled Toccata to indicate its virtuoso nature) contains much exuberant writing for the percussion section. Harmonically, the movement seems uncertain of whether to be in D Minor or D Major.