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Brislington House
Native name
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Brislington House is located in Bristol
Brislington House
Location of Brislington House in Bristol
LocationBrislington, Bristol, England
Built1806
Built forEdward Long Fox
Listed Building – Grade II
Official nameBrislington House and attached chapel
Designated21 March 1984[1]
Reference no.1203910
Official nameBrislington House
TypeII*
Designated25 May 2001[2]
Reference no.1001529
Listed Building – Grade II
Official nameOrnamental Garden Alcove
Designated10 January 2002[3]
Reference no.1389633
Listed Building – Grade II
Official nameSwiss Cottage
Designated30 December 1994[4]
Reference no.1202315
Listed Building – Grade II
Official nameLodge Cottage
Designated4 March 1977[5]
Reference no.1281465

Brislington House (now know as Long Fox Manor) was built as a private lunatic asylum for the insane. When it opened in 1806 it was one of the first purpose built asylums in England.[2][6][7] It is situated on the Bath Road in Brislington, Bristol although parts of the grounds cross the city boundary into the parish of Keynsham in Bath and North East Somerset, England.

The Palladian fronted building was originally seven separate blocks into which patients were allocated depending on their class. The buildings, estate and therapeutic regime designed by Edward Long Fox was based on the principles of moral treatment which was fashionable at the time. Brislington House later influenced the design and construction of other asylums and influenced Act of parliament.

The house ancillary structures are listed buildings which have now been converted into private residences. The the original grounds are Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England and now include St. Brendan's Sixth Form College, sports pitches and some farmland. They are now included on the Heritage at Risk register.

History

Edward Long Fox

The asylum was established by Edward Long Fox and considered state of the art when it opened in 1806, having built on moral treatment ideas pioneered at the York Retreat which had opened in 1796. Fox had an extensive private practice in Bristol and served as a physician at Bristol Infirmary before taking over a madhouse at Cleeve Hill in 1792. He had a range of different businesses locally and was able to pay £4,000 for the Brislington Estate.[8][9] The site had previously been Brislington Common which had been enclosed in 1780. The site on the main road between Bristol and Bath enabled him to attract wealthy clients from both cities.[2]

Fox classified the patients at Brislington House according to social class, ’1st’, ’2nd’ and ’3rd’ class ladies and gentlemen,[6] who were housed in different blocks, as well as behavioural presentation.[8] Fox insisted that patients should be separated from their families as they needed to move away from the conventional authority of the head of the household following the madness of King George III.[10] It had been suggested that the king become a patient at Brislington House, however this did not happen.[11]

Each block had access to courtyards, known as airing courts, and the asylum was surrounded by extensive grounds. At the end of each courtyard were stone rooms used to house incontinent patients who slept on straw beds. All buildings were made from wood and iron, avoiding the use of wood because of the potential fire hazard. Hot and cold plunge baths were also included as Fox saw their use as an important part of treatment, which may have been related to his Quaker beliefs and John Wesley; advocacy of the practice.[12] The total construction cost around £35,000.[13] In addition to the wealthy private patients paupers funded by parish funds were also admitted and kept in accommodation furthest from the central block which was for the highest in society.[8]

By 1844 there were 60 private patients.[14] The building was refronted and a chapel added in 1851.[1] The design of the buildings and the therapeutic regime were seen as models to be followed elsewhere,[15] including at the General Lunatic Asylum of Nottingham at Sneinton,[16] and the drafting of the 1808 County Asylums Act and Lunacy Act 1845.[17]

The asylum continued to be owned and run by physicians from the Fox family until World War II. In 1951 it was sold to the Royal United Hospital who used it as a nurses home until the 1980 when it became a care home for the elderly. In the 1990s it was converted into flats and the name changed to Long Fox Manor.[18]

Patients

John Thomas Perceval, the son of Spencer Perceval, spent about a year at Brislington House, from 1831 until February 1832,[8] followed by two years at Ticehurst House, Ticehurst in Sussex. In Brislington House Perceval experienced, in spite of the expense, a regime of deprivation, brutality and degradation. For eight months, during which time he was completely under the control of his voices, spirits and presences, he was kept under restraint, either in a straitjacket or tied down in bed. Treatment consisted of cold baths and an operation to sever his temporal artery. He was later one of the founders of the Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society and acted as their honorary secretary for about twenty years. Perceval's two books about his experience in asylums were republished by anthropologist Gregory Bateson in 1962,[19] and in recent years he has been hailed as a pioneer of the mental health advocacy movement.

Frank Miles committed to Brislington House in 1887. He was cared for by his brother, the clergyman Charles Oswald Miles, but died in 1891 of what was diagnosed as 'general paralysis of the insane, often a term for Neurosyphilis, exhaustion and pneumonia.

Architecture

Floor plan of Brislington House Asylum from 1806. Scale 1:240

The front of the building is of the Palladian style a central block and two wings, all of which have slate roofs. The three storey central block has a Doric porch and a nine window range. The wings on either side have six window ranges. On the southern end is an attached pavilion and on the northern end is the chapel which contains a window from St Luke's Church, Brislington.[1] The current layout was developed in the mid 19th century from the original separate blocks, which had been linked by a corridor at basement level.[15]

Grounds

The extensive grounds covered around 36 hectares (89 acres) with 2 hectares (4.9 acres) of kitchen gardens, 6 hectares (15 acres) of pleasure grounds and gardens, with the remaining 25 hectares (62 acres) being parkland, which is now largely covered with sports fields.[15] They were laid out as part of the regimen of moral treatment which was in vogue when the asylum was built.[20] They included pathways and walks including one along the cliff above the River Avon. There were also facilities for various recreational activities including a Bowling green and Fives court, and later football and cricket pitches.[8] The inclusion of a grotto and other eye catching features along with attractive views may have been seen as therapeutic and based on ideas by Archibald Alison expressed in his work entitled Essays on the Nature and Principles of Taste (1790), based on the principle of "association", which suggested that seeing objects of beauty could help correct thought patterns.[21][22]

There were several cottages on the estate, the first of which, The Beeches, was built for the Fox Family.[18] Swiss Cottage which was built in 1819,[23] was orignally known as Carysfoot Cottage, when the Earl of Carysfort was a patient there.[4] Lanesborough Cottage was built as accommodation for Lord Lanesborough.[23] The lodge house was originally called the wheelhouse as it contained the mechanism used to open and close the iron gates to the asylum.[5] A garden alcove dating from around 1820 is a Grade II listed building.[3]

In the late 1950s The Beeches and a large part of the grounds were sold for the establishment of St. Brendan's Sixth Form College. The grounds, which are Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England,[15] are now on the Heritage at Risk register of English Heritage.[24]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Brislington House and attached chapel". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  2. ^ a b c "Brislington House". English Heritage. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  3. ^ a b "Ornamental Garden Alcove at Long Fox Manor". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Swiss Cottage". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  5. ^ a b "Lodge Cottage to Brislington House". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  6. ^ a b "Therapeutic theories of segregation and classification". National Archives. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  7. ^ "Brislington House, Bath Road, Bristol". Heritage Explorer. English Heritage. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d e Smith, Leonard (2008). "A Gentleman's mad-doctor in Georgian England: Edward Long Fox and Brislington House". History of psychiatry. 19 (74 Pt 2). England: 163–84. doi:10.1177/0957154X07081136. ISSN 0957-154X. PMID 19127837. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Wise, Sarah (2013). Inconvenient People: Lunacy, Liberty, and the Mad-Doctors in England. Counterpoint. p. 45. ISBN 978-1619021716.
  10. ^ MacKenzie, Charlotte (2013). Psychiatry for the Rich: A History of Ticehurst Private Asylum 1792-1917. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 978-0415865456.
  11. ^ Weatherly, Lionel A. (8 October 1938). "George III and his Physicians". British Medical Journal. 2 (4057): 764. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4057.764-a. PMC 2210423. PMID PMC2210423. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help)
  12. ^ Hickman, Clare. "Taking the Plunge: 18th-century bath houses and plunge pools". Building Conservation. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  13. ^ Parry-Jones, W.L. (1973). "English Private Madhouses in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries". Proc R Soc Med. 66 (7): 659–664. PMID PMC1645042. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help)
  14. ^ Roberts, Andrew. "Part of the Asylums Index". Middlesex University. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  15. ^ a b c d "Brislington House". Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. English Heritage. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  16. ^ Fry, Terry. "The General Lunatic Asylum, Nottingham, 1812-1902 (also known as Sneinton Asylum)". Thornton Society. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  17. ^ Rutherford, Sarah. "Landscapes for the mind and body". Institute of Historic Building Conservation. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  18. ^ a b "History". Long Fox Manor. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  19. ^ G. Bateson (ed.) 1962 Perceval's narrative: a patient's account of his psychosis 1830-1832. London: The Hogarth Press.
  20. ^ Hickman, Clare (2005). "The Picturesque at Brislington House, Bristol: The Role of Landscape in Relation to the Treatment of Mental Illness in the Early Nineteenth-Century Asylum". Garden History. 33 (1): 47–60. doi:10.2307/25434156. JSTOR 25434156.
  21. ^ "Landscapes and Madness". Text History. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  22. ^ Hickman, Clare (2009). "Cheerful prospects and tranquil restoration: the visual experience of landscape as part of the therapeutic regime of the British asylum, 1800–60". History of Psychiatry. 20 (4): 425–441. doi:10.1177/0957154X08338335.
  23. ^ a b "Brislington House, Brislington, England". Parks and Gardens UK. Parks and Gardens Data Services Ltd. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  24. ^ "Brislington House, Keynsham — Bristol, City of (UA) / Bath and North East Somerset (UA)". Heritage at Risk. English Heritage. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
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