Narayana Guru

Narayana Guru
Narayana Guru
Personal life
Born	20 August 1854 Chempazhanthy, Travancore (now Kerala, India)
Died	20 September 1928 Varkala, Travancore (now Kerala, India)
Religious life
Philosophy	Vedic philosophy
Hindu saint, sadhu and social reformer of India

Nārāyana Guru (1854–1928), also seen as Sree Nārāyana Guru Swami, was a Hindu saint, sadhu and social reformer of India. The Guru was born into an Ezhava family, in an era when people from the Ezhava community and other communities that were regarded as "Avarna", faced much social injustices in the caste-ridden Kerala society. Gurudevan, as he was fondly known to his followers, led Reform movement in Kerala, revolted against casteism and worked on propagating new values of freedom in spirituality and of social equality, thereby transforming the Kerala society and as such he is adored as a prophet.

Nārāyana Guru is revered for his Vedic knowledge, poetic proficiency, openness to the views of others, non-violent philosophy and his resolve to set aright social wrongs. Nārāyana Guru was instrumental in setting the spiritual foundations for social reform in today's Kerala and was one of the most successful social reformers who tackled caste issues in India. He demonstrated a path to social emancipation without invoking the dualism of the oppressed and the oppressor.

Guru stressed the need for the spiritual and social upliftment of the downtrodden by their own efforts through the establishment of temples and educational institutions. In the process he brushed aside the superstitions that clouded the fundamental Hindu cultural convention of Chaturvarna.

Biography

A digitised image of a photograph taken when Narayana Guru was sixty

Family and early life

Narayana Guru was born on 22 August 1854, in the village of Chempazhanthy near Thiruvananthapuram, the son of Madan Asan, a farmer, and Kutti Amma. The boy was dotingly called Nanu. Madan was also a teacher ("Asan") who was learned in Sanskrit and proficient in Astrology and Ayurveda. He had three sisters. As a boy, Nānu would listen to his father with keen interest when he narrated stories from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata to the simple folks of his village. Nānu was initiated into the traditional formal education Ezhuthinirithal by Chempazhanthy Pillai, a local schoolmaster and a village officer. Besides schooling, young Nānu continued to be educated at home, under the guidance of both his father and uncle Krishnan Vaidyan who was a reputed Ayurvedic physician and a Sanskrit scholar, where he was taught the basics of the Tamil and Sanskrit languages and traditional subjects such as Siddharupam, Bālaprobhodhanam and Amarakosam.

As a child, Nanu was very reticent and was intensely drawn to worship at the local temple. He would criticise his own relatives for social discrimination and the apartheid-like practice of segregating children from, supposedly, lower castes. He preferred solitude and would be found immersed in meditation for hours on end. He showed strong affinity for poetics and reasoning, composing hymns and singing them in praise of God. He lost his mother when he was 15. Nānu spent the most part of his early youth assisting his father in tutoring, and his uncle in the practice of Ayurveda, while devoting the rest of his time for devotional practices at the temples nearby.

Transformation as master, yogi and seeker of truth

The young Nanu had a keen mind and was sent to a famous scholar, Kummampilli Rāman Pillai Asan at Karunagapally, a village fifty miles away from his home, at the age of 21. Living as a guest in a family house Varanapally near Kayamkulam, Nānu, along with other students, was taught Sanskrit language and poetry, drama and literary criticism, and logical rhetoric. He studied the Vedas and the Upanishads. He also began teaching in a nearby school. His knowledge earned him the respect of many and he came to be known as "Nanu Asan".

Nanu returned home to spend some time with his father, who was on the death bed. For a short period he ran a village school for the children of his neighbourhood. While continuing his quest for "the ultimate truth", Nanu would often spend time in the confines of temples, writing poems and hymns and lecturing to villagers on philosophy and moral values.

Enlightenment and its poetic expression

Nanu found the life affected by an intolerable restlessness. One of his friends took him to Chattampi Swamikal. The two were attracted to each other at the first sight. Nanu's keen intellect and imperturbability astonished Chattampi Swami and he took Nanu to his own guru Thycaud Ayyavu Swamikal. Nanu became his disciple and got from him advanced training in yogic practices. Later, Nānu moved to his hermitage deep inside the hilly forests of Maruthwāmala, where he led an austere life immersed in meditative thought and yoga and subjected himself to extreme sustenance rituals. This phase of solitude lasted for 8 long years. After an unpretentious life of over thirty years abounding in knowledge and harsh experiences, this epoch is considered the culmination of the meditative recluse; the point at which Nārāyana Guru is believed to have attained a state of Enlightenment.

Nārāyana Guru's later literary and philosophical masterpiece Atmopadesa Satakam (one hundred verses of self-instruction, written in Malayalam circa 1897) is considered a fertile poetic expression, encapsulating the Guru's philosophy of egalitarianism, emanating from the author's attainment of an experienced state of primordial knowledge and quintessence of the Universe; and his ensuing ability to view the human race, from a dignified and elevated perspective, as nothing but one of a genus, in unqualified equality and without any racial, religious, caste or other discriminations whatsoever.

Consecration of Siva Lingam at Aruvippuram

Narayana Guru's Tomb at Sivagiri

Learning from the sacred books and the practice of Yoga did not quench the thirst of Nanu. He continued his wanderings in quest of Truth. By and by, he came to a beautiful place called Aruvippuram. It was a forest area. There were hills around. A gurgling rivulet (of river Neyyar) also flowed there. As more people sought him out for healing or advice, he and his disciples felt the need for a regular temple for worshipping Shiva. At a beautiful spot near the river, he had his followers build a small canopy of coconut leaves and mango leaves over an altar on a rock jutting out in the water. The year was 1888. They improvised lamps with shells and arranged them in rows. They were lighted at dusk and a piper began to play devotional tunes. The whole place was soon filled with pious village folk. Gurudevan, who had been sitting apart and meditating all night, stood at midnight and walked into the river. As thousands watched silently (If silence had music, the atmosphere was filled with it, wrote one correspondent) he descended into the river and then re-emerged, holding an idol of Shiva. He stood beneath the canopy with it in his arms for three hours, totally lost in meditation, tears flowing down his cheeks. Finally, at three in the morning, he installed the idol on the pedestal. His action was equivalent of overturning the tables of the money changers, or refusing to give up a seat on the bus. From the beginning of time, so far as anyone knew, only Brahmins had ever installed an idol. Yet when Gurudevan performed the sacred rite it appeared so natural for him to pick up a small rock and install it. When Brahmins challenged his right to consecrate, he replied in his famous quote: "I installed my siva; not a Brahmin siva." To those who questioned the timing of the consecration saying it was not an astrologically auspicious time, he replied: "Horoscope is to be cast after the birth of a child, not before." He instructed to place a plaque containing a motto on the temple wall which read as:

Devoid of dividing walls of Caste
Or hatred of rival faith,
We all live here
In Brotherhood,
Such, know this place to be!
This Model Foundation!

A new phase began in the Guru's life in 1904. He decided to give up his wandering life and settle down in a place to continue his Sadhana (spiritual practice). He chose Sivagiri, twenty miles north of Thiruvananthapuram. Goddess 'Amba' became his deity of worship.

Next, he started a Sanskrit school in Varkala. Poor boys and orphans were taken under his care. They were given education regardless of caste distinctions. Temples were built at different places – Thrissur, Kannur, Anchuthengu, Tellicherry, Calicut, Mangalore. A temple was built for Sharada Devi in 1912, at Sivagiri. Worship at such temples helped reduce to a large extent superstitious beliefs and practices.

One of the temples built in Thrissur is the Sri Narayana Temple at Koorkenchery. The temple has a school in its compound named Sri Narayana School. The School encourages students' talents by organising talent competitions. These competitions, regularly held every year, have been a platform for youngsters to stand up and recognise their talents.

In 1913, he founded the Advaita Ashram at Aluva. This was an important event in his spiritual quest. This Ashram was dedicated to a great principle – Om Sahodaryam Sarvatra (all men are equal in the eyes of God). This became the motto of the new Ashram.

When Nārāyana Guru attained the age of sixty, his birth day was observed throughout the west-coast from Mangalore to Sri Lanka. Between 1918 and 1923 he visited Sri Lanka many times. In 1921, a Conference of Universal Brotherhood was held at Aluva. Again in 1924, a conference of all religions was held there. Guru stressed the need for a Brahma Vidyalaya for a comparative study of different religious faiths.

Sree Nārāyana Guru had many followers and disciples. Nataraja Guru, a notable disciple of Sree Nārāyana Guru, introduced Guru's visions and ideals to the western world. He established Narayana Gurukulam in 1923 in the Nilgiri Hills with the blessings of Nārāyana Guru.

Sivagiri pilgrimage

The Sivagiri pilgrimage was conceived by Vallabhasseri Govindan Vaidyar and T K Kittan Writer. It was approved by Narayana on January 1928. Before giving its his blessings he set out the goals of such a pilgrimage.

He said that pilgrims could wear yellow clothes, being the colour of the garments that Buddha wore, and stated the goals of the pilgrimage to be the promotion of

• Education
• Cleanliness
• Devotion to God
• Organization
• Agriculture
• Trade
• Handicrafts
• Technical training

He advised Vaidyar and Writer to organise a series of lectures on the themes with experts conducting them. The lectures should be listened to attentively. More important, the principles should be put into practice. Success must accompany efforts. Only then will the country and the people benefit. this must be the core purpose of Sivagiri pilgrimage.

The first Jnana Vigraham of Narayana Guru

Finally, it was decided to start the first pilgrimage from the village of Elavumthitta in Pathanamthitta District. The S N D P unit No.76 of Elavumthitta selected five youngsters for the pilgrimage. All five pilgrims wore bright yellow dress. All the way to Sivagiri, they were reciting 'Swaathanthrya gadha' – written by the poet Kumaranaasan. The dominant thought in their mind was the mission to fulfil, will have to reach Sivagiri, a great responsibility bestowed on their shoulders by the Sreenarayana devotees. Their mission was a great success. Today thousands are following the way they have shown.

The Palluruthi event in 1927 was the last anniversary of the Yogam which Narayana attended and was also his last public function.

Narayana went to Vellur Mutt at Vaikom to rest. There he was taken ill. He went to Alwaye and later to Trichur for treatment. Dr. Krishnan took Gurudevan to Palghat. From there Gurudevan travelled to Madras for treatment.

Death

Guru became seriously ill in September 1928. He remained bedridden for some time. Devotees came in large numbers to have a glimpse. The same year, Gurudevan's birthday was celebrated in many places, mostly in Kerala, Madras, Mangalore, Sri Lanka and Europe. On 20 September 1928, Guru died.

Public acceptance, honours and veneration

File:Jagath Guru Sree Narayana Gurudev Coin.jpg

Commemorative coins issued by the Reserve Bank of India in 2006 on the occasion of the 150th birth anniversary of Nārāyana Guru. Click on picture for enlarged view.

The International Center for Sree Narayana Guru Studies was established in 2005.

Notable disciples

• Sree Bodhananda Swamikal
• Nataraja Guru

Depictions

P.A. Backer directed a film titled Sree Narayana Guru in 1985, and in 2010 R. Sukumaran directed another film of the guru's life entitled Yugapurushan.

Gallery

• 
  Sree Narayana Guru Tomb – Front
• 
  Sharada Devi
• 
  Guru's rest room
• 
  Bramha Vidyalayam
• 
  Prarthana Mandiram

Works

In Malayalam

• Swanubavageethi
• Atmopadesa Śatakam
• Advaitha Deepika
• Arivu
• Daiva Dasakam
• Jeevakarunya Panchakam
• Anukamba Dasakam
• Jathi Nirnayam
• Jathi Lakshanam
• Chijjada Chinthanam
• Daiva vichinthanam – 1 & 2
• Athma Vilasam
• Shiva Shathakam
• Kolatheereshastavam
• Bhadrakaalyashtakam

In Sanskrit

• Darsana Mala
• Brahmavidya Panchakam
• Nirvruthi Panchakam
• Slokathrayi
• Vedantha Suthram
• Homa Manthram
• Municharya Panchakam
• Asramam
• Dharmam
• Charama Slokangal
• Homa Mantram
• Chidambarashtakam
• Guhashtakam
• Bhadrakaliashtakam
• Vinayaka Ashtakam
• Sree Vasudeva Ashtakam
• 'Janani Navaratna Manjari "

In Tamil

• Thevarappathinkangal

Translations

• Thirukural
• Isavasyo Upanishad
• Ozhivil Odukkam

See also

• Sree Narayana Dharma Sangham
• Temples built by Narayana Guru
• M. C. Joseph
• C. V. Kunhiraman
• Mithavaadi Krishnan
• Daiva Dasakam
• List of Shudra Hindu saints

Footnotes

File:TN Jayachandran's Observation.jpg

TN Jayachandran's observation on the Guru's staunch theism

Further reading

• Sree Narayana Guruswamikalude jeeva charithram– Moorkothu Kumaran-(The official biography as approved by Sivagiri mutt.) Published by SNDS Trust
• Sree Narayana Gurudeva Krithikal – Sampoorna Vyakyanam – G Balakrishnan Nair- (Works of Sree Narayana Guru with Complete Interpretations – ten parts compiled in two volumes) published by The State Institute of Languages, Kerala.
• The Word of the Guru : The Life and Teaching of Guru Narayana : Nataraja Guru, D.K. Printworld, 2003, New Delhi, ISBN 81-246-0241-7
• Guru – Kumaranasante Drushtiyil : DC Books, Kottayam, Kerala
• Srinarayana Guruvinte Sampoorna Kruthikal (Complete Works of Sri Narayana Guru): Mathrubhoomi Publishers, Kozhikode, Kerala
• Sri Narayana Guruvinte Mathavum Sivagiriyum (Sivagiri and the Religion of Sri Narayana Guru): K. Maheshwaran Nair
• Sri Narayana Guru – Jeevitham, Darsanum, Kruthikal: Editor: K.N.Shaji, Current Books, Trissur, Kerala
• Narayanaguru- Editor: P.K.Balakrishnan (A collection of essays in Malayalam):March 2000, (First Edition 1954), Kerala Sahitya Academi, Trichur, Kerala.
• The Philosophy of Narayana Guru: Swami Muni Narayana Prasad, D.K. Printworld, 2003, New Delhi, ISBN 81-246-0236-0.
• Yukthirekha August 2004 (Special issue commemorating the 150th Birth Anniversary of Sri Narayana Guru) – Dhanuvachapuram Post, Trivandrum-695503, Kerala.
• Charithrathe Aghadhamakkiya Guru : K.P.Appan -DC Books, Kottayam −686001 (ISBN 81-264-1025-6)
• sree narayana guru,aadunika keralathinde shilpi-ppsathyan-chintha publishers 2o12,kerala.

External links

Media related to Narayana Guru at Wikimedia Commons