Sedia gestatoria

Pope Pius XII, in the papal mantum and wearing the 1877 Papal Tiara, is carried through St. Peter's Basilica on a sedia gestatoria.

The sedia gestatoria of Pope Pius VII, shown in an exhibition at the Palace of Versailles.

The gestatorial chair (sedia gestatoria in Italian, lit. "chair for carrying" ) was a ceremonial throne on which Popes were carried on shoulders until 1978. It consists of a richly adorned, silk-covered armchair, fastened on a suppedaneum, on each side of which are two gilded rings; through these rings pass the long rods with which twelve footmen (palafrenieri), in red uniforms, carry the throne on their shoulders. On prior occasions, as in the case of Pope Stephen III, popes were carried on the shoulders of men.

The sedia gestatoria is an elaborate variation on the sedan chair. Two large fans (flabella) made of white ostrich feathers —a relic of the ancient liturgical use of the flabellum, mentioned in the Constitutiones Apostolicae— were carried at either side of the sedia gestatoria.

History

The ceremonial throne was mainly used to carry popes to and from papal ceremonies in the Basilica of St. John Lateran and St. Peter's Basilica. The sedia was used as part of papal ceremony for nearly a millennium. Its origins are sometimes thought to date back to Byzantium where Byzantine emperors were carried along in a similar manner, but many sources indicate the use of the sedia is of a much earlier date, probably being derived from rituals accompanying the leadership of the ancient Roman Empire.

It was once used in the solemn ceremonies of the coronation of a new pope until the enthronement ceremony was abolished altogether, and generally at all solemn entries of the pope to St. Peter's or to public consistories. In the first case three bundles of tow are burnt before the newly elected pontiff, who sits on the sedia gestatoria, while a master of ceremonies says: "Pater Sancte, sic transit gloria mundi" (Holy Father, so passes the glory of the world). The custom of carrying the newly elected pope, and formerly in some countries, a newly elected bishop to his church, can be traced back centuries and is comparable with the Roman use of the sella curulis, on which newly elected consuls were carried through the city.

Magnus Felix Ennodius, Bishop of Pavia, records in his "Apologia pro Synodo", Gestatoriam sellam apostolicae confessionis, alluding to the Cathedra S. Petri, still preserved in the choir of St. Peter's at Rome. This is a portable wooden armchair, inlaid with ivory, with two iron rings on each side.

Besides the use of the Sedia Gestatoria at the coronation of the pope (which seems to date from the beginning of the sixteenth century) it served in the past on different other occasions, for instance when the pope received the yearly tribute of the Kingdom of Naples and of the other fiefs, and also, at least since the fifteenth century, when he carried the Blessed Sacrament publicly, in which case the Sedia Gestatoria took a different form, a table being adjusted before the throne. Pius X made use of this on the occasion of the Eucharistic Congress at Rome in 1905.

An antique portable throne can also be found in display at the Lisbon Cathedral Museum along with a pair of Flabella. It is thought the privilege of the portable throne was granted by the Popes to the Cardinal Patriarchs of that city at great expense due to the efforts of King John V along with many other honours.

Discontinuance

Pope John Paul I was the first to decline the use of the ceremonial throne carried on shoulders, along with several other symbols of papal authority, but was eventually convinced by the Vatican staff that its use was necessary in order to allow the crowds in Saint Peter's Square to see him. He was the last pope, during his short papacy (only 33 days) who still used the portable throne.

Pope John Paul II in 1978 discontinued the use of a throne carried on shoulders completely. His successors Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis have also refused to use it.

The sedia gestatoria has been functionally desacralized and replaced in modern times by the motorized and secured "Popemobile".

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sedia Gestatoria". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.